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Chapter 12
Punctuation Potpourri
Here are the quick and dirty rules that cover most situations:
From Chapter 11! Always use a comma between clauses if a dependent clause precedes an
independent one.
“Since prices will continue to fall, competition will get stronger.”
“Competition will get stronger since prices will continue to fall.”
Read 66
Semicolons
Semicolons Joining Independent Clauses
Coordinate Conjunctions
Remember chapter 9?
Join closely related independent clauses with a comma and a coordinate conjunction
(FANBOYS).
"She went to the show, and then she went for a pizza."
In chapter 11 there was a similar rule
When joining two independent clauses you can use a semicolon or period before
a transition (however, nevertheless, therefore, for example) and a comma after.
"Business communications is important; therefore, you should study hard!"
Omit the comma after a short transition (then, thus, hence, still, yet, also).
"Parts of this chapter are review; thus many people will think it is easy."
Also from chapter 11 . . .
You can join two closely related independent clauses with a semicolon.
"She went to the show; then she went for a pizza."
Lists
If you have a transition followed by a list or an explanation—independence isn't required! Use a
semicolon.
"Dogs often have colorful names; for instance, Fang, Spike, or Wolf."
Series
If a series already has commas within it; use semicolons between the items.
"I have lived in Edmonton, Alberta; Calgary, Alberta; and Grande Prairie, Alberta.
Read 67
Colons
Use a colon after an independent clause if a clause, a phrase, or even a single word
explains or supplements the original phrase.
"Just one word describes you: terrific."
"Capitalize the first letter of an independent clause after a colon: Like this example is."
Use a colon after a complete sentence introducing a quotation!
"He added this statement to the contract: 'The housesitter must pay the utilities.' "
Versus "The contract states, "The housesitter must pay the utilities."
If the items are listed vertically, use the colon whether or not the introduction is a
sentence.
"She's interested in:
Initiative
Loyalty
Honesty"
Use the colon between hour and minutes and for proportions in technical writing.
12:30 p.m. The ratio is 3:1.
Read 68
Quotation Marks
Use quotation marks before and after repeating someone else's words. Do not use
quotation marks when paraphrasing.
He added, "The applicant should understand DOS and Windows." (Quote)
He added that the applicant needs to know DOS and Windows. (Paraphrase)
From Chapter 9 . . . Place any periods or commas before the closing quotation mark.
He added, "The applicant should understand DOS and Windows."
"The applicant should understand DOS and Windows," he added.
If colons or semicolons are needed, they come after the closing quotation mark.
Some hobbies are listed in the article “My Dads Favorite Pastimes”: channel surfing, eating,
football.
Question marks go where they make the most sense.
Jesse said, "Do you love me?"
(The question comes from the quotation only.)
Did he really ask, "Do you love me?"
(The question comes from both parts of the sentence and the question mark is
still inside.)
Did you know that he said, "I love you"?
(The question comes from the part outside of the quotes.)
Use quotation marks for titles of subdivisions of published works, titles of articles in
magazines, etc. Also use quotation marks for names of short poems, songs, etc.
Now is a good time to review "Notes on Quotes," in Read 51, and to attend the
"Punctuation Pointers" workshop.
Use italics, or underline, for titles of full-length books, magazines, newspapers, films, and
plays.
According to New York Times, Dances with Wolves is a great movie.
Use italics or underline instead of quotes if you just want to draw attention to a word or
expression.
Do you know the difference between affect and effect?
Read 69
Hyphens
Compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine are spelled with a hyphen.
Numbers like one hundred, five million, etc. are not hyphenated.
Hyphenate after "self" when it's joined to a complete word or "ex" when it means former.
self-control ex-president
Exception: selfsame (Selfish is not hyphenated because "ish" isn't a word.)
When "non", "over", "under", "semi", or "sub" is a prefix, write without a space or hyphen.
nonfat overpayment underexposed semisweet subhuman
If a prefix ending with "e" (such as "re", "de", or "pre") begins a word that might confuse
the reader, use a hyphen.
re-cover (new cover on it) recover (regain your health or get something back)
If the root word starts with an "e", then a hyphen is optional.
reelect or optionally re-elect preexist or optionally pre-exist
Compound adjectives can be permanent (found in a dictionary) or hyphenated if they
precede the word being modified.
The house is a two story. The two-story house.
The small-business owner The small business owner (About 4 feet 6 inches!)
Do not hyphenate common compound expressions that represent a single idea.
high school social security mobile home park
Read 70
Apostrophes
Possessive nouns end with an apostrophe and an "s", not necessarily in that order.
General Rule: To make a singular noun possessive, add an ‘s .
The boss's office a semester's work Ms. Jones’s secretary (see below)
To make a singular PROPER noun that ends with an "s" or "z" sound—with two or more
syllables—possessive, leave out the added "s". This is to make it easier to pronounce.
Socrates' disciples Ms. Perkins' report Dr. Martinez' report
To make a plural noun possessive, look at the last letter of the plural noun.
If the last letter of a PLURAL is an "s", add only an apostrophe.
Adamses The Adamses' factory
weeks Last weeks' work
ladies The ladies' suits
If the last letter of a PLURAL noun is not an "s", add apostrophe s ('s).
men men's
man man's
children children's
child child's
Possessives versus Plurals
The Joneses own factories Joneses are the plural subject, no ownership.
The Joneses' factories Factories is the subject, Joneses own them.
Joint or Separate Ownership is shown by where the 's is!
Frank and Mary's houses (they jointly owned a number of houses)
Frank's and Mary's houses (they each own a house)
Read 71
Commas, Parentheses, and Dashes!
When setting aside NONESSENTIAL expressions there is a pecking order:
- low priority de-emphasized comment whisper, (use parentheses)
- medium priority ordinary comment speak, ‘use commas’
- high priority emphasis scream—use dashes—they work!
low Mary (my friend) won $1,000.
medium Mary, my friend, won $1,000.
high Mary--my friend--won $1,000.
Use dashes or parentheses to separate a nonessential expression that contains commas.
Commas setting off commas would be too confusing.
Mary (my friend, confidant, and sugar mamma) won $1,000.
Mary--my friend, confidant, and sugar mamma--won $1,000.
(Hey, if there can be a sugar daddy, there can be a sugar mamma!)
Use a dash after a word or word group that is before an independent clause.
Dependability, loyalty, and efficiency--those are qualities we need.
These are the qualities we require: dependability, loyalty, and efficiency.
The qualities required are dependability, loyalty, and efficiency.
Use parentheses to enclose directions.
This material is taken from the text (see page 216) where more information can be found.
Keep this--it's your copy
Chapter 12--Quickie Killer Quiz
OA 1030 Business Communications
Day 1
If necessary, correct the following,
1. Justice is getting what you deserve, mercy is getting what you want.
2. Justice is getting what you deserve, however, mercy is getting what you want.
3. Justice is getting what you deserve, yet, mercy is getting what you want.
4. Justice is getting what you deserve, but, mercy is getting what you want.
Name: _______________________________
Chapter 12--Quickie Killer Quiz
OA 1030 Business Communications
Day 1
If necessary, correct the following,
1. Justice is getting what you deserve, mercy is getting what you want.
2. Justice is getting what you deserve, however, mercy is getting what you want.
3. Justice is getting what you deserve, yet, mercy is getting what you want.
4. Justice is getting what you deserve, but, mercy is getting what you want.
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW A
If the punctuation is correct, write a on your answer sheet; otherwise write b.
1. Will you please pay your phone bill this week?
2. UPS does not deliver anything c.o.d.
3. I wonder whether he will attend the grand opening.
4. Because the recession has bottomed out, jobs will now be more plentiful.
5. Success is getting what you want, happiness is wanting what you get.
6. During our trip to the East Coast, we visited Rochester, New York; Boston,
Massachusetts, and Easton, Connecticut.
7. Miguel has many assets that most people are not aware of; namely, he is a concert
pianist and a gourmet cook.
8. The personality traits he was most interested in were: initiative, loyalty , and honesty .
9. One word described her: ambitious.
10. They added this statement to the lease: "The lessor will not remove any appliances from
the apartment".
11. In a letter using open punctuation don't use a colon after the salutation.
12. I read about the Kilarney elections, which were held on 6 June 1941
13. He shouted, "Your house is on fire"!
14. "Are you certain you love me?" he whispered.
15. The article Notes on Quotes is on page 200.
16. My ex-boyfriend likes semisweet chocolates.
17. Art, who was a self-made man had become quite wealthy.
18. I made an offhand comment about a selfmade millionaire.
19. We found he is the highest-paid football player in history .
20. The president of this company-a man who once earned $10 a week as a janitor is one of
the richest men in the world.
21. My bosses office is always organized.
22. Fathers Day neckties often get stains because new silk loves spaghetti sauce.
23. Comp USA (I'll check the address) has a large selection of computer furniture.
24. We are not interested not now at least in your proposal.
25. The most important qualities we look for are dependability, and loyalty .
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW B
If the sentence is correctly punctuated, write a on your answer sheet; otherwise write b.
1. Will you please pay your share of the rent today.
2. They like us to abbreviate Dr.
3. The pizza is delicious, but wheres the pepperoni?
4. Mr. Perez has accepted a job; he will start next month.
5. She studied many languages, for example, French, German, Italian, and Vietnamese.
6. AMTRAK stopped at White Plains, New York; Newark, New Jersey; and West Palm
Beach, Florida.
7. Doing the sponsor’s commercial, she shouted, "Buy Uneeda now!
8. Her friend suggested that she buy her back to school clothes while the sale is on.
9. The qualities of an effective executive include good communication ability and willingness
to work hard.
10. Please add one line to the contract: "No wallpaper will be hung in the apartment."
11. We ordered new stationery , for correspondence with European businesses.
12. "Your house is on fire!" he shouted.
13. Mr. Higgins said, "Do you know that results are what count"?
14. "The next shipment of shoes," the manager said, "will arrive the day before the sale
starts."
15. Both were known for making off-the-record comments.
16. This magnificent, valuable painting should be on a wall that can accommodate 9 feet of
horizontal space.
17. Door to door peddling doesn't pay very well.
18. She is a fashionably dressed executive.
19. "The Grand Emporiums" is a lively article in this magazine.
20. The Jones's children fly with them on all business trips.
21. My plan will save the company thousands-no, it will be closer to tens of thousands-of
dollars.
22. The bank returned his check for $950 (not $945).
23. Check the price of the printer you want (see page 46 of the catalog-and send your order
today.
24. The manager said that the sale of men's and boy's coats would begin next week.
CHAPTER 12 QUIZ B
If the punctuation is correct, write a on your answer sheet; otherwise write b. When appropriate,
select the correct letter to answer the question.
1. Will you please pay your share of the rent today.
2. I asked whether you would pay your share of the rent?
3. A winner says he fell, a loser says somebody pushed him.
4. Doing the sponsor's commercial, the talk show host shouted, "Buy UNEEDA now."
5. She studied many languages; for example French, German, Italian, and Vietnamese.
6. When in Croatia, Yugoslavia, or other areas previously called Yugoslavia, avoid
conversation about religion, and controversial political issues.
7. She has one overpowering goal, namely, to graduate this June.
8. Some qualities needed by an executive assistant are: good communication skills,
cooperative attitude, and flexibility.
9. Just one word describes him: awesome!
10. Please add one line to the contract: "No wallpaper will be hung in the apartment."
11. Omit this question.
12. "Your house is on fire!," he shouted.
13. Mr. Higgins asked, "Do you know that results are what count?"
14. "The next shipment," the manager said, "will arrive the day before the sale starts."
15. Politicians often make off-the-record comments.
16. Which word is divided correctly?
(a) call-ed (b) ro-und (c) follow-ing
17. Door to door peddling doesn't pay very well.
18. The film "Titanic" won several Academy Awards in 1998.
19. He has some old Windows based software.
20. Do the Joneses' children fly with them on all business trips?
21. My plan will save the company thousands-no, it will be closer to tens of thousands-of dollars.
22. Dedication, loyalty, and intelligence: these are qualities required of our employees.
23. The bank returned his check for $950 (not $945).
24. A diamond-especially a big one-was said to be a girl's best friend.
25. Decide which printer you want--from page 46--in our catalog--and send your order today.
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW A KEY
If the punctuation is correct, write a on your answer sheet; otherwise write b.
1. Will you please pay your phone bill this week?
B. This is a polite request, not a question.
2. UPS does not deliver anything c.o.d.
A. Everything is OK.
3. I wonder whether he will attend the grand opening.
A. I wonder is not a curtain raiser.
4. Because the recession has bottomed out, jobs will now be more plentiful.
A. The dependent clause starts the sentence.
5. Success is getting what you want, happiness is wanting what you get.
B. This is a comma splice.
6. During our trip to the East Coast, we visited Rochester, New York; Boston,
Massachusetts, and Easton, Connecticut.
B. A second semicolon is needed.
7. Miguel has many assets that most people are not aware of; namely, he is a concert
pianist and a gourmet cook.
A. The semicolon is used correctly before the transition.
8. The personality traits he was most interested in were: initiative, loyalty, and
honesty.
B. The list is woven into the sentence so no punctuation is used.
9. One word described her: ambitious.
A. An independent clause is followed by a word that describes the clause.
10. They added this statement to the lease: "The lessor will not remove any
appliances from the apartment".
B. The period goes before the closing quote.
11. In a letter using open punctuation don't use a colon after the salutation.
B. The first clause is dependent, so a comma is needed.
12. I read about the Kilarney elections, which were held on 6 June 1941
B. A period is needed.
13. He shouted, "Your house is on Fire"!
B. When the exclamation mark goes with the quote and the whole
sentence, put the exclamation before the ending quote mark.
14. "Are you certain you love me?" he whispered.
A. Yes, a question mark goes with the quote.
15. The article Notes on Quotes is on page 200.
B. Subdivisions of works are set off in quotation marks.
16. My ex-boyfriend likes semisweet chocolates.
A. Non, over, under, semi, and sub prefixes are not hyphenated.
17. Art, who was a self-made man had become quite wealthy.
A. Hyphenate when self is joined to a complete word or ex means former.
18. I made an offhand comment about a selfmade millionaire.
B. Offhand is in the dictionary, but self is joined to a complete word.
19. We found he is the highest-paid football player in history.
B. We found is a curtain raiser.
Highest-paid is a compound adjective followed by a noun.
20. The president of this company--a man who once earned $10 a week as a janitor is
one of the richest men in the world.
B. A second hyphen is needed after janitor.
21. My bosses office is always organized.
B. If singular possessive use boss’s, if plural possessive use bosses’.
22. Fathers Day neckties often get stains because new silk loves spaghetti sauce.
B. Singular possessive requires it to be father’s.
23. Comp USA (I'll check the address) has a large selection of computer furniture.
A. The brackets are used to show the comment is not really important.
24. We are not interested not now at least in your proposal.
B. The nonessential clause needs commas.
25. The most important qualities we look for are dependability, and loyalty.
B. There are only two items, so a comma is not needed before and.
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW B KEY
If the sentence is correctly punctuated, write a on your answer sheet; otherwise write
b.
1. Will you please pay your share of the rent today.
A. This is a polite request.
2. They like us to abbreviate Dr.
A. Dr is in italics, as it should be.
3. The pizza is delicious, but wheres the pepperoni?
B. Where’s is the abbreviation for where is.
4. Mr. Perez has accepted a job; he will start next month.
A. There are two independent clauses joined by a semicolon.
5. She studied many languages, for example, French, German, Italian, and
Vietnamese.
B. Use a semi-colon after languages—it’s an independent clause with
a non-essential before the list.
If the “for example” were not there you would use a full colon.
She studied many languages: French, German, Italian, and Vietnamese.
6. AMTRAK stopped at White Plains, New York; Newark, New Jersey; and West Palm
Beach, Florida.
A. The semi-colons are needed to clarify all the commas!
7. Doing the sponsor’s commercial, she shouted, "Buy Uneeda now!
B. An ending quote is needed after the exclamation mark.
8. Her friend suggested that she buy her back to school clothes while the sale is on.
B. If while the sale is on were first, then a comma would have been needed.
However, back-to-school needs hyphens.
9. The qualities of an effective executive include good communication ability and
willingness to work hard.
A. There are two items in the list, so a comma is not needed before and.
10. Please add one line to the contract: "No wallpaper will be hung in the apartment."
A. Yes, use a colon after an independent clause before the additional
explanation.
11. We ordered new stationery, for correspondence with European businesses.
B. For is not FANBOYS since it does not mean because, and the clauses
are not both independent. No comma after stationery.
12. "Your house is on fire!" he shouted.
A. Yes, the exclamation mark goes with the quote.
13. Mr. Higgins said, "Do you know that results are what count"?
B. The question mark goes with the question—before the ending quote.
14. "The next shipment of shoes," the manager said, "will arrive the day before the
sale starts."
A. Commas and periods are before the quotes; as they should be.
15. Both were known for making off-the-record comments.
A. Good use of hyphens in a compound adjective.
16. This magnificent, valuable painting should be on a wall that can accommodate 9
feet of horizontal space.
A. The comma is needed because valuable, magnificent also makes sense.
17. Door to door peddling doesn't pay very well.
B. Door-to-door requires hyphens.
18. She is a fashionably dressed executive.
A. Fashionably ends with “ly” so it is an adverb and describes “dressed”.
Therefore, a hyphen isn’t used.
19. "The Grand Emporiums" is a lively article in this magazine.
A. Yes, articles are set off by quote marks.
20. The Jones's children fly with them on all business trips.
B. There are two Joneses so it should be Joneses’.
21. My plan will save the company thousands--no, it will be closer to tens of
thousands--of dollars.
A. Dashes are appropriate to emphasizes the amount.
22. The bank returned his check for $950 (not $945).
A. The brackets enclose a nonessential comment.
23. Check the price of the printer you want (see page 46 of the catalog--and send your
order today.
B. This is scrambled. A closing bracket should be used instead of a dash.
24. The manager said that the sale of men's and boy's coats would begin next week.
B. It should be boys’ for plural possessive.
CHAPTER 12 QUIZ B KEY
If the punctuation is correct, write a on your answer sheet; otherwise write b. When
appropriate, select the correct letter to answer the question.
1. Will you please pay your share of the rent today.
A. This is a polite request.
2. I asked whether you would pay your share of the rent?
B. This is a statement, not a question.
3. A winner says he fell, a loser says somebody pushed him.
B. This is a comma splice. A semicolon would work well.
4. Doing the sponsor's commercial, the talk show host shouted, "Buy UNEEDA now."
B. An exclamation mark is needed after now.
5. She studied many languages; for example French, German, Italian, and Vietnamese.
B. A full colon is needed after languages and a comma after example.
6. When in Croatia, Yugoslavia, or other areas previously called Yugoslavia, avoid
conversation about religion, and controversial political issues.
B. There should not be a comma after religion as there are only two items.
7. She has one overpowering goal, namely, to graduate this June.
B. A colon is needed after goal, as the last phrase describes the independent
clause.
8. Some qualities needed by an executive assistant are: good communication skills,
cooperative attitude, and flexibility.
B. The first one is not an independent clause—which is required to use a colon
before a list.
9. Just one word describes him: awesome!
A A colon is used before a word that describes a previous independent clause.
10. Please add one line to the contract: "No wallpaper will be hung in the apartment."
A. An independent clause is introducing a quotation.
11. Omit this question.
12. "Your house is on fire!," he shouted.
B. The comma is not needed.
13. Mr. Higgins asked, "Do you know that results are what count?"
A. The question is within the quotation marks.”
14. "The next shipment," the manager said, "will arrive the day before the sale starts."
A. Commas before quotes—no exceptions.
15. Politicians often make off-the-record comments.
A. The compound adjective is before the noun.
16. Which word is divided correctly?
(a) call-ed (b) ro-und (c) follow-ing
C. Use the dictionary.
17. Door to door peddling doesn't pay very well.
B. Door-to-door is before the noun.
18. The film "Titanic" won several Academy Awards in 1998.
B. Italics, or underlining, is used for full-length items.
19. He has some old Windows based software.
B. Use italics for names of full-length published works.
20. Do the Joneses' children fly with them on all business trips?
A. There are two people named Jones (Joneses) and it is their kids.
21. My plan will save the company thousands--no, it will be closer to tens of thousands--
of dollars.
A. Fine sentence.
22. Dedication, loyalty, and intelligence: these are qualities required of our employees.
B. When a list is followed by an independent clause, separate them by a dash.
Dedication, loyalty, and intelligence—these are qualities . . .
23. The bank returned his check for $950 (not $945).
A. By using brackets you are identifying a comment as being rather unimportant.
24. A diamond--especially a big one--was said to be a girl's best friend.
A. By using a dash you are emphasizing the comment.
25. Decide which printer you want--from page 46--in our catalog--and send your order
today.
B. Brackets would be appropriate for from page 46.
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