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IMPLEMENTATION AND COORDINATION OF
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
(ICART) IN THE SADC REGION
Situation Analysis of Agricultural
Research and Training in the SADC Region
(ZAMBIA)
FANR Directorate
SADC Secretariat
July 2008
“The authors accept sole responsibility for this report drawn up on behalf of the Regional
Authorising Officer of SADC Secretariat. The report does not necessarily reflect the views of
the SADC Secretariat, nor of the European Commission”
FINAL REPORT
Situation Analysis of Agricultural Research and
Training in Zambia
F.M. Haazele School of Agricultural Sciences
November 2007 – January 2008 University of Zambia
P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, ZAMBIA
CONTENTS PAGE
DISCLAIMER .............................................................................................................................................. 4
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS..................................................................................................... 5
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................................ 8
LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................................... 8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 9
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND .........................................................................................15
1.1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY .......................................................................................................16
1.2.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON ZAMBIA AND ZAMBIAN AGRICULTURE .....................................18
1.3.0 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURE IN ZAMBIA .................................................19
1.4.0 IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN ZAMBIA ...................................................................................20
1.5.0 FARMING SYSTEMS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS .............................20
2.0 THE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM ........................................................22
2.1.0 CONCEPT OF THE NARS................................................................................................................22
2.1.1 General Definition .........................................................................................................................22
2.1.2 Characteristics of a NARS ..............................................................................................................23
2.1.3 Recent Development of the NARS Concept in SADC ........................................................................23
2.1.4 Adoption of NARS Definition to the Local Situation..........................................................................23
3.0 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF THE NARS.........................................................................24
3.1.0 POLICIES FOR AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND TRAINING .............................................................24
3.1.1 Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MACO)..........................................................................24
3.1.2 Ministry of Lands (MoL) ................................................................................................................27
3.1.3 Ministry of Finance and National Planning (MoFNP)......................................................................28
3.1.4 Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training (MSTVT) .................................................32
3.1.5 Ministry of Education (MoE) ..........................................................................................................33
3.1.6 Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR)................................................36
3.2.0 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS PROVIDING
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH .....................................................................................................................39
3.2.1 Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) .................................................................................39
3.2.2 Seed Control and Certification Institute (SCCI) ...............................................................................40
3.2.3 Central Veterinary Research Institute (CVRI)..................................................................................40
3.2.4 National Aquaculture Research and Development Centre (NARDC).................................................40
3.2.5 Chilanga Aquaculture Research Station ..........................................................................................40
3.2.6 National Agricultural Information Service (NAIS)............................................................................41
3.2.7 Department of Agribusiness and Marketing.....................................................................................41
3.2.8 Department of Policy and Planning ................................................................................................41
3.2.9 National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR).......................................................42
3.2.10 Division of Forest Research..........................................................................................................42
3.2.11 Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR) ....................................................................43
3.2.12 Technology Development and Advisory Unit (TDAU) ....................................................................43
3.2.13 Maize Research Institute (MRI).....................................................................................................43
3.2.14 ZamSeed .....................................................................................................................................43
3.2.15 Seed-Co.......................................................................................................................................44
3.2.16 Livestock Development Trust (LDT)..............................................................................................44
3.2.17 Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust (GART).......................................................................44
3.2.18 Cotton Development Trust (CDT) .................................................................................................44
3.3.0 REGISTERED INSTITUTIONS/ORGANIZATIONS DELIVERING HIGH LEVEL TRAINING AND IN-
SERVICE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN AGRICULTURE ............................................................................45
3.3.1 The University of Zambia (UNZA) ..................................................................................................45
3.3.1.1 School of Agricultural Sciences..................................................................................................... 45
2
3.3.1.2 School of Engineering.................................................................................................................... 46
3.3.1.3 School of Veterinary Medicine ...................................................................................................... 46
3.3.1.4 School of Natural Sciences ............................................................................................................ 46
3.3.1.5 School of Humanities and Social Sciences .................................................................................... 47
3.3.1.6 Directorate of Research and Graduate Studies............................................................................... 47
3.3.2 Copperbelt University (CBU) .........................................................................................................47
3.3.3 Natural Resources Development College (NRDC) ...........................................................................47
3.3.4 Zambia Forestry College (ZFC) .....................................................................................................48
3.3.5 Other Low Level Training Colleges.................................................................................................48
3.3.6 In-Service Training Trust (ISTT).....................................................................................................48
3.3.7 Kasisi Agricultural Training Centre (KATC) ..................................................................................48
3.4.0 OTHER INSTITUTIONS RELEVANT TO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ..............49
3.4.1 Department of Cooperatives...........................................................................................................49
3.4.2 Department of Human Resources and Administration......................................................................49
4.0 COORDINATION OF NARS .............................................................................................................50
4.1. 0 COORDINATION AND MONITORING METHODS FOR THE AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SYSTEM......50
4.2.0 RESEARCH PLANNING ....................................................................................................................51
4.3.0 STATUS OF THE AGRICULTURE RESEARCH SYSTEM ....................................................................52
4.4.0 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES AND RELATIONSHIPS ......................................................................52
4.5.0 WORKING METHODOLOGIES FOR RESEARCH ...............................................................................57
4.6.0 PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS’ RESEARCH NEEDS AND ROLES IN RESEARCH AND TRAINING .........57
4.6.1 Zambia National Farmers’ Union (ZNFU)......................................................................................57
4.6.2 Private Business Sector ..................................................................................................................58
4.6.3 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)......................................................................................58
4.6.4 The Private Sector and Training .....................................................................................................58
4.6.5 Private Sector Research Needs .......................................................................................................59
5.0 NETWORKING FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ..59
5.1.0 IN-COUNTRY RESEARCH ALLIANCES ............................................................................................59
5.2.0 RESEARCH ALLIANCES ACROSS THE SADC REGION...................................................................61
5.3.0 COOPERATION WITH FOREIGN/INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS .............63
6.0 OVERALL DICUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ..............................................................................66
7.0 THEME 2: MANAGEMENT OF RESEARCH AND TRAINING PROGRAMMES....................69
3
DISCLAIMER
The authors accept sole responsibility for this report drawn up on behalf of the
Regional Authorising Officer of SADC Secretariat. The report does not
necessarily reflect the views of the SADC Secretariat, nor of the European
Commission.
4
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ACFD African Centre for Fertilizer Development
ACF Agricultural Consultative Forum
Ag-SAG Agriculture-Sector Advisory Group
ASP Agricultural Support Programme
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBOs Community Based Organisations
CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleural Pneumonia
CBU Copperbelt University
CDT Cotton Development Trust
CFC Common Fund for Commodities
CFU Conservation Farming Unit
CIMMYT International Centre for Maize and Wheat Improvement
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Flora and Fauna
CLUSA Credit League of the United States of America
CSO Central Statistical Office
CSOs Civil Society Organizations
CVRI Central Veterinary Research Institute
DFID Department for International Development
ECCDE Early Child Care Development and Education
EEOA Economic Expansion in Outlying Areas
EISP Environmental Investment Strategic Plan
EPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act
ESP Environmental Support Programme
EU European Union
FANR Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FNDP Fifth National Development Plan
GART Golden Valley Agricultural Development Trust
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GMOs Genetically Modified Organisms
HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Countries
HIV Human Immune Virus
HIV/AIDS Human Immune Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
ICART Implementation and Coordination of Agricultural Research and
Training
ICIPE International Centre for Insect Physiology and Entomology
ICRAF World Agro-forestry Centre
ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFS International Foundation for Science
IICD International Institute for Communication and Development
5
IITA International Institute for Tropical Agriculture
INESOR Institute for Economic and Social Research
INTSORMIL International Sorghum and Millet Programme
IP Implementation Plan
IPGRI International Plant Genetic Research Institute
ISTT In-Service Training Trust
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
KATC Kasisi Agricultural Training Centre
LDT Livestock Development Trust
MACO Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
MDRI Multi-lateral Debt Relief Initiative
MEWD Ministry of Energy and Water Development
MoE Ministry of Education
MoFNP Ministry of Finance and National Planning
MoL Ministry of Lands
MRI Maize Research Institute
MSc Master of Science
MSTVT Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training
MTENR Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources
M. Vet. Med Master of Veterinary Medicine
NAP National Agriculture Policy
NARDC National Aquaculture Research and Development Centre
NAIS National Agricultural Information Service
NARS National Agricultural Research (& Development) Systems
NBSAP Zambia National Biodiversity and Action Plan
NEAP National Environmental Action Plan
NEP National Environmental Policy
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations
NIF National Implementation Plan
NIP National Irrigation Plan
NISIR National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research
NORAD Norwegian Agency for International Development
NPGRC National Plant Genetic Resource Center
NRCF Natural Resources Consultative Forum
NRDC Natural Resources Development College
NSTC National Science and Technology Council
NSTP National Science and Technology Policy
NTBC National Technology Business Centre
ODI Overseas Development Institute
PAM Programme Against Malnutrition
PFAP Provincial Forestry Action Plan
Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy
PPP Private Public Partnerships
R&D Research and Development
6
RELMA Regional Land Management Unit
RSA Republic of South Africa
RUFORUM Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture
SADC Southern African Development Community
SADC-CIAT Southern African Development Community- Centre for International
Tropical Agriculture
SAG Sector Advisory Group
SARRNET Southern Africa Root and Tuber Research Network
SCARDA Strengthening Capacity for Agricultural Research and Development
in Africa
SCCI Seed Control and Certification Institute
SCRB Soils and Crops Research Branch
SHEMP Smallholder Enterprise and Marketing Programme
SIDA Swedish International Development Agency
SPGRC SADC Plant Genetic Resources Centre
S&T Science and Technology
TDAU Technology Development and Advisory Unit
UK United Kingdom
UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNU/INRA United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources in Africa
UNZA University of Zambia
USA United States of America
USAID United States Agency for International Development
VLIR-IUC Council of Flemish Universities – Institutional University
Cooperation
WFP World Food Programme
ZARI Zambia Agriculture Research Institute
ZEGA Zambia Export Growers’ Association
ZESCO Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation
ZFAP Zambia Forestry Action Plan
ZFC Zambia Forestry College
ZNFU Zambia National Farmers Union
7
LIST OF TABLES PAGE
Table 1: Programmes, Objectives and Strategies in the Agriculture
Sector …………………………………………..…………………….. 16
Table 2: Programmes, Objectives and Strategies of the Science and
Technology Sector for the Period of the FNDP ………….………. 19
Table 3: Natural Resource Sector Programmes, Objectives and
Strategies for the period of the FNDP ……………………………... 24
Table 4: In-Country Research alliances ……………………………………… 45
Table 5: Research Alliances across the SADC Region ……………………. 47
Table 6: Cooperation with Foreign/International Research and other
Institutions ……………………………………………………………. 49
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE
Figure 1: Linkages Between Institutions Through Governing Bodies ……. 40
Figure 2: Collaboration Linkages for Research, Training and
Intermediary Roles Between Institutions ……………..………….. 42
8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The programme Implementation and Coordination of Agricultural Research and
Training (ICART) in the SADC region is a regional agricultural research and
training program operating under the auspices of the Food, Agriculture and
Natural Resources Directorate (FANR) of the SADC Secretariat, responsible for
the coordination of the agricultural research and training programs.
The overall objective of ICART is to contribute to regional economic growth and
poverty alleviation by organizing within the SADC region innovative agricultural
research and training activities to promote sustainable use of natural resources.
The programme is designed to enable national agricultural research
programmes, and National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) where they
already exist to generate through empirical means innovative solutions to;
Strengthen both in-country and regional cooperation in order to increase
agricultural production, productivity and quality; and Improve incomes of small-
scale farmers and profits for processors, traders and other beneficiaries, while
maintaining the natural resource base. Where NARSs do not currently exist,
specific recommendations will be made to promote the concept, and formally
establish them.
A four-phase Situation Analysis is being implemented in order to identify,
appraise and assess constraints, and recommend support strategies for existing
National Agricultural Research Systems, and for research networks servicing
agricultural production and rural development in the SADC region. The current
activity is part of Phase 3 and involved gathering information on and appraising
agricultural research systems and their programmes.
In Zambia, the MACO is the line Ministry for agriculture and formulates the sector
policy upon which plans and strategies in the sector are based. The Department
of Policy and Planning takes the lead in the process of sector policy formulation.
The current policy document, the National Agriculture Policy (NAP), was drafted
in 2004 and covers the period 2004 to 2015. All policy statements for agriculture
research and training for the sector are within the NAP. In addition, other sector
policies related to agriculture also cover agriculture research and training. In the
NAP, the strategies “Development and promotion of appropriate technology” and
“Promoting irrigation development” in particular, address agriculture research.
The Policy recognizes the limited number of trained agricultural human resource
as a contributing factor to the unsatisfactory performance of the sector. Hence in
the agricultural training sub-sector, the overall objective is to ensure the
production of a critical mass of suitable and adequately trained manpower to
meet the needs of both public and private sectors.
9
The Ministry of Finance and National Planning (MoFNP) is responsible for
drafting a national development plan which puts together and prioritizes sector
plans based on sector policies. Zambia is currently operating under the Fifth
National Development Plan (FNDP) covering the period 2006 to 2010. Among
other things, the national plan recognizes the importance of public sector
involvement in the provision of agriculture research and extension, capacity
building in the agriculture sector, agriculture sector coordination, agriculture
sector monitoring and agriculture sector evaluation. In the plan, research is part
of the programmes on; Irrigation development and support; Livestock research
and development; and Agricultural research and technology development.
Training is covered by the human resource development programme which,
among other things, aims at; Providing short and long term training; Facilitating
development of public and private sector training institutions; and Establishing
new training institutions and rehabilitating existing ones.
Under the MSTVT, R&D is the main activity at one of the major institutions in the
sector, the NISIR. All the programmes for NISIR relate to research in science and
technology. Training is addressed through the human resource development
programme by the strategy of linking support in staff development for R&D
institutions to approved training programmes. Since policies under the MSTVT
cover the entire area of science and technology, they are relevant to agricultural
research too. Inevitably, there is an overlap in activities between MSTVT and
MACO institutions.
The MoE is the major player in education and training in Zambia. The Ministry
has drafted a National Implementation Framework (NIF) for the period 2008 to
2010 to address national objectives and elaborate on strategies of the FNDP. In
the plan, it is stipulated that in the university education sub-sector, improving the
internal and external efficiency of the university system will be the strategic focus.
Overall, policy statements in the MoE are general, covering the entire sector from
primary to university education. Hence the policies of the sector only influence
agricultural research and training to the extent that institutions affected by the
policies offer agriculture training, and are involved with agricultural research. In
this context, the schools of Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary Medicine,
Agricultural Engineering, Natural Sciences, and Humanities and Social Sciences
under the University of Zambia (UNZA), and School of Natural Resources at the
Copperbelt University (CBU).
The MTENR addresses research through the programme of strengthening
forestry research by implementing research programmes and rehabilitating
research infrastructure. Training is addressed through the programme of
strengthening forestry education and training by rehabilitating college
infrastructure, reviewing curricula, improving staff skills through staff
development programmes, and developing and implementing staff training
programmes.
10
Government institutions providing agricultural research include; The Zambia
Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI), which is mandated to conduct public good
as well as farmer demand-driven research in soils and crops, plant protection
and farming systems; The Central Veterinary Research Institute (CVRI), which is
mandated to carry out research in animal production, animal health and livestock
related biotechnology; Chilanga Aquaculture Research Station, which is
mandated to carry out research in fish breeding, aquaculture, fish rearing, fish
diseases, fish stocks, limnology, fishing gear and fish processing techniques; The
National Aquaculture Research and Development Centre (NARDC), which is
mandated to conduct aquaculture research, conduct fish breeding inclusive of
hatching, and establish and maintain broodstock genetic material; and The
Division of Forest Research, which has a mandate covering research in forestry,
agroforestry and wood technology; and The Department of Agribusiness and
Marketing involved with market research.
There are two other Government institutions relevant to agriculture research.
These are the Department of Policy and Planning, involved in sector policy
formulation, programmes coordination, monitoring and evaluation, and the
National Agricultural Information Service which plays a role in disseminating
research results.
The National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR) is a
parastatal research institution with a broad mandate in the area of science and
technology, inclusive of agriculture related work. Another institution with a broad
mandate is the Institute for Economic and Social Research (INESOR). This is a
unit of a quasi-autonomous university that is mandated to carry out research in
the areas of Economics and Business; Agriculture and Rural development;
Health; Urban Development; and Governance and Constitutional Reform.
Private institutions providing research in agriculture include the Maize Research
Institute (MRI) and SeedCo which carry out research on maize variety
development, and ZamSeed that carries out research on seed variety
development for a number of crops. There are trusts involved in research in
agriculture, they include; Livestock Development Trust (LDT) which is mandated
to promote environmentally friendly livestock development initiatives to attain
profitable livestock-led farming systems; Golden Valley Agricultural Research
Trust (GART) which is mandated to carry out demand driven agriculture research
and development; and Cotton Development Trust (CDT) which is mandated to
conduct research on cotton.
The University of Zambia (UNZA) offers degree level training in agricultural
sciences, and related natural and social sciences, while the Copperbelt
University offers degree level training in natural resources disciplines. The core
functions of the Universities are to; train and instruct students; conduct research;
and provide public service. Under the UNZA, the School of Agricultural Sciences
offers training for degrees in Agricultural Sciences, and Food Science and
11
Technology; The School of Engineering offers training for a degree in Agricultural
Engineering; The School of Veterinary Medicine offers training for a degree in
Veterinary Medicine; The School of Natural Sciences offers a degree in basic
sciences; and The School of Humanities and Social Sciences offers degrees in
social sciences relevant to agriculture. The School of Natural Resources at the
Copperbelt University (CBU) offers training for degrees in Forestry, Wood
Science, Wildlife Management and Fisheries Management.
At National level, the Sector Advisory Group (SAG) for each sector is mandated
to monitor, evaluate and coordinate sector programmes. In the case of the
agriculture sector, the role is played by the Agriculture-SAG (Ag-SAG). It is was
noted that the Ag-SAG is inadequate as a sector coordinating organ. The main
limitation being that it lacks the necessary structure to carry out the function. As
is, the Ag-SAG is not an established office, but a group that only meets quarterly
to look at sector issues.
Apart from SAG coordination, there is also broad cross-sector coordination by
the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) which is mandated to
“coordinate and monitor Research and Development (R&D) activities, implement
Science and Technology (S&T) policies, and advise Government on S&T
matters.” However, the Council suffers limitations in its effort to carry out the
mandate that include; Resource limitations; Deficiencies in the legal and policy
framework; and Lack of harmonization of research activities. In addition to these
limitations, the hosting this cross-sector coordinating body in one ministry, the
MSTVT, limits its authority over non MSTVT institutions.
In the MACO, there are departmental level coordination and monitoring
mechanisms. The Zambia Agriculture Research Institute coordinates agricultural
research activities and facilitates private sector research in the areas of soils,
crops and farming systems. Coordination of research in livestock is done by the
Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, while the Department of
Fisheries is responsible for fisheries and aquaculture, and the Department of
Agriculture is responsible for broad based agricultural policies and programmes.
In addition, there are “common user” coordinating offices for these departments
at provincial and district levels, the Provincial Agricultural Office and District
Agricultural Office. The Department of Policy and Planning provides a focal point
for the coordination of sector programmes. It relates sector activities and
progress to policy objectives and reviews sector objectives when necessary.
Research planning for MACO institutions is done annually at departmental level
with the participation of representatives from institutions of higher learning and
the ZNFU. This process provides a forum for assessing research progress and
identifying research protocols for Government funding. Though fairly inclusive,
the process does not effectively make use of all the sectors identified in the
broad definition of a NARS, i.e. private companies and NGOs. The research
12
planning processes in institutions outside MACO is mostly limited to the
institutions, and under the control of Institution Boards.
Overall, the agriculture system in Zambia is a loose NARS that requires
strengthening. A NARS defined as a system mobilizing the contributions of
stakeholders in agriculture, inclusive of policy formulators, supply side, demand
side, intermediary side, and capacity building institutions.
There are relationships between the highest agriculture training institution,
research institutions and the farmers’ union. Trusts have a relationship with
UNZA, ZNFU and MACO through membership to their Boards of Trustees by
representatives from these institutions. This relationship facilitates UNZA, ZNFU
and MACO contribution to the research agendas of Trusts. On the other hand,
UNZA has a relationship with MACO and ZNFU through membership to Boards
of Studies by representatives from the two institutions. Apart from the
relationships above, there is a fair amount of collaboration in research and
training among the different parties. The most evident main weakness regarding
linkages is the poor cross-discipline interaction in research (i.e. soils and crops
research linking to livestock research linking to fisheries research). This situation
works against consolidating activities in agriculture research to strengthen the
NARS.
Government policy, the National Plan, and sector policy give objectives and
strategies which point to priority areas that are focused upon by Government
research institutions and the parastatal research institution’s research planning.
However, this prioritizing mostly affects Government funded research, special
commodity interest may bring in funding outside Government that may be
implemented independently. Research agendas for Trusts are also directed by
the general Government policy. This position is further promoted by membership
to Boards of Trustees by employees of Government research institutions.
Government funding for research to universities recognizes the quasi-autonomy
given to the institutions, the need to promote academic freedom, and need for
support to basic research. Hence the research funding mechanism in this case
is determined by the academia, using different procedures but within the frame
work of Government policy.
The major area of involvement in agriculture research by the private business
sector is in seed technology. ZamSeed, SeedCo and MRI are seed marketing
companies that are also established private research institutions working in the
area of seed variety development and distribution.
The role of NGOs in agriculture is mainly in transmitting research
results/technologies to the farmer. They are intermediary role players, mainly
playing the role through farmer mobilization, input supply, and putting up on-farm
demonstrations in collaboration with research or extension staff.
13
The major research needs for private sector organizations are in the areas of;
Crop variety improvements through breeding; Irrigation technologies
development; Conservation farming technologies development; Crop storage and
processing technologies development; Livestock and poultry breeding; Local
livestock and poultry feed resources; Livestock and poultry health; Pasture
management; and Fish farming and aquaculture technologies.
There are a number of alliances between Zambian institutions and other regional
institutions (most of them through SADC), within and outside SADC. In addition
to the existing alliances, regional collaboration in the following areas was
proposed:
1. Research addressing climate change to mitigate its negative impact on
agriculture production.
2. Crop variety development to make more efficient use of regional
resources.
3. Harmonization and cooperation in phytosanitary and certification
controls to facilitate efficient trade and application of technological
innovations in the region.
4. Research on social economic aspects in agriculture to make efficient
use of regional resources.
5. Research on issues of optimum production to enhance appropriate use
of resources.
6. Research and exchange of information on extension methodologies.
7. Harmonization of agricultural training programmes and curricula.
Cooperation with foreign/international research and other institutions/bodies has
been established either as part of international networks, or on the basis of
common interests on research agendas. Categories of partners in this
cooperation include; International research centres, networks, programmes and
institutes; United Nations agencies; Development agencies and institute;
International funding organizations; Universities; National institutes; and
Governments.
14
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
The programme Implementation and Coordination of Agricultural Research and
Training (ICART) in the SADC region is a regional agricultural research and
training program operating under the auspices of the Food, Agriculture and
Natural Resources Directorate (FANR) of the SADC Secretariat, responsible for
the coordination of the agricultural research and training programs.
The overall objective of ICART is to contribute to regional economic growth and
poverty alleviation by organizing within the SADC region innovative agricultural
research and training activities to promote sustainable use of natural resources.
This will lead to increased agricultural production through application of improved
technologies, and the implementation of policies that will enable resource-poor
smallholders to achieve improvements in their livelihoods. Research findings
and the training of researchers and professionals will contribute to the creation of
an enabling environment for all stakeholders in agricultural production, thus
improving both the food security and economic status of the countries concerned.
In the context of ICART, agriculture is understood to include crop production,
animal husbandry and the gathering of biological products, together with the
sustainable exploitation of natural resources used in agriculture and the latter’s
impact on the environment. ‘Agriculture’ also encompasses agricultural
economics and policy making, rural livelihoods and the social issues of farming
that affect farmers, herders and gatherers.
The programme is designed to enable national agricultural research
programmes, and National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) where they
already exist (involving public sector research and training institutions in
agriculture, private sector research and technology generation companies, and
professional agricultural organizations) to generate through empirical means
innovative solutions to:
i) Strengthen both in-country and regional cooperation in order to
increase agricultural production, productivity and quality.
ii) Improve incomes of small-scale farmers and profits for processors,
traders and other beneficiaries, while maintaining the natural
resource base.
Where NARSs do not currently exist, specific recommendations will be made to
promote the concept, and formally establish them.
15
1.1.0 Introduction to the Study
As part of the activities of the ICART project, a four-phase Situation Analysis is
being implemented in order to identify, appraise and assess constraints, and
recommend support strategies for existing National Agricultural Research
Systems, and for research networks servicing agricultural production and rural
development in the SADC region.
Phase 1 consisted of a desk study of information available at the SADC
Secretariat and on the internet. Phase 2 was a rapid appraisal and preliminary
comparison of the institutional set up within the 14 SADC member states through
short country visits by four consultants. Phase 3 will involve gathering information
through national consultants to supplement Phase 2 reports and produce country
reports. Phase 4 will consist of reviewing the country reports and other material
gathered on networking initiatives in the region to produce a regional synthesis of
Agricultural Research and Training in the region, as well as draft a strategy
document for the support to regional networks for the SADC Secretariat.
The current activity is part of Phase 3 and will involve gathering information on
and appraising agricultural research systems (research and related basic and in-
service professional training) and their programmes, covering the following
domains:
1. Agricultural economics, policies, trade analysis;
2. Production-to-consumption chains, for example agri-business and
agro-processing;
3. Social issues in agriculture (for example land rights, food security,
migrations, impact of health on agriculture, rural credit, extension and
education, social capital, farmers’ organizations);
4. Biodiversity in agriculture (for example variety selection and breeding,
and biotechnologies);
5. Farming systems (including mechanization, risk management, pest
and disease management, input use, innovative systems that lead to
improved productivity per unit of labour, water and land, and the
relationship between land and water use, agriculture and the
environment).
Specifically, the consultancy will consist of gathering information, through a
mixture of desk research and interviews on the following 12 issues:
1. Assessing with the relevant Ministries the policies for research and
training in agriculture
2. Identify relevant private sector organizations and their research needs
3. Establish the list of registered institutions/organizations delivering
agricultural research
16
4. Establish the list of registered institutions/organizations delivering high
level training and in-service professional training in agriculture
5. Assess with the Ministries the formal existence of NARS and the
monitoring mechanisms, the contribution of research stakeholders
6. Provide charts indicating institutional structures
7. Document the working methodologies for research / the NARS
8. Identify actual and potential demand for cooperative relationships
between research and training institutions and farmers’ organizations
and private sector
9. Document and appraise in-country research alliances
10. Describe and contextualize research alliances (and the programmes
they address) across the SADC region
11. Describe and contextualize cooperation with foreign/international
research institutions
12. Identify the needs for research alliances and networks
The consultant will also advise on the approach to be used for the gathering of
information on the following 8 issues listed below, and in case of easy
accessibility of such information, provide such information in the annex of the
report:
13. A detailed description of action plans (programs) and planning
mechanisms within the list of five domains given above
14. Documentation of the sources of funding for research and comparison
of budgets among the 5 domains
15. A compiled list of research managers and scientists
16. Documentation on the evaluation of impact from research programs
17. Identification of major agricultural research publications
18. Documentation on existing appraisals of research per country or
institution
19. Documentation on appraisal of on-going training programmes
20. Identification of major training budgets
The method for implementation of the situation analysis:
Step 1. Identify and collect the policy documents or the policy orientation with the
appropriate resource persons in the Ministries and assess how the
implementation of those policies was planned in every Research and Training
institution.
Step 2. Provide organizational charts of the institutions, including their
relationships with the Ministries, and analyze how this institutional set up is
managed as a NARS.
Step 3. Identify the following:
i. Existing cooperation mechanisms with research stakeholders
17
ii. Cooperation mechanisms between research institutions, between
training institutions, and between training and research institutions at
country level
iii. Cooperation between institutions in diverse SADC countries
iv. Cooperation with foreign institutions and through international networks
v. Needs and demands for further cooperation through network
The complete terms of reference for the mission are given in Annex I.
1.2.0 Background Information on Zambia and Zambian Agriculture
Zambia is a land locked country in central-southern Africa with an estimated
population of 11.7million people and an annual growth rate of 2.9 percent. The
country has an area of 752,614 square kilometers, the terrain being mostly
plateau with woody-grassland savannah, and a semi-arid tropical climate. The
greater part of the country receives seasonal reasonable amounts of rainfall,
annual precipitation ranging from 800mm to 1,000mm in the central parts of the
country to more than 1,000mm in the north. Three agro-ecological zones are
recognized based on rainfall and soil types. Region I is a dry area receiving less
than 800mm of annual rainfall and consisting of light soils. This covers the
valleys of Southern, Western and Eastern Provinces. Region II receives
between 800mm and 1,000mm of annual rainfall, has the most productive soils
and covers the central parts of the country. Region III receives more than
1,000mm of annual rainfall, has leached acidic soils and covers the Copperbelt,
North-western, Luapula and Northern provinces.
While the distribution of rains (both by time of season and geographical areas)
has been poor in some years, resulting in partial droughts and poor agriculture
performance, Zambia has very good amounts of surface and ground water
supplies. The amount of underground water resources is estimated at 1,740,380
million cubic metres while surface water is estimated at 237.3 million cubic
metres per day in an average year. Application of these water resources in
irrigation is low, being estimated at only 0.9 percent of total arable land. Overall,
fifty-eight percent of Zambia’s total landmass of 752,614 square kilometers is
classified as medium to high potential for agricultural production, but only about
14 percent of this arable land is currently being utilized. Although urbanization is
estimated at only 40%, rural areas have very low population densities.
The country is also endowed with a good number of mineral resources most of
which remain under-exploited. It has large copper and cobalt deposits, and other
minerals including zinc, lead, gold, silver, iron and coal, as well as precious
stones that include emeralds, amethyst, aquamarine, garnets and citrines. Apart
from its agriculture and mining potential, Zambia has potential for an active
tourism industry. It has good wild-life populations and other natural resources
relevant to the tourism industry.
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For more than three decades after independence, Zambia’s economy mainly
depended on mining, and mainly copper mining. Unfortunately, unfavourable
commodity prices in the 1980’s and 1990’s, coupled with poor management of
the mines led to a decline in the mining sector which contracted at an average
annual rate of 8.7 percent during early and most of the late 1990’s. Other
sectors were also affected, agriculture contracted by 0.2 percent per year while
industry stagnated. This resulted in overall poor economic performance.
The economy improved from the end of the 1990’s into the 2000’s as a result of
economic reforms started in the early 1990’s, and a favourable global economic
environment. Real GDP growth rose, reaching annual averages of 2.2 percent
from 1998 to 2001 and 4.7 percent from 2002 to 2005. Per capita income grew
at 2.3 percent annually over the period 2002 to 2005. Growth in agriculture
averaged 1.0 percent and 2.6 percent for the periods 1998 to 2001 and 2002 to
2005, respectively. The positive growth trend resulted mainly from increased
agricultural production, new investments and subsequent increased exports from
agriculture and mining sectors, improved performance of the manufacturing
sector (particularly agro processing) and growth in tourism. Attainment of the
Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Completion point in April 2005 and
implementation of the Multi-lateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) in 2005/2006 are
achievements that have facilitated more growth in the economy.
In-spite of its potential for development, and some significant achievements
made in recent years, Zambia remains undeveloped with high poverty levels
(estimated at 68 percent). According to the 2004 United Nations Human
Development Report, Zambia ranked 164 out of 177 countries.
1.3.0 Economic and Social Context of Agriculture in Zambia
Commercial agriculture in Zambia evolved in support of the copper mining
industry in the early 20th century. Commercial food crop production was
stimulated by demands for food from the urban population that grew around the
mining industry. Cash crop production, mainly tobacco and cotton, started with
European immigrant farmers in the 1950’s as a way of diversifying income
sources.
Post-independence agriculture development was limited by inappropriate policies
that emphasized on the staple food (maize), favoured improper subsidies, and
excessive Government intervention in production and marketing. The economic
decline experienced following poor performance of the mines in the 1980’s and
1990’s, coupled with droughts further negatively affected an already weakened
agriculture sector.
19
Reforms started in the early 1990’s that emphasized on diversification of the
economy through promotion of agriculture development, liberalization of
marketing and encouragement of private sector participation resulted in some
improvements in the sector. The sector has recorded some GDP growth in
recent years, 1.0 percent for the period 1998 to 2001 and accounting for 22% of
total GDP in 2001, and 2.6 percent for the period 2002 to 2005.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is today’s threat to agriculture and development in
general in Zambia. HIV/AIDS has become a major cause of illness and death in
the productive age group, depriving the country of human resource. Apart from
reducing the human resource base, the pandemic will also put a strain on
resources as Government will be forced to respond to needs of the infected and
affected. It is estimated that 19 percent of the adult population (15 – 49 years)
are infected by HIV, life expectancy has fallen below 40 years and more than
570,000 children have been orphaned as a result of the pandemic.
1.4.0 Importance of Agriculture in Zambia
Agriculture plays an important role in Zambia’s economy, it makes a significant
contribution to GDP (22% in 2001) and is a source of employment for a large
sector of the population. Agriculture employs 67 percent of the labour force in
the formal sector, and is the main source of employment for rural women who
account for 60 percent of the rural population. An estimated 60 percent of
Zambia’s 11.7 million people depend directly on agriculture for their livelihood.
Though not adequately exploited, agriculture in Zambia can be one of the major
sectors, if not the major sector, in the country’s economy if well exploited given
the potential. If well developed it would not only supply adequate food to the
urban population in mining and industry, but also earn the country foreign
exchange, free labour to engage in other sectors, stimulate growth of support
industry and services, and supply raw materials to industry.
1.5.0 Farming Systems, Agricultural Activities and Livelihood Systems
Producers in the agriculture sector in Zambia are often classified as large-scale,
medium-scale, emergent and small-scale farmers. Small-scale farmers work on
small pieces of land, ranging from 0.5 to 10hectares, held under customary
tenure systems. This category constitutes the largest number of farmers
(estimated at 459,000 farms), spread out throughout the country, and holding
nearly two thirds of Zambia’s agricultural land and a large proportion of the
national livestock herd. They grow food crops and make significant contributions
to the country’s production (60 per cent of the maize, 90 percent of the sorghum,
85 percent of the groundnuts and virtually all the cassava and sweet potato).
20
Production in this category is subsistence oriented and employs low capital, low
technology and low external input practices (hand tools, animal draught power,
rain-fed crops and very limited purchased inputs). Productivity is low in this
farmer category, yields averaging 50 percent of those realized by commercial
farmers.
Some small scale farmers have made strides towards transforming their
production towards more commercial oriented practices. These farmers have
increased their farm sizes beyond that of small scale farmers with a view to
include marketed produce. They make the two categories of emergent farmer
(estimated at 119,200 farms), and medium-scale farmer (estimated at 25,230
farms). The two principally differ in farm sizes, emergent farmers work on
smaller land estimated at 10 to 20hectares while medium-scale farmers work on
larger land, estimated at 20 to 60hectares. Some of these farmers work on
Government land under lease-hold tenure. The most common acquisitions of
such land being through Government established settlement schemes.
Production in these farmer categories is both for own consumption and
marketing, especially in cash crops, to generate income. Cotton, tobacco and
sunflower are the common cash crops grown for purposes of generating income.
Production in this category employs a fair amount of capital, use of external
inputs, and a fair level of mechanization. Sometimes their operations are
enhanced by the formation of commodity based farmer groups like sugar cane
growers’ smallholdings; Small scale dairy producers associations; Tobacco
producers associations etc. In other instances, these farmers operate under out-
grower schemes, which are often associated with either larger corporate
agricultural production enterprises or commodity marketing companies. By
working together as farmer groups and/or associating to corporate bodies,
access to finance, inputs, material and information technological advancements,
and markets is enhanced.
Commercial farmers work on larger pieces of state land (in excess of 60hectares)
held under 99-year leasehold tenure, but constitute the smallest category, an
estimated 740 farms. They are located near urban population centres and along
major transport routes. Production in this category is market oriented, most
productive, and employs capital intensive high input technologies involving
machinery, irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, and feed supplements. Commercial
farmers produce most of the country’s agricultural exports and 80 percent of the
milk, 75 percent of the wheat and 70 percent of the soybeans and poultry. Some
are vertically integrated with agro processing operations.
Within the commercial category, corporate interest in agriculture has resulted in
the establishment of a few considerably larger agro-investments in selected
commodities. The most prominent of such investments are in the commodities
sugarcane, coffee, wheat, floriculture, beef, dairy, and poultry production. In
21
some cases operations in corporate enterprises are vertically integrated, from
production through processing to marketing.
Agro-ecological zones influence cropping systems and livestock species kept. In
Region I, crop production is mainly small scale subsistence farming. Sorghum
and bulrush millet are the main cereals grown owing to their tolerance to drought.
Both goats and cattle are kept though some areas are not suitable for cattle due
to the presence of tsetse fly, a trypanosomiasis vector. Endowed with major
rivers (Zambezi and Luangwa), fishing is an alternative source of livelihood and
nutrition in some parts of this region.
Region II is the most productive cropping zone and has active commercial
farming. It is the main producing area for maize and cash crops tobacco and
cotton, and also produces the rest of the country’s major crops. Major livestock
kept in this region include cattle, pigs and poultry. These are kept by both small
scale and commercial farmers, as traditional herds or flocks and commercial
herds or flocks.
Region III is mainly a cassava growing area, maize though grown extensively,
gives low yields due to the acidic nature of soils which tend to be leached. Other
crops grown in the region include, coffee, pineapples and rice.
2.0 THE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM
2.1.0 Concept of the NARS
2.1.1 General Definition
The concept of a National Agricultural Research and Development System
emerged in a number of developing and intermediate countries in the early 90’s
in order to adapt the prevailing paradigms and institutional set ups in agricultural
research, to the emerging needs for a more efficient dissemination and adoption
of research findings.
A NARS is an organized system mobilizing the contribution of stakeholders in
agriculture that include; Research institutions (public, private and professional);
Universities and Professional Training institutions; Extension organizations;
Farmers’ organizations; Private companies and their organizations; and Non-
Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs).
22
2.1.2 Characteristics of a NARS
A NARS has the following characteristics:
• It operates for the development and the use of research by the
stakeholders.
• It is governed by participatory bodies.
• It is funded by governments and stakeholders.
• It plans research and development programs, and evaluates the outputs of
those programs.
• It supervises the development of international cooperation.
2.1.3 Recent Development of the NARS Concept in SADC
In September 2007, through the SCARDA project, stakeholders in Southern
Africa further developed the concept for the region, in order to support the
promotion of the innovation systems which will mobilize all relevant stakeholders
in the design, implementation and evaluation of research and development in
agriculture.
The participating institutions into the NARS were identified as policy, supply side,
demand side, intermediary side and capacity building institutions that are linked
to agricultural research output generation, delivery and utilization.
The identified institutions were defined as follows:
• Policy institutions - Institutions that provide policy guidance to training and
research. The policies give strategic direction to national priority areas in
development efforts to which the NARS must contribute meaningfully.
• Demand-side institutions - Ultimate beneficiaries who utilize research and
training outputs. These institutions also determine priority research and
nature of impact expected.
• Supply side institutions - Research institutions that generate research
outputs
• Intermediary institutions - Institutions that facilitate or enhance translation
of research output (knowledge and technology). Depending on the
situation, they can play the roles of demand side, supply side or advocates
of both.
• Capacity building institutions - Institutions that build capacity for the whole
NARS or for a category of institutions or stakeholders.
2.1.4 Adoption of NARS Definition to the Local Situation
The broad definition of the NARS as given above, though appreciated as a way
of promoting broad participation in agriculture research and development, was
perceived by many research institutions to be a potential source of inefficiency.
23
Depending on the expected level of participation by private companies, NGOs
and CBOs, there is fear that some element of inefficiency could creep into the
system owing to the diverse nature and interests in these bodies, and their
numerous numbers and sometimes transient existence. While it was realized
that broad consultation was important, and support needed from all the players
mentioned in the definition, the need to focus on agricultural research and further
define the roles of different players was also felt.
3.0 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF THE NARS
3.1.0 Policies for Agriculture Research and Training
The relevant Ministries for agricultural research and training in Zambia include;
the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MACO); Ministry of Lands (MoL);
Ministry of Finance and National Planning (MoFNP); Ministry of Science,
Technology and Vocational Training (MSTVT); Ministry of Education (MoE);
Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR); and Ministry
of Energy and Water Development (MEWD).
3.1.1 Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MACO)
The MACO is the line Ministry for agriculture and as such formulates the national
sector policy upon which all plans and strategies in the sector are based. The
Department of Policy and Planning takes the lead in the process of formulating
the sector policy. The current policy document, the National Agricultural Policy
(NAP), which was drafted in 2004, stipulates the sector’s direction over the
period 2004 to 2015.
National Agricultural Policy (NAP) (2004-2015)
In line with the general trend of liberalization in the economy, the Government is
implementing institutional reforms to liberalize agricultural markets and
encourage the private sector to take the lead in agricultural sector development.
Agri-business is being encouraged to strengthen linkages with smallholder
farmers through increased private sector participation in agricultural service
delivery, such as in input supply, output marketing, and agro-processing. Under
the reformed set up, Government will concentrate on providing public goods
needed for efficient sector growth such as rural infrastructure, research,
extension, and pest and disease control.
In the NAP, the overall objective of the agricultural sector is stated as “to facilitate
and support the development of a sustainable and competitive agricultural sector
in order to ensure food security and income generation at household and national
levels and maximize the sector’s contribution to gross domestic product (GDP).”
24
The specific objectives of the agricultural sector as given in the NAP are:
1. To ensure national and household food security through an all-year round
production and post-harvest management of adequate supplies of basic
foodstuffs at competitive costs.
2. To contribute to sustainable industrial development by providing locally
produced agro-based raw materials.
3. To increase agricultural exports thereby enhancing the sector's
contribution to the National Balance of Payments.
4. To generate income and employment through increased agriculture
production and productivity.
5. To ensure that the existing agricultural resource base is maintained and
improved upon.
These objectives are expected to be achieved through the following strategies:
1. Strengthening and monitoring the liberalization of markets and facilitating
private sector development.
2. Strengthening the capacity of agencies handling agricultural products for
export in ensuring that the products meet the standards and sanitary and
phytosanitary requirements for export markets.
3. Promoting and securing access of agricultural products to both local and
international markets.
4. Diversification of agricultural production and utilization.
5. Strengthening and facilitating the provision of agricultural services in order
to increase productivity particularly among smallholder farmers.
6. Reviewing and realigning institutional and legislative arrangements.
7. Facilitating availability of and accessibility to land for agriculture and
development of infrastructure in potentially productive agricultural areas.
8. Development and promotion of appropriate technology.
9. Promotion of gender equity in resource allocation and access to
agricultural services focusing more on women and young farmers.
10. Promotion of sustainable and environmentally sound agricultural practices.
11. Prevention and control of pests, crop and livestock diseases of national
economic importance.
12. Promoting conservation of fisheries resources.
13. Strengthening emergency preparedness through early warning and timely
and efficient crop forecasting and maintenance of strategic food reserves.
14. Promoting and strengthening Cooperatives and Farmer Organizations as
a vehicle for agricultural development.
15. Promoting irrigation development
16. Facilitating provision of incentives for local and foreign agricultural
investment.
17. Strengthening information collection and dissemination.
18. Re-enforcing the sector’s regulatory functions. This will also include liaison
or coordination with the Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational
25
Training through its appropriate institutions or bodies responsible for the
regulation of the use of biotechnology and the resulting products, in
particular, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).
19. Maintaining agro-biodiversity and promoting conservation of aquatic eco-
system and sustainable utilization of natural resources.
From the foregoing it was observed that research and agriculture training are
covered within the NAP. The strategies “Development and promotion of
appropriate technology” and “Promoting irrigation development” in particular,
address agriculture research.
With regard to training, the limited number of trained agricultural human resource
is recognized in the NAP as a contributing factor to the unsatisfactory
performance of the sector. Hence the overall objective of the agricultural training
sub-sector is to ensure a critical mass of suitable and adequately trained
manpower is produced to meet the needs of both public and private sectors.
The specific objectives for the sub-sector are:
• To strengthen institutional capacity of agricultural training institutions.
• To ensure that quality and relevant agricultural training is provided through
curriculum reform and development of teaching resources.
• To commercialize or privatize some training institutions and enhance
autonomy in some.
• To institute a mechanism for monitoring and evaluation of agricultural
training activities.
These are to be achieved through the following strategies:
• Undertake training needs assessment.
• Carry out short and long-term training at technical and professional levels,
including farmer training.
• Strengthen and carry out a programme of In-Service training courses.
• Promote agricultural education at both primary and secondary school
levels.
• Establish income generating ventures as well as cost-sharing mechanisms
in local institutions of learning.
It should however be noted that most educational and institutions fall under the
MoE, including university education. Therefore MACO has no direct influence on
most education and training institutions, inclusive of degree level professional
training. The training objectives and strategies above will have greatest impact
on certificate and diploma level agricultural training, given that only agricultural
certificate and diploma awarding institutions fall under MACO.
26
Some plans have been drawn that elaborate on some of the strategies. Two
such plans are the National Irrigation Plan (NIP) and the Agriculture Input
Marketing Plan.
National Irrigation Plan (NIP) (2006-2011)
The Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) is responsible for
initiating overall water management policies and for setting standards and
priorities for the water sub-sector. The main instrument governing the
development and management of water resources is the National Water Policy of
1994. Overall strategies and plans of action to develop the water sector are
outlined in the Water Resources Master Plan (1995-2015). The role of other
Ministries regarding water resources management is strategy elaboration for the
various programs relevant to their sectors.
In light of the above, the MACO in facilitating implementation of the strategy on
“promotion of irrigation development,” drafted a National Irrigation Plan (NIP)
whose mission is “to expand the production base, productivity and stability of
irrigated farming systems through the use of improved and appropriate irrigation
technologies and services.” The objective of the NIP is “to promote the use of
irrigation to accelerate sustainable agriculture development”.
The interventions in the NIP are categorized as; Finance and Investment; Policy
and Legal; Institutional and social; and Market Linkages.
Agricultural Input Marketing Plan
An agricultural Input Marketing Plan was drafted by MACO to help facilitate
implementation of strategies related to input marketing. The plan outlines
organizational, and policy and legal strategies for fertilizer, seed and planting
materials, and agriculture and veterinary chemicals and products.
3.1.2 Ministry of Lands (MoL)
In Zambia, land is vested in the Republican President to hold it in perpetuity and
alienate for and on behalf of the people while the Ministry of Lands (MoL) is the
sector charged with the responsibility of land administration and management.
Procedures for accessing and utilizing land are determined by the Lands act of
1995. The Act recognizes two types of land and land tenure systems, customary
land under customary tenure with a provision for conversion into leasehold
tenure and state land with statutory leasehold tenure. In the case of agricultural
land, the MoL collaborates with MACO which is responsible for identifying,
planning, demarcating and recommending land for agricultural purposes.
27
Zambia is currently drafting a Land Policy to enhance effective use of its land for
national development. To that effect, a draft document has already been
produced. Some of the crucial issues being addresses in the policy relate to
security of tenure and equity in access and ownership.
3.1.3 Ministry of Finance and National Planning (MoFNP)
The Ministry of Finance and National Planning (MoFNP) is responsible for
drafting a national development plan which puts together and prioritizes sector
plans based on sector policies. Zambia is currently operating under the Fifth
National Development Plan (FNDP) covering the period 2006 to 2010. The
process of formulating a National Development Plan involves all stakeholder
categories inclusive of civil society, the private sector and cooperating partners.
It starts at District level, runs through Provincial to national level. At national
level, Sector Advisory Groups (SAGs) play a central role in identifying national
priorities. The MoFNP plays a facilitating role in the entire process.
Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP)
The FNDP articulates the national vision, goals and strategies for development
over the five year period 2006 to 2010. In the process, it recognizes the
importance of pro-poor growth oriented sectors, which includes agriculture, in
creating employment and income opportunities for the poor. Realizing that about
55 percent of the total population and 70 percent of the poor live in rural areas,
and that the majority of households rely on incomes from agriculture and
agriculture related industries, growth in agriculture is expected to generate jobs
and create employment opportunities for the poor. Therefore, fostering
agricultural growth and rural development is recognized as important in reducing
poverty in the country.
The national plan identifies two critical areas where public spending will be
focused for accelerated and broadened growth. The two being: (i) strengthening
the relevant economic and social infrastructure, especially roads, and (ii)
enhancing agriculture and rural development.
The vision for the agricultural sector during the FNDP is “An efficient,
competitive, and sustainable agricultural sector that secures food security and
increased income,” the Goal being “To promote increased and sustainable
agricultural productivity and competitiveness in order to ensure food security;
Income generation; Creation of employment opportunities; and Reduction in
poverty levels.”
28
In the NAP it is stated that the role of the public sector in agriculture will be
confined primarily to:
1. Policy formulation;
2. Enforcement of legislation, regulation and inspection;
3. Maintenance of strategic food reserves;
4. Provision of market information;
5. Financing the control of pests and diseases of national economic
importance;
6. Provision of basic agricultural and rural infrastructure;
7. Provision of agricultural services, i.e. research and extension in
partnership with the private sector;
8. Provision of targeted support to outlying areas and underprivileged
farmer groups;
9. Capacity building within public and private sectors;
10. Sector coordination;
11. Monitoring and evaluation of overall sector performance.
From roles listed above, it is clear that the national plan recognizes the
importance of public sector involvement in the provision of research and
extension, capacity building (which should include training), sector coordination,
monitoring and evaluation. Research and training are part of the programmes
listed for the sector in the plan. The research component is part of the
programmes on; Irrigation development and support; Livestock research and
development; and Agricultural research and technology development. Training is
covered by the human resource development programme.
The programmes, objectives and strategies for agriculture during the period of
the FNDP are given in Table 1.
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Table 1: Programmes, Objectives and Strategies in the Agriculture Sector for the period 2006 to 2010
Programme Objectives Strategies
Irrigation To promote a well a) Developing socially desirable and economically viable irrigation
Development regulated and schemes;
and Support profitable irrigation b) Construction of communal bulk water supply systems;
sub-sector that is c) Facilitating irrigation infrastructure development for improved
attractive to both the agricultural productivity;
public and private d) Establishment of an Irrigation Development Fund to enable farmers
sector access funds for irrigation equipment;
e) Facilitating establishment of water rights that are supportive of
sustainable agricultural development;
f) Promotion of sustainable utilization of wetlands and dambos.
Agricultural To promote the a) Encouraging agricultural land use planning and management;
Infrastructure improvement of b) Opening up new farm blocks and facilitating basic infrastructure
and Land agricultural land for development;
Development sustainable c) Developing a land information system for the agricultural sector.
production and
productivity
a) Animal Health To improve the a) Regulating and controlling the quality of livestock, livestock products,
b) Livestock productive efficiency and stock feeds;
Production and of the livestock sector b) Promoting private sector participation in the provision of livestock and
Extension in a sustainable extension services, and in marketing of livestock and livestock products;
c) Livestock manner and support c) Creating and promoting awareness in the conservation of animal
Research and the marketing of both genetic resources;
Development livestock and livestock d) Facilitating implementation of disease and vector control programmes
d) Livestock products and with private sector participation;
Marketing and contribute to food e) Establishing the Emergency Disease Control Fund to control
Trade security and transboundary animal diseases, such as Foot and Mouth Disease, CBPP,
increased income etc.;
f) Rehabilitation of the Vaccine Unit; g) Strengthening the early warning
system;
h) Establishment of 2 disease free zones by 2010;
i) Devising efficient and sustainable diagnostic techniques in investigations
of diseases;
j) Upholding all legislation in the livestock sub-sector;
k) Promoting the establishment of abattoirs in livestock production areas;
l) Encouraging, supporting and promoting poultry and small livestock
enterprises as a way of empowering women and female headed
households.
a) Agricultural To provide a) Developing appropriate agronomic packages and technologies for
Research and appropriate, efficient sustained farming systems and overall agricultural production and
Technology and effective utilization;
Development Technology b) Promoting crop diversification;
b) Agricultural development and c) Designing and promoting appropriate on-farm transportation, processing
Extension transfer services, and storage structures, especially for small-scale farmers to minimize or
c) Agricultural taking into account prevent post-harvest losses;
Seed Support gender requirements, d) Promoting research/extension/farmer linkages in order to have more
d) Farm Power in order to assist farmers’ input in research and technology transfer;
and farmers increase e) Promoting cost sharing with beneficiaries of agricultural research and
Mechanization agricultural production extension;
and productivity and f) Regulating the introduction and use of agro-biotechnology products, in
diversify crop particular Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs);
production and g) Promoting and encouraging the involvement of the private sector and
utilization NGOs in the provision of extension services.
a) Aquaculture To increase fish a) Conserving and maintaining bio-diversity of aquatic resources through
Development production and improved monitoring;
b) Capture promote sustainable b) Regulating and controlling the marketing and trading of fishing gears
Fisheries utilization of fisheries and fishing practices;
Management and resources thereby c) Promoting aquaculture development, especially among women;
Development contributing to the d) Strengthening gender balanced research-extension-farmer linkages;
c) Fish economy through the e) Promoting improved fish processing and storage
Processing and generation of
Marketing employment, income
d) Fisheries and improved
Training availability of fish
e) Fisheries
Coordination and
Management
30
Policy To formulate and a) Strengthening and monitoring the liberalization of markets and
Coordination and implement facilitating private sector growth;
Management appropriate, gender b) Reviewing and realigning institutional and legislative arrangements;
sensitive strategies c) Enforcing the sector’s regulatory functions;
through multi-sectoral d) Strengthening emergency preparedness through early warning
and coordinated information and data; timely and efficient crop forecasting; drought
interventions with a interventions with a focus on increased food security and economic growth
focus on increased insurance mechanism; and maintenance of strategic food reserves;
food security and e) developing a cross-sectoral strategic framework and monitoring matrix
economic growth for food security within the context of the FNDP;
f) Facilitating provision of incentives for local and foreign agricultural
investment;
g) Strengthening information collection and dissemination;
h) Promoting gender equity in resource allocation and access to
agricultural services, focusing on women and young farmers.
Agricultural To promote the a) Facilitating market information flow among stakeholders;
Marketing, Trade development of a b) Imparting agro-business skills to market participants and farmers,
and competitive, efficient especially women;
Agribusiness and transparent public c) Promotion and enforcement of grades and standards of major
Development and private sector agricultural commodities and inputs;
driven marketing d) Facilitating the development of rural infrastructure, such as roads rural
system for agricultural storage infrastructure;
commodities and e) Developing market centres;
inputs f) Creating an enabling environment for an improved agricultural input and
output market, especially for mall-scale farmers in rural areas;
g) Promoting crops with both dosmestic and export markets;
h) Encouraging financial institutions to establish in rural areas.
Cooperatives To create an enabling a) Developing a legal and institutional framework to facilitate re-orientation
Development environment for the and reformation of the cooperative organizations;
development of b) Developing the capacity of cooperative members to take advantage of
autonomous, the current socio-economic environment;
transparent, viable, c) Promoting development of business-oriented cooperatives and farmer
and demand-driven organizations in order to enhance their capacity to access financial
cooperatives and resources;
other farmer d) Promoting partnerships between cooperatives and other sectors of the
organizations that will economy;
contribute to e) Encouraging and promoting participation of women in business-oriented
economic growth and cooperatives and farmer organizations.
poverty reduction
Human Resource To provide skilled a) Provision of short and long-term training at technical and professional
Development human resource for levels, including farmer training;
the agricultural sector b) Facilitation of development of public and private sector training
through capacity institutions;
building, including c) Promotion of agricultural education at both basic and high school levels,
issues of HIV/AIDS, in including young farmers’ clubs;
order to increase the d) Promotion of income generating ventures in agricultural training
sector’s production institutions;
and productivity e) Establishment of new training institutions and rehabilitation of existing
ones;
f) HIV/AIDS awareness and sensitization creation among agricultural staff
and farmers;
g) Provision of relief and mitigatory measures to HIV and AIDS infected
and affected staff and farmers including their families.
Source: FNDP
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3.1.4 Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training (MSTVT)
It is well recognized that Science and Technology are central to creating wealth
and improving the quality of life, and that a well developed higher education sub-
sector in Science and Technology is fundamental as it allows for generation of
new scientific knowledge and wise implementation of technologies.
Under the MSTVT is a National Science and Technology Council (NSTC),
established in 2000, which is given the mandate to coordinate and monitor
Research and Development (R&D) activities, implement Science and Technology
(S&T) policies, and advise Government on S&T matters. The institution is guided
by the National Science and Technology Policy (NSTP) of 1996, the
Biotechnology and Biosafety Policy, the Science and Technology Act No. 26 of
1997 and the Biosafety Act No. 10 of 2007.
The mission of the NSTP is “to promote and exploit S&T as an instrument for
developing an environmentally friendly indigenous technology capacity in a
sustainable socioeconomic manner in order to improve the quality of life in
Zambia”. The overall policy objective being “to embed S&T as part of the culture
of the key economic sectors and promote competitiveness in the production of a
wide range of quality goods and services”. The mission of the Biotechnology and
Biosafety Policy is “to guide the judicious use and regulation of modern
biotechnology for sustainable development of the nation, with minimum risks to
human and animal health, the environment and biological diversity”. To be
enacted and formulated in support of current instruments are the Intellectual
Property Rights legislation, and a national policy on indigenous knowledge,
genetic resources and folklore.
Within the MSTVT, there is also a National Technology Business Centre (NTBC)
which was established in 2001 by statutory instrument No. 136 of 1999, and
mandated to promote Research and Development (R&D) products to end users.
The vision of the Science and Technology sector is “a Zambia where science and
technology and innovation are the driving forces in national development by
2030” while the goal is “to enhance the contribution of science and technology to
national productivity and competitiveness.”
Under the MSTVT, R&D is one of the main activities and as such most
programmes relate to research. Training is addressed through the human
resource development programme by the strategy of linking support in staff
development for R&D institutions to approved training programmes.
The policies under the MSTVT cover the entire area of science and technology,
inclusive of science and technology related to agriculture. Indeed even plans,
strategies and programmes for the institutions in the MSTVT and MACO overlap.
Policies under the MSTVT are therefore relevant to agricultural research.
32
The programmes, objectives and strategies for the science and technology
sector for the period of the FNDP are given in Table 2.
Table 2: Programmes, Objectives and Strategies of the Science and Technology Sector for the Period of the
FNDP
Programme Objectives Strategies
Research and To identify and conduct a) Identification of sectors/industries of national economic growth and
Development research and targeting R&D results and their focus towards these sectors;
development activities in b) Encouraging interdisciplinary research;
areas of national priority c) Conducting target specific research and development;
d) Provision of target specific research and development funds;
e) Identification of technological needs in areas of national priority
Human Resource To develop and retain a) Linking support in staff development for R&D institutions to
Development and qualified science and approved training programmes;
Retention technology personnel b) Improving conditions of service for R&D personnel;
c) Re-engaging retired highly experienced scientific and technological
staff to impart knowledge in young scientists;
d) Introducing performance based annual/bi-annual awards among
R&D institutions and staff
Infrastructure To develop, rehabilitate a) Preparation of annual S&T development, rehabilitation and
Development and and maintain S&T maintenance programmes;
Rehabilitation infrastructure b) Allocation of adequate funding towards the objective
Commercialisation To promote and a) Facilitating participation of R&D institutions in fairs/exhibitions,
of R&D commercialise results of public discussions, business forums, etc.;
R&D b) Ensuring publication of results of various R&D activities;
c) Promoting preparation and production of promotional materials by
R&D institutions;
d) Providing tax rebates to commercial entities taking up technology
from local R&D institutions
Policy, Legislative To review and Identification of constraints in the R&D policy, legal and institutional
and Institutional strengthen the policy, environment of the sector and taking the necessary corrective
Strengthening legal and institution measures
framework
Popularisation of To create and promote a) Developing an effective R&D information, education and
Science and public awareness on the communication system;
Technology in role of science and b) Introduction of the concept of open or field days at all R&D
National technology in national institutions;
Development economic development c) Ensuring that science week activities are conducted in all
provincial centres;
d) Promoting district, provincial and national Junior Engineers,
Technicians, and Scientists (JETS) fairs;
e) Encouraging industry support for promotion of science and
technology;
f) Promoting science and technology through activities of the
proposed museum of science and technology in Ndola
Source: FNDP
3.1.5 Ministry of Education (MoE)
The MoE is the major player in education and training in Zambia. Apart from
technical colleges and institutes falling under MSTVT, a few colleges and
institutes under MACO, and limited church and private run institutions, all
education and training institutions fall under the MoE. With a sector vision of
“Innovative and productive life-long education and training accessible to all by
2030” and mission of “providing equitably accessible education and skills training
opportunities for sustainable livelihood and development”, the Ministry of
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education has drafted a National Implementation Framework (NIF) for the period
2008 to 2010 as a strategy to achieve the objectives of the FNDP.
National Implementation Framework (NIF)
The NIF identifies the goals of the education sector as being:
1. To ensure universal basic education provision to children;
2. To ensure that opportunities exist for all citizens to have equitable
access to ECCDE, basic and high school, tertiary education and/or
technical and vocational training;
3. To improve the quality and relevance of education and skills training;
4. To promote efficiency and cost-effectiveness;
5. To enhance institutional coordination in both public and private
education and training institutions; and
6. To ensure that library services are improved to contribute to high
standards and quality of education in Zambia.
The broad objectives being:
1. To strengthen or establish institutional frameworks to coordinate
provision of education through government, community and private
institutions;
2. To introduce policy changes reflective of the current educational
requirements;
3. To promote use of alternative modes of education provision;
4. To promote innovative methodologies in learning institutions;
5. To promote use of responsive monitoring of standards and
assessment tools; and
6. To enhance provision of teaching/learning materials and equipment.
According to the NIF, emphasis for Government policy in the education sector is:
1. Facilitating equitable access to education at all levels.
2. Delivery of quality and relevant education, which enhances
knowledge, skills, attitudes, values and lifelong learning.
3. Improving policy formulation, planning and information
management environment. Complementary to this is the provision
of a sufficient, skilled and motivated human resource to manage
the education system.
4. Supporting an adequately-financed, professionally managed,
accountable and cost-effective decentralised education delivery
system.
5. Supporting an education system that counters the HIV and AIDS
pandemic and will continue to mitigate its adverse impact on
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education delivery, with particular attention paid to the needs of
orphans.
6. Promoting functional literacy education through non-formal
education.
7. Developing effective partnerships with other stakeholders in
educational services provision, focusing on Faith-based
Organisations and other religious bodies, the private sector,
NGOs, community-based organisations, traditional leadership,
Cooperating Partners/donors, and individuals.
It can be argued that the MoE places greater emphasis on lower levels of
education. This situation can be justified by the need to address Zambia’s
problem of high illiteracy levels. University education, which is most relevant for
professional training and research, is considered as a sub-sector. It is stipulated
that in the university education sub-sector, improving the internal and external
efficiency of the university system will be the strategic focus. The expansion of tertiary
level education is also envisaged. Policy incentives for resource mobilization,
particularly in encouraging private provision of university-level education and training
will be focused upon.
It is further stated that public universities will receive public funding. The main thrusts
will be institutional capacity building; Multi-sectoral sponsorship of research and
development; Sponsorship of educational research and development; and Graduate
training and staff development.
The main policies and reforms will aim at:
1. Improving both internal and external efficiency in the public universities.
2. Reviewing and reforming fee scheme, student loan, and cost-
sharing/targeted scholarships.
3. Providing incentives for private universities and encouraging Public Private
Partnerships (PPP) in the provision of university education.
4. Increase the number of female students accessing University education.
5. Strengthen gender training at the Universities.
While the MoE is the parent ministry, public universities are quasi-autonomous
institutions with powers to strategically plan for their activities based on both
government grants and self-generated resources (e.g. from fees and investments).
These universities have their own Councils as decision-making authorities that have
delegated powers and authority to manage education service delivery. Therefore,
activities that public universities will undertake will be determined by their respective
Councils and management systems in the institutions. However, it is the
Government’s expectation that the following issues will be addressed in the process:
1. Improvement in the general management and administration of the two public
institutions, focusing, in particular, at the following levels:
35
a) Improving the financial management of the institutions particularly with
respect to accounting, procurement, auditing, and expenditure control.
b) Improving human resource management, focusing on the improvement of
the conditions of service for academic staff in a manner that would reduce
the current exodus from the two institutions, particularly from the University
of Zambia.
2. Address the challenges associated with the institutions’ dilapidated and
inadequate physical infrastructure through:
a) More investment in building more learning and student accommodation
facilities.
b) Rehabilitating existing infrastructure.
c) Involvement of the private sector in infrastructure provision, especially with
respect to student facilities.
3. Improvement in the staffing levels of the different programmes.
4. Improvement of the learning environment through investment in:
a) Laboratory equipment and related reagents/chemicals.
b) Improvement of the library facilities.
c) Institutional recreational facilities for both students and academic staff.
5. Review of different teaching programmes’ curricula with a view to aligning them to
the labour market demands.
6. Expand the capacity of teacher education training (with particular focus at
mathematics and science graduate teachers) through both the public and private
sector.
7. Strengthen the capacity of the universities to undertake gender-related research
Policy statements in the MoE are general, and will only influence agricultural
research and training to the extent that institutions affected by the policies offer
agriculture training, and are involved with agricultural research.
3.1.6 Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR)
Natural resources fall under MTENR, the Environmental Council of Zambia being
the major institution in the management and utilization of natural resources. The
Council is supported by Acts; The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control
Act, 1990 (EPPCA); and The Biosafety Act, 2007. A number of strategies and
plans have been formulated for the efficient and sustainable management and
utilization of natural resources, these include; National Conservation Strategy;
National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP, 1994); Environmental Support
Programme (ESP); Zambia National Biodiversity and Action Plan (NBSAP);
Zambia Forestry Action Plan (ZFAP); National Action Plan for the
implementation of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
(UNCCD); and the Zambia Wetland Strategy and Action Plan.
However, while natural resources fall under MTENR, the overall management of
natural resources is under sectoral institutions. It has been realized that this
36
arrangement is inefficient. As a way of addressing this problem, the Government
is working on reviewing and harmonizing sectoral policies and legislation, and
has drafted a National Environmental Policy (NEP). Implementation of the NEP
will be facilitated by the formulation of an Implementation Plan (IP) and an
Environmental Investment Strategic Plan (EISP). In addition, a Natural
Resources Consultative Forum (NRCF) has been established to help in
coordinating the various institutions and agencies (private, public, CBO’s, NGO’s)
involved in environment and natural resource management.
Zambia has acceded to more than 20 international environmental conventions
that have a bearing on natural resource management, and intends to
domesticate 5 conventions that are considered critically relevant. These are, the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
Fauna (CITES) (www.cites.org/); Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
(www.cbd.int/); United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
(www.unccd.int/); Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar
Convention) (www.ramsar.org/); and Convention for the Protection of World Cultural
and Natural Heritage (www.unesco.org/).
The vision for the Natural Resource sector is “well-conserved natural resources
for sustainable development” while the goal is “to ensure sustainable use and
equitable sharing of benefits of natural resources by all Zambians”.
In the MTENR, research is addressed through the programme of strengthening
forestry research by implementing research programmes and rehabilitating
research infrastructure. Training is addressed through the programme of
strengthening forestry education and training by rehabilitating college
infrastructure, reviewing curricula, improving staff skills through staff
development programmes, and developing and implementing staff training
programmes.
Given that agriculture is understood to include the gathering of biological
products, together with the sustainable exploitation of natural resources used in
agriculture and the impact of agriculture on the environment, policies under
MTENR are relevant to the subject of agriculture development.
The programmes and their respective objectives and strategies for the Natural
Resources Sector for the period of the FNDP are given in Table 3.
37
Table 3: Natural Resource Sector Programmes, Objectives and Strategies for the period of the FNDP
Programme Objective Strategy
Management of To maintain a representation a) Maintenance of representative protected areas network
Protected Areas of ecosystems for the benefit system;
of current and future b) Expansion of protected area system to include wetlands
generations types which are not currently under protection
Legislation and Policy To develop a conducive a) Formulate and implement appropriate policies and plans;
Review policy and legislative b) Integrate private sector driven policies and programmes in
framework for enhanced Natural Resource Management;
contribution of the Sector to c) Integrate international environmental conventions in
the national economy national laws and local programmes
Environmental To strengthen management a) Improved coordination and administration;
Institutional systems for sustainable b) Institutional development and capacity building
Strengthening utilization of natural
resources
To mainstream Gender and Promotion of Gender and HIV/AIDS equity and awareness
HIV/AIDS in Sector activities
Sustainable To effectively conserve and a) Improving habitat productivity, protection, and monitoring;
Management of manage wildlife and habitats b) Rehabilitation of protected areas infrastructure;
Wildlife Resources c) Integrated regional law enforcement;
d) Co-management of wildlife resources;
e) Commercialisation of wildlife industries
Support to Zambia To effectively manage the a) Institutional reform;
Forestry Commission process of institutional b) Strengthening of institutions and human resources;
change and reform of the c) Enhanced institutional inter-sectoral and regional
forestry sub-sector collaboration
Sustainable To manage and conserve a) Integrate forestry into relevant cross-sectoral development
Indigenous Forest indigenous forests in a activities;
Resources sustainable way b) Implement sustainable forest management and
Management conservation;
c) Strengthen forest resource protection and monitoring
Sustainable Wood To promote efficient use of a) Sustainable and participatory wood fuel management;
Fuel Management wood energy and alternate b) Establish fuel wood plantations;
sources c) Improve efficiency and technology of charcoal production
and use
Industrial and To enhance the economic a) Strengthen commercial forestry;
Plantation Forestry and social contributions of b) Promote forest sub-sector financing;
industrial and plantation c) Improve access to information, market opportunities, trade
forestry channels, and technology
Private and Public To develop an efficient a. Promote out-grower scheme in rubber growing and cottage
Sector Capacity private sector driven wood industry;
Building processing and marketing b. Capacity building of forestry entrepreneurship;
system c. Distribute market information
Strengthening To build local forest a) Promote joint management of forest resources;
Community Based governance through b) Establish community structures and develop skills;
Forestry Management decentralisation and c) Formulate joint forest management plans and put in place
community based forest appropriate legal frameworks
management
Agro-Forestry and To strengthen the capacity of a) Establish on-station and on-farm trials;
Afforestation extension and research b) Promote village nurseries and establishment of woodlots;
officers to actively promote c) Formulate integrated land use plans
agro-forestry and
afforestation activities among
farmers
Strengthening To support Zambia Forestry a) Rehabilitate college infrastructure and review curricula;
Forestry Education College and in-service staff b) Improve staff skills through staff development programmes;
and Training training c) Develop and implement staff training programmes
Supporting Forest To improve investment in the a) Increase funding to Forest Development Credit Facility;
Business Enterprises forestry sub-sector and b) Promote micro and small-scale credits to rural
provide support to rural and basedenterprises;
urban livelihoods through c) Strengthen the informal sector;
sustainable forest based d) Promote Bee Keeping and Api-culture
enterprises
38
Strengthening To generate and maintain up- a) Implement research programmes, inventories, and
Forestry Research to-date forest data and assessments;
and Information information b) Conduct forest accounting and valuation;
Management System c) Rehabilitate research infrastructure;
d) Establish forest database
Management of To promote conservation and a) Promotion of community participation;
Wetlands sustainable utilization of b) Promote commercialisation and value addition for wetland
wetland resources resources;
c) Develop integrated land use planning;
d) Improve regional and international collaboration;
e) Improve coordination of wetlands management;
f) Improve public awareness on wetland values and functions
Sustainable To conserve and manage a) Encourage community participation in the conservation and
Management of national heritage management of the national
Heritage Resources heritage;
b) Promote the commercialisation on national heritage;
c) Promote sustainable tourism development;
d) Promote public awareness and education in heritage
conservation;
e) Strengthen research and management planning;
f) Improve regional and international collaboration;
g) Improve infrastructure;
h) Strengthen analysis, treatment and curation of heritage
materials;
i) Strengthen national heritage resource protection and
monitoring
Source: FNDP
3.2.0 Agricultural Research Institutions and Other Institutions Providing
Agricultural Research
3.2.1 Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI)
The Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) is a Government institution
under the MACO born out of a transformation of the Soils and Crops Research
Branch (SCRB). It is mandated to conduct public good as well as farmer
demand-driven research in Soils and Crops, plant protection and farming
systems. The institute conducts research in nine research stations across the
country. The nine research stations being; Mt. Makulu Central Research Station,
Misamfu Research Station; Mufulira Research Station; Mutanda Research
Station; Msekera Research Station; Kabwe Research Station; National Irrigation
Research Station; Mongu Research Station and Mochipapa Research Station.
Core programmes include field trials, services in the area of plant nutrient, soil,
plant disease and insect laboratory analyses, training in post harvest
technologies, and phytosanitary and quarantine services to facilitate trade.
39
3.2.2 Seed Control and Certification Institute (SCCI)
The Seed Control and Certification Institute (SCCI) is under the Ministry of
Agriculture and Cooperatives. It derives its mandate from the Seed Act Cap. 352
of the Laws of Zambia. The SCCI articulates, formulates and monitors the
implementation of seed policies in order to harmonize approaches to seed
multiplication, production, and distribution to facilitate local and international seed
trade. It is responsible for seed quality control to ensure that seed provided to
farmers is of high quality and that small scale farmers are given the means to
produce their own seed at the farm level. Additional responsibilities include;
Variety protection; Seed systems development; and Establishment of satellite
and licensed seed testing laboratories.
3.2.3 Central Veterinary Research Institute (CVRI)
The CVRI is a Government institute under the MACO established in 1979. The
institute is involved in research, development and technology transfer. The
mandate of the CVRI is to carry out research in animal production, animal health
and livestock related biotechnology. It is responsible for the diagnosis of animal
diseases and providing other laboratory services related to research on animal
health.
3.2.4 National Aquaculture Research and Development Centre (NARDC)
The NARDC is a product of transformation of the Mwekera Research Station
established in the mid 1980’s. It has facilities for fish breeding, hatching and
genetic conservation. The NARDC is mandated to conduct aquaculture research,
conduct fish breeding inclusive of hatching, and establish and maintain
broodstock genetic material.
3.2.5 Chilanga Aquaculture Research Station
Chilanga Aquaculture Research Station is under the MACO and situated at the
Fisheries Headquarters. Within the establishment is a Fish Culture Station,
Laboratories, a Library and Natural History Museum. The Station is mandated to
carry out research in fish breeding, aquaculture, fish rearing, fish diseases, fish
stocks, limnology, fishing gear and fish processing techniques. It is also
responsible for developing methodologies and technologies for culturing fish and
other aquatic organisms, carry out demonstrations and set up pilot projects in
aquaculture.
40
3.2.6 National Agricultural Information Service (NAIS)
The National Agricultural Information Service is a unit under the MACO with
common user status across departments. It has cross-cutting roles and functions
related to dissemination of agricultural information. The unit supports the
agricultural extension systems through the provision of media for the
dissemination of agricultural information to all players in the agricultural sector,
particularly the rural communities. It is involved with extension services through
press and publications to bridge the gap between the extension services and
research so as to build a strong agricultural communication network. In addition,
NAIS also plays the role of an information provider to all the technical
departments in the Ministry. Information disseminated relates to; Government
Agricultural Policies; Agricultural innovations as developed by researchers;
Agricultural Services; Animal health, pests and disease control; and Farm
Management, nutrition, gender and HIV/AIDS issues.
3.2.7 Department of Agribusiness and Marketing
The Department of Agribusiness and Marketing within the MACO facilitates the
development of a competitive, efficient and transparent private sector driven
agricultural marketing system through market support and agribusiness
development. It facilitates; Development of private sector driven production and
marketing groups and associations; Promotion of private sector investment in
agricultural production, marketing and processing; Formulation of agricultural
marketing policies and monitoring their implementation; Provision, development,
rehabilitation and maintenance of agricultural marketing infrastructure; and
Development entrepreneurial skills of farmers traders and processors. It also
promotes agriculture trade in products with comparative advantages, and
development and enforcement of agricultural standards, grades and quality of
marketable products and inputs. To determine the impact of policies the
department conducts marketing research and development.
3.2.8 Department of Policy and Planning
The Department of Policy and Planning in the Ministry of Agriculture and
Cooperatives is a common user department whose role is to ensure that policies
and objectives of the Ministry are maintained and coordinated in an effective
manner including reviewing policies and objectives to reflect the current demands
of the sector and environmental needs. The department is mandated to; Provide
appropriate analysis and advice to enable government understand various policy
options; Coordinate and implement sector polices; Provide technical assistance
to all the Departments in the sector to effectively plan, monitor and evaluate
programmes; Monitor and evaluate the implementation of sector programmes
and policies; Establish and maintain a sector data bank; Coordinate the
41
preparation of annual budgets and carryout budget performance analysis;
Coordinate and oversee the implementation of the sector plan; and Mainstream
cross-cutting issues.
3.2.9 National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR)
The National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR) is a Zambian
Government-funded statutory research organization born in 1997 out of the
National Council for Scientific Research which was created in 1967. The institute
undertakes research and development activities in various areas, including
agriculture, natural resources and products, environment and water resources,
minerals and industrial raw materials, peaceful application of nuclear science and
technology, electrical and electronic power conditioning and protection, textile
testing and services, information and communications technology and the
information system.
The institute is mandated to:
• Carry-out research in; Engineering (mechanical, electrical, civil, chemical,
and electronic); Nuclear science; Textile technology; Energy resources;
Water resources; Industrial chemistry; Food science; Material science;
Livestock and plant science; Natural products; Information science;
Cartographic and Location analysis;
• Liaise with other research bodies within and outside Zambia conducting
similar research;
• Cooperate with other organizations and institutions of higher learning in
training programmes and other matters relevant to research;
• Disseminate research findings;
• Cooperate with the Ministry responsible for S&T, the Council and other
relevant institutions in matters pertaining to research policies and
priorities;
• Cooperate and liaise with industry;
• Develop and maintain a vibrant relation with the business sector;
• Mobilize financial and other resources for the purpose of carrying-out
technical research under this regulation; and
• Do all such acts and things as are connected with or incidental to the
foregoing.
3.2.10 Division of Forest Research
The Division of Forest Research is under the MTENR. It was established in 1963
and is involved with research and development, and technology transfer. Its
areas of work include forestry, agroforestry and wood technology.
42
3.2.11 Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR)
The INESOR is a research institution under the UNZA. It acquired its current
form in 1990. Initially it had four research programmes and a technical unit.
Research activities have been broadened and INESOR now has six main
research programmes; Economics and Business; Agriculture and Rural
development; Health; Urban development; Governance; and Constitutional
Reform. The Institute also has a Documentation and Information Unit that
provides technical services and facilitates data, information system and
publication activities.
3.2.12 Technology Development and Advisory Unit (TDAU)
The TDAU is a semi-autonomous consultancy, production and appropriate
technology unit of the UNZA. First established as a department in the School of
Engineering, it was granted financial and some level of administrative autonomy
within the management structure of the university in 1999. The unit is
administered by a Manager answerable to a Board of Directors.
3.2.13 Maize Research Institute (MRI)
The MRI is a private seed company established in 1977 which focuses its work
on maize variety development and seed distribution.
3.2.14 ZamSeed
ZamSeed is a private seed variety developing and distributing company
established in 1980. When it was established, the company was largely funded
by SIDA, though the Government of Zambia maintained an initial 40 percent
shareholding, which was later reduced to 37.5 percent. ZamSeed took over the
crop seed variety development role from the SCRB. It started by carrying out
crop variety development research at its unit established in 1997. A fully fledged
R&D unit was latter created in 1999. Maize is the main crop with some little
research being done on other crops such as wheat, sorghum, sunflower, pearl
millet, soybean, groundnut, Irish potato, pasture and vegetable seed among
others.
43
3.2.15 Seed-Co
Seed-Co is a private seed company involved in the production and marketing of
seed maize and has also established a research centre for maize variety
development.
3.2.16 Livestock Development Trust (LDT)
The Livestock Development Trust is a private-public partnership organization
established in 2002. It seeks to promote environmentally friendly livestock
development initiatives for all livestock farmers in a gender sensitive and
participatory manner, and to attain profitable livestock-led farming systems that
improve productivity and add value to raw production through transfer of skills,
information and technology, and improving credit and market access.
3.2.17 Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust (GART)
The Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust (GART) was created in 1993 by
the Government of the Republic of Zambia in partnership with the Zambia
National Farmers Union (ZNFU) as a substantially self sustaining and
autonomous Public Private Partnership Initiative and as part and parcel of the
National Agricultural Research and Extension System. It is a registered Trust
governed by an independent Board of Trustees. Its mission is to contribute to
optimisation of the production, commerce and trade of crops, milk, chicken, goats
and where possible their by-products, and income security of the target
beneficiaries through Integrated Agricultural Research for Development
programmes for market-oriented small, medium and large scale male farmers.
Its programmes include; Research and Development of Conservation Agriculture
– focusing on optimization of conservation farming systems; Research and
Development of Smallholder Livestock Systems – focusing on the development
of smallholder dairy, improved local poultry production and improved goat
production; and Supporting Programme that covers commercial farming,
contract research, work in new and emerging opportunities, and local and
international partnerships.
3.2.18 Cotton Development Trust (CDT)
The CDT is an autonomous private-public partnership organization established in
1999. The mandate of the CDT is to conduct research on cotton with private and
public sector funding support.
44
3.3.0 Registered Institutions/Organizations Delivering High Level Training
and In- Service Professional Training in Agriculture
3.3.1 The University of Zambia (UNZA)
The University of Zambia is a public institution under the Ministry of Education
that was established in the early 1960’s. The university operates as a semi-
autonomous institution under the governance, control and administration of a
Council. The general functions of the university as stipulated in the University Act
of 1999 are “to provide university education, promote research and advancement
of learning; and to disseminate knowledge and, without discrimination, to hold out
to all persons, who meet all the stipulated academic or professional
qualifications, the opportunity of acquiring university education.”
The university discharges its functions through nine schools, two directorates,
one institute and a technology unit. The schools include; Education; Humanities
and Social Sciences; Natural Sciences; Law; Engineering; Medicine; Agricultural
Sciences; Mines; and Veterinary Medicine. The core functions of every
academic unit are to; Train and instruct students; Conduct research; and Provide
public service. The two directorates are the Directorate of Research and
Graduate studies, and the Directorate of Distance Education. The other units are
the Institute for Economic and Social Research (INESOR), and the Technology
Development and Advisory Unit (TDAU). The relevant units for training and in-
service professional training in agriculture are the schools of Agricultural
Sciences, Engineering, Veterinary Medicine, Natural Sciences, Humanities and
Social Sciences, and Directorate for Research and Graduate Studies.
3.3.1.1 School of Agricultural Sciences
The School of Agricultural Sciences was established in 1971. The School offers
five undergraduate programmes of five-year duration leading to the degree of
Bachelor of Agricultural Sciences, and Bachelor of Food Science and
Technology. The School also offers two Master of Science programmes of a two-
year duration. The two programmes are in the disciplines of Agronomy (with the
option to specialise in either Crop Science of Soil Science), and Animal Science.
The Crop Science option has been developed into a SADC regional Master of
Science degree programme training students from the SADC region. There are
five departments in the school which include; Agricultural Economics and
Extension; Animal Science; Crop Science; Land Management; and Food Science
and Technology.
In 1990 the School developed an in-service training programme in eight areas.
The eight included; Principles and practices of animal nutrition; Pest
management; Soil and plant analysis and interpretation; Soil conservation; Micro-
45
computer applications in agriculture; Experimental designs in agriculture; Project
appraisal; and Animal husbandry practices. The main objective of the training
was to update participants on new developments in their disciplines and improve
their practical skills. The Norwegian Agency for International Development
(NORAD) funded the initiation of this programme.
3.3.1.2 School of Engineering
The School of Engineering was established in 1969. The School offers a
Bachelor of Engineering and Bachelor of Agricultural Engineering degree in a
five-year programme of study. The introduction and establishment of an
agricultural engineering degree programme in 1986 was as a result of a general
consensus that engineers in agriculture would assume greater importance in the
Zambian agricultural industry.
3.3.1.3 School of Veterinary Medicine
Since its inception in 1983, the School of Veterinary Medicine has been
addressing the critical shortage of qualified veterinary personnel in the country.
The School offers a 6-year programme of study leading to the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine. The School also offers a post-
graduate programme for a Masters degree (M.Vet. Med.) taken in two years, a
first year of course work and a second year of research followed by presentation
of a dissertation. The school has four departments; Clinical and Diagnostic
Services; Disease Control; Paraclinical Studies; and Biomedical Studies.
3.3.1.4 School of Natural Sciences
The School of Natural Sciences was established in 1965 and has over the years
grown to comprise six departments. The six include; Biological Sciences;
Chemistry; Computer Studies; Geography; Mathematics and Statistics; and
Physics. The school offers basic science courses to candidates for science
based fields including Agricultural Sciences, Food Science and Technology,
Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Engineering, and the degree of Bachelor of
Science as a general or single subject major degree. In addition the school
offers programmes leading to a Postgraduate Diploma in Computer Studies and
Master of Science degrees in; Biosystematics and Ecology; Microbiology,
Immunology or Biotechnology; Chemistry; Geography; Land Resources Survey;
Mathematics; and Physics. Graduates from programmes in the School of
Natural Sciences are very relevant to agricultural research, and form part of the
personnel in the National Agricultural Research System.
46
3.3.1.5 School of Humanities and Social Sciences
The School of Humanities and Social Sciences was established in 1966. It offers
four-year study programmes leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor
of Mass Communication and Bachelor of Social Work. It also offers Master’s
programmes in; African Literature; Linguistic Sciences; Economics; Education
Psychology; Gender Studies; History; Mass Communication; Communication for
Development; Industrial and Organizational Psychology; Political Science;
Sociology; Social Work; Public Administration; and Philosophy, and a Doctorate
in Gender Studies. Graduates from some of the programmes in the School of
Humanities and Social Sciences play roles in the National Agricultural Research
System.
3.3.1.6 Directorate of Research and Graduate Studies
The University of Zambia set up the Directorate of Research and Graduate
Studies in 1993 in order to facilitate serious research that is well linked to
postgraduate training, thereby enhancing its image as a premier academic and
research institution of international standing. The mandate of the Directorate is to
co-ordinate, monitor and organise research and postgraduate activities of the
University.
3.3.2 Copperbelt University (CBU)
The Copperbelt University, which is under the MoE, started as a campus of the
University of Zambia Federal system mainly offering training in business related
studies. It was established as a separate public University by an act of
Parliament in 1987. The institution has enjoyed significant growth in recent years,
with expansions in the Programmes offered. It now has four Faculties after the
incorporation of the Zambia Institute of Technology into the University as the
School of Technology in 1989, and the creation of the School of Forestry and
Wood Science in 1995, later renamed School of Natural Resources in 2001. The
School of Natural Resources offers degrees in Forestry, Wood Science, Wildlife
Management and Fisheries Management. It has five departments which include;
Forestry Biology; Forest Resources Management; Wood Science and
Technology; Wildlife Management; and Fisheries Management.
3.3.3 Natural Resources Development College (NRDC)
The NRDC is a diploma-level training institution under the MACO which was
established in 1965. However, academic affairs of the college are under the
supervision of UNZA, through the School of Agricultural Sciences. The University
of Zambia underwrites the NRDC diploma, and consequently oversees; Entry
47
requirements; Curriculum development; and Examination procedures. Academic
regulation of the college is through the NRDC-UNZA Professional Committee
which comprises of representatives from; NRDC; UNZA (Dean and Heads of
Departments); MACO; MoE; and The agricultural industry. The college has eight
departments; Agricultural Business Management; Animal Science; Crop Science;
Agricultural Education; Food and Nutrition; Agricultural Engineering; Water
Engineering; and Fisheries.
3.3.4 Zambia Forestry College (ZFC)
The ZFC was established in 1949 for training technical staff. It is the training
centre for forestry in Zambia, teaching forestry and computer application, and
leads a data base with environmental data. The ZFC is under the MTENR, but is
attached to the Copperbelt University and awards both diplomas and certificates.
The mandate of the college is to provide quality environmental education and
training in sustainable natural resources and ecosystem management.
3.3.5 Other Low Level Training Colleges
There are other low level training colleges that offer two-year certificate courses
and ad-hoc short in-service training involving professionals. Coordination of
training programmes, curricula and infrastructure development, and overall
supervision of operations is a responsibility of the Department of Human
Resources and Administration. These colleges produce personnel that translate
research findings to the farmer, especially the small-scale farmer. Prominent in
this category are the Zambia College of Agriculture (Monze), Zambia College of
Agriculture (Mpika), and the Zambia Institute of Animal Health (Mazabuka).
3.3.6 In-Service Training Trust (ISTT)
The ISTT is an autonomous self-financing trust registered under the Land
(Perpetual Succession) Act Cap 288 of the Laws of Zambia. It was established in
1993 and provides market driven in-service training programmes to support the
agricultural, environmental, eco-tourism, social, small business and industrial
sectors.
3.3.7 Kasisi Agricultural Training Centre (KATC)
Kasisi is a Jesuit society, which runs a primary and secondary school as well as
an agricultural training centre. The Agricultural Training Centre was started in
1974 with a two-year intensive course for groups of 10 farmers at a time. The
motivation for the centre is to grow healthier food and work towards a better
environment. Since 1997, five-day training courses have been given in
48
sustainable agriculture, covering: soil fertility, crop rotation, inter-planting,
conservation tillage, green manuring, biological pest control, compost making
and agro-forestry. Kasisi has developed study group manuals that contain about
10 lessons on topics like agro-forestry, sustainable agriculture and minimum
tillage. The lessons are linked with radio transmissions on the same agricultural
topics.
While the training is not high level, the centre also plays a role in disseminating
research information to farmers. It provides a facility for demonstrating
technologies on-farm. It hence plays an intermediary role, and low level capacity
building role in the agriculture system.
3.4.0 Other Institutions Relevant to Agricultural Research and Development
3.4.1 Department of Cooperatives
The Department of Cooperatives in the MACO was created following the
enactment of the Cooperative Societies Act No. 20 of 1998 and the new focus of
government to re-establish and strengthen cooperatives. It is one of the two
Departments under the Cooperatives and Market Development Division which is
mandated to; Promote the development of cooperatives; Enhance Cooperatives
business development among small-scale operators in the various sectors of the
economy; Form and register co-operative societies; Monitor auditing and
inspection of cooperative societies; Arbitrate disputes among cooperatives as
well as between cooperatives and other parties; Provide cooperative education
and training to cooperative members, staff of the Division and the general public;
and Enforce the provisions of the Cooperative Societies Act.
3.4.2 Department of Human Resources and Administration
The Department of Human Resources and Administration is a common user
Department in the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives whose main functions
are to; Effectively develop human and institutional capacity of the Ministry for the
efficient and effective delivery of services; and Effectively manage the utilization
of human, financial and other resources in order to ensure the attainment of the
Ministry’s objectives.
49
4.0 COORDINATION OF NARS
4.1. 0 Coordination and Monitoring Methods for the Agriculture Research
System
The FNDP outlines a mechanism for coordination of all sectors of the economy at
National level. It identifies the Sector Advisory Group (SAG) for each sector as
the body mandated to monitor, evaluate and coordinate programmes. The SAG
is composed of different stakeholders who are expected to analyse information
and determine appropriate action. In the case of the agriculture sector, the role is
played by the Agriculture-SAG (Ag-SAG). In the process of monitoring and
evaluation, the Ag-SAG is expected to liaise with the Department of Policy and
Planning and make use of data from the Management Information System of the
MACO as well as the main information gathering organ in the country, the
Central Statistical Office (CSO). It is also supposed to take into account input
from the main lobbying and consultative body in the sector, the Agricultural
Consultative Forum (ACF). At national level, sector performance is evaluated
using specified performance indicators, baseline values and target values for a
specified period.
From the structure and its mode of operation, one sees that while the Ag-SAG
may be effective in supplying MoFNP with information that may influence national
policy direction, it is inadequate as a sector coordinating organ. It is structurally
and functionally inadequate to be an overall sector monitoring body. The
thoughts of some stakeholders are that the Ag-SAG can play a better role as a
supplementary monitoring organ to the departmental monitoring mechanisms. It
was noted that terms of reference for SAGs are under review, perhaps to
address noted weaknesses.
It was also noted that in the area of science and technology, there is cross-sector
coordination. The National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) is
mandated to “coordinate and monitor Research and Development (R&D)
activities, implement Science and Technology (S&T) policies, and advise
Government on S&T matters.” Coordination by NSTC is at policy level and is
meant to ensure that research in the various institutions is in line with overall
Government policy. Efforts are made to enhance the coordination by regulating
and monitoring research; Keeping inventory of research institutions, their
capacities and activities; Promoting S&T; and Providing supplementary funding
for research.
The Council’s mandate is a broad and general, covering all aspects of science
and technology. It was noted that the Council suffers limitations in its effort to
carry out the mandate that include; Limited resources to support the broad
mandate; Deficiencies in the legal and policy framework to permit effective
carrying out of the broad mandate; and Lack of harmonization of research
50
activities in the various sectors and departments. In addition to these limitations,
institutions outside the MSTVT view the hosting of a cross-sector coordinating
body in one ministry inappropriate because it limits the NSTC’s authority over
non MSTV institutions. Another view is that the Council is supposed to be an
autonomous, regulatory body but its placement under the MSTVT does not grant
it the freedom and authority to function as an independent entity. Therefore, it is
necessary to remove the Council from a ministry and elevate it to be headed by a
high-ranking official at the level of permanent secretary.
Owing to the limitations identified above, it is widely perceived that the
coordination by NSTC is not effective, and most relevant only to institutions
within the MSTVT. The need to restructure the NSTC to address the various
aspects relating to legal and policy frameworks, institutional structure, and the
statement of mandate is understood by all stakeholders. It was noted that efforts
are already underway to review the NSTP and the relevant Act as part of the
effort towards restructuring the NSTC.
In the MACO, coordination and monitoring roles are more clearly outlined within
departments. The Zambia Agriculture Research Institute coordinates agricultural
research activities in the various research stations under it, and facilitates private
sector research. This coordination role is limited to the areas of soils, crops and
farming systems. Coordination of research in livestock is a role of the
Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, while the Department of
Fisheries is responsible for fisheries and aquaculture, and the Department of
Agriculture is responsible for broad based agricultural policies and programmes.
It is noted however that departmental activities are not separate at all levels,
there being “common user” coordinating offices at provincial and district levels,
the Provincial Agricultural Office and District Agricultural Office.
The Department of Policy and Planning provides a focal point for the coordination
of sector programmes, making use of technical department coordination
processes. The department coordinates, monitors and evaluates sector
programmes, relating sector progress to policy objectives, policy objectives to the
prevailing conditions, and reviewing sector objectives when necessary.
4.2.0 Research Planning
The planning of research in MACO, though done at departmental level, includes
other stakeholders. Annual research planning meetings are convened where
stakeholders from other research institutions outside MACO departments (UNZA,
and farmer representatives) are invited. It is at these annual meetings that
progress on research protocols approved and funded in the previous year is
assessed, and protocols for the following year presented and scrutinized. Taking
into account policy direction and results from previous research work, protocols
are assessed for submission for funding. Protocols fit in specified research
51
programmes, and the programmes also fit within the prevailing policy framework.
At these meetings, consideration is often made of other research institutions,
taking note of comparative advantages and capabilities. Where possible, other
institutions are encouraged to collaborate in some areas of research. The
general thought is that Government research institutions are better placed to
carry out more of the applied research while institutions like universities can do
more of basic research.
Though fairly inclusive by design, the research planning process does not
effectively make use of all the sectors of a typical NARS, especially private
companies and NGOs, and actual participation by some of those included is
often low (due to failure to respond to invitations or low input in the process).
Research planning processes in institutions outside MACO is mostly limited to
the institutions, and under the control of institution Boards. The processes
however do in some situations get influenced by MACO research agendas and
direction when the institution involved participates in research planning in MACO
institutions. There are also situations of similarities in research interests. Hence
some linkages, collaborations and alliances get established. However, these
relationships are built more on person to person basis, or commodity interest,
rather than formal institutional ties.
4.3.0 Status of the Agriculture Research System
Overall, the agriculture system in Zambia is not adequately organized to manifest
a typical NARS. A NARS defined as a system mobilizing the contributions of
stakeholders in agriculture, inclusive of policy formulators, supply side, demand
side, intermediary side, and capacity building institutions. However, elements of
a NARS are visible, what is lacking is consolidation of the elements to form a
system.
4.4.0 Institutional Structures and Relationships
Detailed Institutional structures for some institutions are given in the Annex.
Figures 1 and 2 show relationships between institutions through linkages at
governing body level, and through collaboration in institutional research activities,
respectively.
There are relationships between the major private-public research institutions
and the only degree awarding institution in Agricultural Sciences in Zambia
(UNZA) through membership to Boards of Trustees. The School of Agricultural
Sciences of UNZA is represented on the Board of Trustees for both GART and
LDT. This representation is an opportunity for UNZA to influence the research
agendas of these institutions, to bring into the plans of the institutions interests of
52
UNZA, and establish collaborative links. The MACO is also represented in these
Boards of Trustees as is the parent farmers’ union, the ZNFU. The involvement
of MACO serves to bring closer Trusts and Government institutions while that of
ZNFU enhances farmer input in the research process.
The role of planning and directing academic affairs in the University lies with the
Boards of Studies of each school. Curricula development, the main determinant
of the nature of training and training process content, is a function of Boards of
Studies. The MACO and ZNFU are represented in these Boards in the two
schools most relevant to agriculture, the School of Agricultural Sciences and the
School of Veterinary Medicine. This representation helps to make the academic
content of the training more responsive to the needs of Government and the
farmer. It also facilitates greater interaction between training institutions,
farmers, and research Institutions.
There is a fair amount of collaboration in research between UNZA staff, Trusts
staff and MACO Institutions staff. In addition, ZNFU members, Trusts and MACO
Institutions provide training and research facilities as well as student supervisory
support for both undergraduate and postgraduate students in the UNZA. The
linkage between UNZA and the MACO and ZNFU is also important from the point
of view of MACO institutions and ZNFU members being the main employers of
graduates.
Figure 2 shows the various collaboration between Institutions and departments
categorized by type of collaboration; research, training or intermediary roles.
Research collaboration refers to situations where staff from one institution or
department offers expertise in another institution, or staff from two or more
institutions conduct research within their respective organizations but share a
common research agenda. Training collaboration mainly involves support by
research Institutions to University training by offering expertise or facilities for
student training. In this respect, research Institutions have provided part-time
lecturers, practical training facilities for undergraduate students, research
facilities for graduate students, supervisors for graduate students and external
examiners for graduate students. Collaboration in intermediary roles refers to
situations where the main motive is to facilitate or enhance transmission of
technological information to the user. This is collaboration with institutions that
deliver research output to the demand side.
What may not be apparent from the relationships and collaboration indicated
above is the low level cross-discipline interaction. For example, linkages are
weak between crops and soils research, and livestock research. The MACO
Research planning meetings for crops and soils research, and livestock research
are conducted separately and independent of each other. It is also true that
apart from GART which is involved in both crops and livestock, most of the other
research institutions are specialized in crops and soils research. Activity in
livestock research is low, typified by low numbers of livestock research
53
establishments and personnel. This problem is well recognized within the sector
and there has been efforts aimed at addressing the matter. This situation works
against consolidating activities in agriculture research to strengthen the system
as a NARS.
54
FIGURE 1: LINKAGES BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS THROUGH GOVERNING BODIES
MoE (P) KEY (i)
BOARD OF TRUSTEES AGRIC. SC. – School of Agricultural Sciences
UNZA (Cb/Ss) CF – Commercial Farming
CHANCELLOR DRGS – Directorate Research & Graduate Studies
GART (Ss/I) ENG – School of Engineering
DIRECTOR F&A – Finance & Administration
COUNCIL GART – Golden Valley Agricultural Research Station
INESOR – Institute of Economic & Social Research
LD – Livestock Development
ADMINISTRATION MoE – Ministry of Education
R&D CF F&A LD R&D – Research & Development
UNZA – University of Zambia
VET. MED. – School of Veterinary Medicine
DRGS
NISIR
SCHOOL BOARDS OF STUDIES
BOARD OF TRUSTEES NSTC
ENG
LDT (Ss/I) KEY (ii)
DIRECTOR ZARI – Agriculture Research
Institute
AGRIC. SC. INESOR CARO – Chief Agricultural Officer
FAM – Financial/Administration
FAM SPM LM HRO Manager
MACO (P) MACO HF – Harmony Farm
HRO – Human Rewsource Officer
ZARI (Ss) KP – Keembe Piggery
PCO MR&D KP HF MIC MWC DIRECTOR LDT – Livestock Development Trust
LM – Livestock Manager
MIC – Misamfu Centre
MR&D – Mochipapa Research &
DEPUTY DIR. TS DEPUTY DIR. RS Development
MWC – Mwinilunga Centre
Key: Institution Type NISIR – National Institute for Scientific &
Ss – Supply side Industrial Research
Ds – Demand side CARO NSTC – National Science &
Cb – Capacity Building R I&II Technology Council
I – Intermediary PARO – Principal Agricultural
P - Policy Officer
ZNFU (I)
PCO – Palabana Commercial
Operations
R I&II – Agroecological Region I&II
RS – Research Services
LINKS BY MEMBERSHIP BY ONE INSTITUTION TO BOARD OF OTHER SPM – Special Projects Manager
Ts – Technical Services
55
FICURE 2: COLLABORATION LINKAGES FOR RESEARCH, TRAINING AND INTERMEDIARY ROLES BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS
KEY (iii)
BOARD OF TRUSTEES MoE (P) CDT _ Cotton Development Trust
CFU – Conservation Farming Unit
UNZA (Cb/Ss) DVLD – Department of Veterinary & Livestock
CHANCELLOR Development
GART (Ss/I) MACO – Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives
DIRECTOR MRI – Maize Research Institute
COUNCIL MSTVT – Ministry of Science Technology &
Vocational Training
NISIR – National Institute for Scientific & Industrial
ADMINISTRATION Research
R&D CF F&A LD PAM – Programme Against Malnutrition
SCCI – Seed Control & Certification Institute
ZNFU – Zambia National Farmers Union
DRGS
SCHOOL BOARDS OF STUDIES
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
NISIR ENG
LDT (Ss/I)
DIRECTOR
VET. MED.
AGRIC. SC. INESOR
FAM SPM LM HRO
MACO (P)
ZARI (Ss) MSTVT
PCO MR&D KP HF MIC MWC DIRECTOR NISIR (Ss)
MACO -
Division of CFU (Ss/I) DEPUTY DIR. TS DEPUTY DIR. RS DVLD (SS/I)
Forest
Research CDT (Ss/I)
MACO -
CARO CS DEPT. AGRIC. (I)
PAM (I) R I&II PARO
MRI (Ss/I)
LINKAGE TYPE:
CROP SERVE (I) SCCI (I)
RESEARCH ZAMSEED (Ss/I)
ZNFU (Ds)
TRAINING
INTERMEDIARY ROLES
56
4.5.0 Working Methodologies for Research
Proceedings of research planning meetings for research under MACO are guided
by the Agriculture Policy which in turn is formulated to reflect overall Government
policy and stipulated strategies and actions of the National Development Plan.
Although the MoFNP takes the lead in drafting the NDP, there is wide
consultation in the process to ensure that sector policies and the National Plan
are in harmony. Overall Government policy, the National Plan, and sector policy
will give objectives and strategies, in the process indicating priority areas
emphasized upon by the departmental research planning meetings. This
prioritizing only affects Government funded research, special commodity interest
may bring in funding outside Government that may be implemented
independently.
Research priorities and funding for the NISIR are also determined by its sector
policy objectives which are related to overall Government Policy and the National
Development Plan. Some research however is carried out as part of
international networks, such research will have external funding and as such may
not necessarily be subjected to the local policies linked prioritization.
Government funding for research at UNZA recognizes the quasi-autonomy given
to the institution, the need to promote academic freedom, and need for support to
basic research. Hence the research funding mechanism in this case is
determined by the academia, using different procedures but within the frame
work of Government policy.
As indicated under section 3.4, there is considerable collaboration in research
between MACO institutions, UNZA and NISIR based on similar commodity
interests and non-government inter-institution joint funding mechanisms. These
are often funded by regional or international bodies and may thus be less linked
to local policy priorities.
4.6.0 Private Organizations’ Research Needs and Roles in Research and
Training
4.6.1 Zambia National Farmers’ Union (ZNFU)
The ZNFU is a farmer union working to safeguard farmer and the agri-business
interests. Among other activities, the union interacts with research institutions in
generating information and facilitating information transfer to the farmer. One
example where this double role is played is in its input to conservation farming
technologies through the Conservation Farming Unit (CFU). The ZNFU is
actively collaborating with research institutions in developing and demonstrating
conservation farming technologies. Through this effort, the union has links to
57
MACO research institutions under the Agriculture Research Institute and to
GART.
4.6.2 Private Business Sector
The major area of involvement in agriculture research by the private business
sector is in seed technology. ZamSeed and MRI are seed marketing companies
that are also established private research institutions working in the area of seed
variety development and distribution. The two collaborate with MACO institutions
under the Agriculture Research Institute, NISIR, and GART in developing seed
varieties, generating and packaging technology, and presenting it to the farmer.
Through this collaboration these companies have inputs in the research agenda
on seed technology. Another area of private business sector involvement,
though inhibited by poor legislation, is funding to the CDT for research in cotton
development. There is interest by cotton marketing companies to support the
CDT, but the companies are reluctant to put in resources under current
legislation because it does not adequately protect intellectual property rights.
4.6.3 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
A number of NGOs are working to uplift the living standards of the poor. They are
thus involved in agriculture work, agriculture being understood to be the most
effective means of alleviating poverty given that it is the major employer and
source of livelihood for many. The role of NGOs is mainly in the transmission of
research results/technologies to the farmer. They are intermediary role players,
mainly playing the role through farmer mobilization, input supply, and putting up
on-farm demonstrations in collaboration with research staff or extension staff
under Government. The most prominent NGO in this role is PAM, an NGO
involved in seed, planting materials, and fertilizer distribution as well as
technological information dissemination country-wide. PAM collaborates with
MACO research and extension in its work, sourcing both materials and expertise
from the Ministry.
4.6.4 The Private Sector and Training
Given the need for effective information and appropriate technology
dissemination, NGOs are willing partners in training, and have participated in in-
service training both as sponsors of programmes and as sponsors to trainees to
training programmes. The successful establishment of an autonomous In-
Service Training Trust (ISTT) providing demand driven training in a number of
developmental sectors including agriculture is an indication of willingness by
many stakeholders to support training. There is also the Kasisi Agricultural
Training Centre, a faith based organization already involved in training.
58
4.6.5 Private Sector Research Needs
The areas of research of interest by the ZNFU, private companies and NGOs are
influenced by each organization’s primary objective. The ZNFU, being a farmer
union working to make the farming business successful, and private companies
have business/commercial interests. NGOs on the other hand work with poor
communities with primary objectives of attainment of household food security and
poverty alleviation.
The major research needs for private sector organizations in general are in the
areas of:
• Crop variety improvements through breeding which must include low cost
open pollinated varieties development, and improvement of local crop
varieties to serve the small scale farmer.
• Irrigation technologies development aimed at mitigating the impact of
droughts.
• Conservation farming technologies development that optimize water
usage and reduce external input use.
• Crop storage and processing technologies development that address on-
farm crop losses and value adding to products.
• Livestock and poultry breeding that takes into consideration local genetic
material.
• Local feed resources for livestock and poultry aimed at reducing
production costs.
• Livestock and poultry health addressing common diseases.
• Pasture management for optimum and sustainable use.
• Fish farming and aquaculture technologies for effective and sustainable
use of resources.
5.0 NETWORKING FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, TRAINING
AND DEVELOPMENT
5.1.0 In-Country Research Alliances
A number of in-country research alliances exist between Government research
institutions, the Government extension department, public private partnership
research institutions, private research institutions, NGOs and training institutions.
These alliances can take the form of institutionalized links arising from related
functions, institutionalized links arising from common commodity interests or links
to individuals arising from the recognition of need for specific expertise. These
links address the aspects of rationalizing resources (financial, material, expertise)
59
and enhancing the effectiveness of research information application in
development efforts.
Table 4: In-Country Research Aliances
Institutions Work Area Nature of Work/Collaboration
ZARI, GART, Conservation farming Demonstration of technologies developed in research stations
ZNFU & UNZA technologies both on-station and on-farm.
ZARI, GART, & Maize variety Maize variety production through selection and breeding.
MRI production
ZARI, GART & Crop variety production Various crop variety production through selection and
ZamSeed breeding.
GART, ZARI, Agronomy Screening legume cover crops for efficiency of P uptake from
ASP & UNZA phosphate rocks.
ZARI, NISIR & Crop improvement 1. Character improvement of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
UNZA through induced mutation breeding.
2. Character improvement of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens)
through induced mutation breeding.
GART & ZARI HIV/AIDS 1. HIV/AIDS mitigation through agricultural technologies.
2. Cassava production.
ZARI, Bio-fuel Bio-fuel technology Investigations on sweet sorghum as a source of bio-fuel.
Association of
Zambia, MEWD
& UNZA
ZARI & UNZA Soil fertility Soil fertility research is jointly carried out.
Agronomy Green manure crops as alternative sources of plant nutrients.
Horticulture Use of traditional leafy vegetables.
MSc Student Training ZARI provides facilities and supervisory/examination support
to MSc training in agronomy.
GART & UNZA Soil management; University soils and livestock experts are attached to GART
Livestock management;
and Livestock
development.
ZARI, GART & Technology The Department of Agriculture is the vehicle for effective
Department of demonstration and information and technology dissemination country wide and
Agriculture dissemination. provides for field testing and refining of technologies. It
(Extension) collaborates with the research institutions and experts in that
respect.
Division of Pollution/environmental Private mining companies collaborate with a Government
Forest Research impact assessments; institution in environmental preservation efforts.
& Mining Land rehabilitation
Companies
Division of Soil testing; Agro- The Division of Forest Research provides soil testing services
Forest forestry and technical information on tree species both for timber
Research, production, and soil conservation and soil fertility
Farmers, NGOs improvement.
& Commercial
Timber
Companies
Division of Rubber Production The Division of Forest Research teaches rural communities
Forest Research rubber tree grafting and tapping technologies
& Rural
Communities
Division of Student Training The Division of Forest Research supports CBU student
Forest Research research in botany, entomology, pathology and soils.
& CBU
Division of Bamboo regeneration The research and extension departments collaborate in
Forest Research research; Information transmitting research findings to the end user and carrying
& Forest dissemination out some investigations.
Extension
60
Division of Student Training The Division of Forestry Research provides research and
Forest Research training support for ZFC students.
& Zambia
Forestry College
Division of Plant propagation NISIR provides mass plant propagation techniques for rubber
Forest Research seedlings to scale up production.
& NISIR
NISIR, Ministry Herbal extracts Multi-sectorial collaborative investigations of medicinal and
of Health & pesticide properties of plant extracts.
MACO
Department of Neem tree Investigations on Neem tree use in fish processing to
Fisheries & enhance preservation.
Forestry
Department
Department of Aquatic snakes Research in deep water snakes
Fisheries &
Zambia Wildlife
Authority
Department of Feed development Development of appropriate fish feeds.
Fisheries, Tiger
Feeds &
National Milling
Corporation
UNZA & Tiger Stock feed development Cassava as an ingredient in poultry feeds.
Feeds
Department of Fish disease The Department of Fisheries works with the School of
Fisheries & Veterinary Medicine of UNZA in the area of fish diseases
UNZA
UNZA & NSTC Germplasm Genetic diversity in pigeon pea and sorghum.
characterization
UNZA & ZEGA Horticulture Shelf life in flowers and tomato.
SHEMP & Soil acidity Promotion of soil liming
UNZA
NSTC & UNZA Rock Phosphate Agronomic value of local rock phosphate
UNZA & ESP Environmental Pollution Impact of mining effluents on water, soils and crops.
UNZA & EEOA Development 1. Economic sustainability
2. Soil acidity screening and lime requirements.
UNZA, ZARI & Soil fertility Evaluation of residual effect of phosphorus.
NSTC
5.2.0 Research Alliances across the SADC Region
Some alliances already exist between institutions under the Zambian Agricultural
Research System and other institutions within the SADC region, as well as other
regional institutions outside the SADC region. Table 5 gives a listing of the
various institutions/partners that have worked with Zambian institutions in recent
years, the source of funding, and the rationale behind the alliance or the subject
matter involved in the alliance.
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Table 5: Research Alliances across the SADC Region
Institution(s)/Partners Fund Source* Rationale/
Local Regional Subject Matter
ZARI SADC Plant Genetic SADC Plant genetic resources
Resources Centre conservation
(SPGRC)
Southern Africa Root SARRNET Roots and tubers research
and Tuber Research
Network (SARRNET )
Southern Africa SADC-CIAT Agronomy
Development
Community - Centre for
International Tropical
Agriculture (SADC-
CIAT)
FANR (SADC). FANR (SADC)
African Centre for ACFD Fertilizer research
Fertilizer Development
(ACFD)
GART Namibia, Lesotho, GART/Namibia/Lesotho/Swaz Land and water management
Swaziland iland (Conservation Farming)
Lesotho GART/Lesotho Smallholder dairy
Botswana, Lesotho GART/Botswana/Lesotho Local and indigenous poultry
Fisheries South African Institute of South African Institute of Fish systematics
Department Biodiversity Biodiversity
UNZA/HODI RUFORUM RUFORUM Postgraduate research (MSc. &
PhD)
UNZA African University UNZA/African University Masters degree training
NEPAD/WFP (regional NEPAD/WFP Food security, price stability,
Office) strategic food reserves &
alternative solutions.
United Nations UNU/INRA Agronomic properties of local
University / Institute for rock phosphate
Natural Resources in
Africa (UNU/INRA)
Regional Land RELMA Promotion of soil liming
Management Unit
(RELMA)
SADC Bean Research SADC 1. Evaluation of bean
Network (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the
Southern African Region.
2. Trade policies and
agricultural trade in SADC.
3. MSc. Training in agronomy.
NPGRC NPGRC 1. Regeneration and seed
multiplication in horticultural
crops.
2. Germplasm characterization,
evaluation and selection in
horticultural crops.
*Source of funding does not necessarily identify the ultimate source and considers provision of other non monetary
resources like physical facilities and personnel a cost towards a process.
62
In addition to the alliances already existing, other possible areas of collaboration
within the region include:
8. Research addressing climate change to seek solutions towards
achieving sustainable agriculture productivity in view of evident current
environmental changes and possible effect on agriculture production.
9. Crop variety development and release to minimize duplication of work
and make more efficient use of regional resources.
10. Harmonization and cooperation in phytosanitary and certification
controls to facilitate efficient trade and application of technological
innovations in the region.
11. Research on social economic aspects in agriculture to share lessons
and experiences across the region and make efficient use of regional
resources.
12. Research on issues of optimum production, apart from maximum
production, to bring into picture the aspect of appropriate use of
resources.
13. Research and exchange of information on extension methodologies to
identify the most effective methodology or methodologies for the
region.
14. Harmonization of agricultural training programmes and curricula to
facilitate student exchange, effective use of regional expertise and
facilities and direct human resource development towards regional
needs.
5.3.0 Cooperation with Foreign/International Research and Other
Institutions
A number of foreign/international research and other institutions have cooperated
with Zambian research and training institutions over the years. Linkages have
been established either as part of international networks or common interests on
a research agenda. Table 6 below identifies the major foreign/international
partners that Zambian institutions have worked with in recent years and the
areas of cooperation.
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Table 6: Cooperation with Foreign/International Research and Other Institutions
Zambian Foreign/International Partner(s) Area of Cooperation
Institution(s)
ZARI International Centre for Maize and Wheat Maize research
Improvement (CIMMYT)
International Sorghum and Millet Programme Sorghum and millet research
(INTSORMIL)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Peaceful application of nuclear
science in agricultural research.
International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Sorghum and legumes research
Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Network of CIAT Soils research
International Centre for Agroforestry Research Soil improvement through use of
(ICRAF) plant materials.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Agriculture research (general)
International Institute for communication and Information technology
Development (IICD)
Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) Agriculture research (general)
United States Agency for International Development Agriculture research (general)
(USAID)
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Agriculture research (general)
International Plant Genetic Research Institute (IPGRI) Genetic conservation
Credit League of the United States of America Technology dissemination
(CLUSA)
International Centre for Insect Physiology and Crop pest research
Entomology (ICIPE)
International Fund for Agricultural Development Agriculture research (general)
(IFAD)
Common fund for commodities (CFC) Agriculture research (general)
The Netherlands Agriculture research (general)
NORAD Agriculture research (general)
ZARI & UNZA CIMMYT 1. Mother baby maize trials.
2. Protein quality and grain yield
in maize under low soil nitrogen.
3. Inheritance to resistance to
Grey Leaf Spot and nitrogen
utilization efficiency in maize.
4. Race identification and
distribution of bean Anthracnose
(Collectotrichum lindemuthianum)
in major growing areas of Zambia.
GART Governments of Norway, The Netherlands & Sweden Donors
ICRISAT Board of Trustees membership
Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Associate professional staff
Netherlands. support.
UNZA VLIR-IUC Establishment of Department of
Food Science & Technology
Research Funding
DFID 1. Low cost lime & Heavy metal
contamination research.
2. Poverty and vulnerability
assessment.
FAO 1. Pest risk analysis
2. Impact of conservation farming
3. Land tenure, agriculture &
development.
4. Methodology review of Crop
and livestock monitoring survey.
ODI Food security issues in Zambia
IFS Ramial chipped wood for soil
64
improvement
ICRAF Optimization of nursery
propagation media in wild fruit
trees.
CIMMYT 1. On-farm variety selection
methodologies-characterization.
2. Weevil resistance inheritance in
maize.
3. Germplasm Characterization in
sorghum.
4. Evaluation of maize germplasm
adapted to Sub-Sahara Africa.
CIMMYT/ICRISAT Commodity based seed
production modeling.
Crop Commodity of Europe Evaluation of sweet sorghum as a
bioethanol feedstock.
DanChurch Aid Women’s access to agricultural
land
IAEA Mutagenic improvement of plant
type and disease resistance in
pumpkins.
JICA 1. Smallholder irrigation schemes
2. Evaluation of rural development
projects
3. Training in animal health
Sustainable Sciences Institute (California) Cross-border crop marketing and
food security.
World Bank Copperbelt Environment Project
EU, University of Pretoria, Plant Research Institute Genetic improvement of maize
(Holland), University of Rome, FAO through induced resistance to
Fusarium verticillioedes.
UNZA, NSTC, Zero Emission Research Initiative, UNDP Food safety of mushroom grown
ZESCO on Hyacinth.
UNZA & ICRAF, African Network for Education in Agroforestry. Indigenous fruit tree and
Provincial domestication.
Forestry
Action Plan
(PFAP)
UNZA & SIDA 1. Evaluation of productivity
MACO enhancing interventions in
agriculture.
2. Assessment of impact of EEOA
programme.
Division of UK, USA, & RSA universities Plant pathology and entomology
Forest research
Research UNDP Bio gasifier; Fast growing timber
species as a source of power.
Missouri, Royal and Kew Botanical Gardens Conservation, botany and
ecology.
Fisheries Belgian, Australian and Switzerland universities Climate change research
Department European Central Museum for Africa Fish systematics
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6.0 OVERALL DICUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Activities in agricultural research and training in Zambia are guided by overall
Government policy, the National Development Plan and sector policies in the
Ministries of Agriculture and Cooperatives; Lands; Science, Technology and
Vocational Training; Education; Tourism, Environment and Natural resources;
and Energy and Water Development. The Ministry of Agriculture and
Cooperatives, as the line Ministry for agriculture, formulates the sector policy with
greatest influence on plans and strategies in the sector. Identified most relevant
strategies for research in the current policy document are; Strengthening and
facilitating the provision of agricultural services in order to increase productivity
particularly among smallholder farmers; Development and promotion of
appropriate technology; and Promoting irrigation development. With regard to
training, it was noted that the overall objective of the agricultural training sub-
sector is to ensure production of a critical mass of suitable and adequately
trained manpower to meet the needs of both public and private sectors.
In the NDP, it was noted that agricultural research is covered in programmes on;
Irrigation development and support; Livestock research and Development; and
Agricultural research and technology development. Agricultural training is part of
the human resource development programme.
The MSTVT mainly addresses training in its human resource development
programme through the strategy of linking staff development initiatives for R&D
institutions to approved training programmes. Research in science and
technology in general is a major activity in the MSTVT, and as such many
programmes relate to research. This includes agricultural and agriculture related
research.
Policy statements in the MoE are directed at education in a broad and general
context, they only influence agricultural research and training where training
institutions affected by the policies offer agriculture or agriculture related training
and research. As the case is, MoE policies will have their influence through the
schools of Agricultural Sciences, Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, and
schools that offer training in basic sciences and social sciences relevant to
agriculture (schools of Natural Sciences and Humanities and Social Sciences) at
UNZA, and the School of Natural Resources at CBU. Given that policies in this
sector are broad and general, their influence on agricultural training per se are
not as strong as agriculture sector policies.
Programmes addressing training and research in the MTENR include;
Strengthening forestry research by implementing research programmes;
Rehabilitating research infrastructure; Strengthening forestry education and
training by rehabilitating college infrastructure, reviewing curricula, improving
66
staff skills through staff development programmes; and Developing and
implementing staff training programmes.
Coordination of the National Agricultural Research System occurs at a number of
levels. At national level, the Ag-SAG is mandated to monitor, evaluate and
coordinate programmes in the agriculture sector. However, in its current form,
the Ag-SAG is not adequate and effective as a sector coordinating organ. The
main limitations being that it has no capacity to gather information, and is not an
established office, it only meets quarterly to look at sector matters. There are
hence structural and functional limitations to achieving effective coordination. The
review of SAG mandates that has been instituted may help make the organ more
effective in its monitoring role, which could be further enhanced by engaging the
ACF in supportive roles.
There is another national level coordination by the NSTC. This is a general and
broad cross-sector coordination that includes the National Agricultural Research
System. This coordination is not effective too, it suffers limitations inherent in the
design of the organ that call for a review of the legal and policy framework to
facilitate re-structuring and possibly review of mandate. This situation is well
understood, hence the effort initiated towards changing the status of the organ.
At the moment the sphere of influence by the NSTC is largely confined to
institutions within the MSTVT.
Within the MACO, there are departmental level coordination and monitoring
mechanisms in technical departments that culminate in sector level coordination
in the Department of Policy and Planning. This is the most effective coordination
which if well linked to a reformed Ag-SAG could result in a better coordination
mechanism.
Although planning and appraisal of research in Government institutions is done
at departmental level, there is participation by other stakeholders that include
other research institutions, UNZA, and farmer representatives. Inclusive as is,
this process does not effectively make use of all the sectors of a broadly defined
NARS, there is either low or no participation by private companies and NGOs.
There is also low cross-discipline interaction in research planning and activities in
general. This is a weakness that works against strengthening the National
Research System.
The research planning processes in Non-Governmental and semi-autonomous
institutions is limited to the institutions, and under the control of institution
Boards. Input by other stakeholders to the planning process in these institutions
only comes in through representation on the Boards. Board membership is the
most prominent formal relationship between institutions, otherwise linkages and
collaboration in research and training are more on ad-hoc basis, and determined
by individual contacts or common commodity interests.
67
The Government is the major player in agriculture research and training through
institutions directly under Government departments and Government grant aided
institutions. Private sector participation in research is limited mainly to seed
variety development by a few private companies while training interest is mainly
in short-term in-service courses. From current activities by private companies
and NGO’s, the major private sector research needs can be said to be in the
areas of; Crop variety improvements; Irrigation technologies development;
Conservation farming technologies development; Crop storage and processing
technologies development; Livestock and poultry breeding; Local feed resources
for livestock and poultry; Livestock and poultry health; Pasture management; and
Fish farming and aquaculture technologies.
The agriculture system in Zambia may be described as a loose NARS, if one
were to base the assessment on the definition of a NARS as given. That is “a
system mobilizing the contributions of stakeholders in agriculture, inclusive of
policy formulators, supply side, demand side, intermediary side, and capacity
building institutions”. It may be strengthened by addressing the weaknesses and
deficiencies noted relating to structural and functional inadequacies some of
which result from inappropriate legal and policy frameworks.
Some research alliances already exist within the region, most of which are linked
to SADC. However, there are other attractive areas for possible regional
collaboration that include; Research addressing climate change; Crop variety
development and release; Harmonization and cooperation in phytosanitary and
certification controls; Research on social economic aspects in agriculture;
Research on issues of optimum production; Research and exchange of
information on extension methodologies; and Harmonization of agricultural
training programmes and curricula.
Over the years, Zambian agricultural research and training institutions have
cooperated with a number of foreign/international partners. Most of this
cooperation involves; International research institutes, centres, networks, and
programmes; United Nations agencies; Development agencies; Funding
organizations; Universities and national institutes; and Governments.
68
7.0 THEME 2: MANAGEMENT OF RESEARCH AND TRAINING
PROGRAMMES
Information required under Theme 2 is quite substantial, detailed and therefore
likely to involve considerable amounts of resources both in terms of finance and
time. The most effective way to capture accurate and adequate information on
most aspects is to combine a number of information gathering methods,
preferably review of documents, use of questionnaires and interviews which can
be done by Country Consultants. Information on funding and budgets, even
though documented, is often difficult to acquire and may not be captured by the
methods above. This may be best acquired through established institutional
linkages rather than through Country Consultants. One of the problems with
acquiring funding and budget information is the reluctance to release such
information by those in possession of the information which may be overcome by
using established institutional linkages. Timely availability of resources for
carrying out the part by country Consultants task is key to getting the work done
properly. It is suggested that operational funds be made available to consultants
before commencement of the process.
69
ANNEX I: TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE MISSION
The consultancy will consist of gathering information, through a mixture of desk research
and interviews on the following 12 issues:-
1. Assessing with the relevant Ministries the policies for research and training in
agriculture
2. Identify relevant private sector organizations and their research needs
3. Establish the list of registered institutions/ organizations delivering agricultural
research
4. Establish the list of registered Institutions/organizations delivering high level
training and in service professional training in agriculture
5. Assess with the Ministries the formal existence of NARS and the monitoring
mechanisms, the contribution of research stakeholders
6. Provide charts indicating institutional structures
7. Documenting the working methodologies for research / the NARS
8. Identify actual and potential demand for cooperative relationships between
research &training institutions and the farmers’ organizations & private sector
9. Document and appraise in-country research alliances
10. Describe & contextualise research alliances (& the programmes they address)
across the SADC region
11. Describe & contextualise cooperation with foreign/ international research
institutions
12. Identify the needs for research alliances and networks
The consultant will also advise on the approach to be used for the gathering of
information on the following 8 issues listed below, and in case of easy accessibility of
such information, provide such information in the annex of the report:
13. A detailed description of action plans (programs) and planning mechanisms
within the list of 5 domains given in the TORs
14. Documentation on the sources of funding for research and comparison of
budgets among the 5 domains
15. A compiled list of research managers and scientists
16. Documentation on the evaluation of impact from research programs
17. Identification of major agricultural research publications
18. Documentation on existing appraisals of research per country or institution
19. Documentation on appraisal of on-going training programmes
20. Identification of major training publications
The general method proposed for the implementation of the Situation Analysis are as
follows:
Step 1. Identify and collect the policy documents or the policy orientation with the
appropriate resource persons in the Ministries and assess how the implementation of
those policies was planned in every Research and Training institution
Step 2. Produce organizational charts of the institutions, including their relationships with
the Ministries, and analyze how this institutional set up is managed as a NARS.
Step 3. Identify the following:
i) existing cooperation mechanisms with research stakeholders
ii) cooperation mechanisms between research institutions, between training institutions
and between training and research institutions at country level,
iii) cooperation between institutions in diverse SADC Countries,
iv) cooperation with foreign institutions and through international networks,
1
v) needs and demands for further cooperation through network
The detailed steps and activities proposed for the data gathering and analysis processes
are described below.
The ICART PCU will make available all documents and electronic data sources gathered
through the previous phases of the situation analysis as well as from other studies
recently carried out by projects of the SADC FANR Directorate, and obtained elsewhere,
to the consultant. This will facilitate the process of identifying gaps in the data gathered
so far and will guide the gathering of supplementary information. The briefing workshop
carried out at the start of the assignment with
the Team Leader and the ICART Focal Point, together with the ICART PCU will aim to
ensure a clear understanding of the task at hand, the expected output of the
consultancy, and the scope of work possible achievable.
The ICART PCU will be monitoring the process, providing any assistance through
electronic means. It may also carry out visits to some of the Member States to assess
the process.
Upon submission of the draft report to the National Focal Point, the Consultant and the
National Focal Point will facilitate the process of validation of the report, which would
have been agreed upon at the Briefing Meeting. Part of the expenses for the validation
process would have been included as part of the services of this contract. Part of the
expenses for the logistics of the meeting will be met by the ICART project, through
facilitation by the National Focal Point. The proposed approach for validating the report
is through a workshop with members of a ‘reading panel’ made up of key stakeholder
representatives of the NARS, which will meet with the consultant, under the
chairmanship of the National Focal Point, to provide its views collectively.
The validation process will be carried out in a timely manner such that the comments of
the ‘reading panel’ will be incorporated in the Final Draft report and submitted to the
Contracting Authority through the ICART National Focal Point by the 18th of January
2008.
EXPERTS PROFILE
Number of requested experts per category
The team required to address the complementary data gathering phase of the Situation
analysis will comprise of an agricultural scientist as the Team Leader and other experts
as deemed necessary in the national context.
Profile required (education, experience, references and category as appropriate)
Team Leader: Masters level qualification, with at least 5 years professional experience
Other experts: At least Degree level training with at least 3 years professional
experience
Working language(s)
English, French or Portuguese, as appropriate per Member State (though see Section 5
on ‘Reporting’). Translation of the final report into English will be required.
2
LOCATION AND DURATION
Starting period
22nd November 2007
Foreseen finishing period or duration
It is estimated that the consultancy will require 30 person-working days spread over a
period of 6 calendar weeks between mid November 2007 and mid January 2008. The
proposed date of submission of a draft report to the ICART National Focal Point for
validation purposes is at latest 10th January 2008 and the draft final report by 18th
January 2008.
REPORTING
Content
The final report will be formatted as will have been agreed by all national consultants at
the Briefing meeting. The report will include a brief introduction to the assignment, the
method(s) used in its implementation and describe the output of the assignment.
Approval of the report by the ICART PMU, and endorsement by the Director, FANR will
be required prior to payment of the accompanying invoice.
The Terms of Reference of the mission, and comments on the latter or the process (if
any) should also be included in the final report as an annex.
Language
All reports submitted to SADC Secretariat, Gaborone, will be in English, French or
Portuguese.
Submission/comments timing
The electronic form of the report shall be submitted at the end of the consultancy. The
SADC Secretariat shall comment within 20 days of receipt of the draft report. The
consultant should incorporate comments from the SADC Secretariat, and submit the
Final Report no later than 5 days from receipt of the comments.
Deadlines for submission of documents by the consultant will be strictly adhered to. The
Contracting Authority (SADC Secretariat) reserves the right to have the reports re-
drafted as many times as necessary to bring them to the required standard. If no
comments are received from SADC/ EC Delegation within the notification period
stipulated above, the draft report may be resubmitted
as final.
Number of report(s) copies
ONE hard copy and ONE electronic copy of the Final Report shall be submitted to the
SADC Secretariat. Any background documents or databases used in the implementation
of the study, that is considered useful for the ICART project may be submitted in
electronic format, with the final report. All correspondence, communication and reporting
will be in English, French or Portuguese on A4 paper, using Word and Excel formats.
The cover page for all reports will carry the date of submission of the report, and in
brackets the mission dates. Repetitions will be avoided and replaced by a cross-
3
reference to the relevant section(s). The first page of each report will carry the following
disclaimer “The authors accept sole responsibility for this report drawn up on behalf of
the Regional Authorising Officer of SADC Secretariat. The report does not necessarily
reflect the views of the SADC Secretariat, nor of the European Commission”.
DETAILED ACTIVITIES PROPOSED TO GATHER INFORMATION AND ANALYSE
THE 20 PERTINENT ISSUES ON A REGIONAL BASIS
(Bullet points starting with ‘Eventually’ are ultimate goals of the study, which will also
need to be addressed to a certain extent during this consultancy)
Point 1 - Assessing with the relevant Ministries the policies for research and
training in agriculture
• Establish the availability of policy and strategy documents on agricultural development
and rural development in the Member States
• Analyze priority setting for agricultural research and how it is developed into an
agricultural research policy and corresponding strategy per country.
• Eventually lead to common priorities identified, but also ranked; these elements are
essential for the design of the strategy to support research networks.
• Establish the training policies and strategies in agriculture.
• Identifying the usefulness for support to networking among training courses
• Eventually lead to identification of priorities for supporting existing training programmes
at country level.
Point 2- Private sector organizations, their research needs and their role in
Research and Training
• Establish relationships between the various stakeholders in agriculture: research
institutions in the one hand and the farmers’ organizations, the private sector and the
NGOs operating in agriculture.
• Visit relevant institutions of the civil society for appraising the issue.
• Establish the readiness of those partners to participate in the design and monitoring of
the research programs and of the management of the research institutions at NARS
level.
• Establish the readiness of those partners to participate in the design of in service
training to satisfy their needs.
• Identify their analysis of the impact of research on agriculture and rural development
Identify with them what should be improved, particularly through different ways of
implementing research networking.
Point 3 - Establish the list of registered institutions/ organizations delivering
agricultural research
• Provide full list of agricultural research institutions and other institutions providing
agricultural research and their administrative relationships to ministries and other bodies
(Association of Farmers’ Organizations, Association of Industries or servicing firms,
Association of NGOs)
• List with short description of mandates
Point 4 - Establish the list of registered Institutions/organizations delivering high
level training and in service professional training in agriculture
4
• Provide full list of agricultural Training institutions and other institutions providing
agricultural research and their administrative relationships to ministries and other bodies
(Association of Farmers’ Organizations, Association of Industries or servicing firms,
Association of NGOs)
• List with short description of mandates
Point 5 - Address with the Ministries the formal existence of NARS and the
monitoring mechanisms, the contribution of research stakeholders.
• A NARS is an operational system established for enhancing the scientific and
technical delivery of research in agriculture within which effective coordination between
all research institutions or research implementing institutions is organized through
monitoring bodies representing the research stakeholders.
• What are the existing coordination systems
• Establish the existence and monitoring methods for the NARS.
• Identify those monitoring bodies in the country that designate responsibilities and
cooperation for research programs and arbitrate the provision of public funding to the
programs.
• Document examples of evaluation of the programs of the research institutions and their
aggregation for policy decisions
• Document views and recommendations on the institutional creation or development of
a NARS so that every relevant institution or organisation could be accommodated within
it
• Eventually enables policy makers to address the development of human resource in
the participating institutions in order to support the implementation of the programmes
• Eventually a compilation of this analysis at SADC level would indicate need for support
to programme planning and supervision, in particular through the promotion of national
and regional networks.
Point 6 - Provide charts indicating institutional structures and relationships
• Establish a chart describing the interactions between institutions in the research
system and the training
• An analysis of the research institutional framework in the Member State on the
efficiency, focus and effectiveness of agricultural research in general
• Eventually establish potential for regional cooperation on agricultural research.
Point 7 - Document the working methodologies for research
• Priority setting
• Funding mechanisms
• Collaboration
Point 8 - Identify actual and potential demand for cooperative relationships
between research and training institutions and the farmers’ organizations and
private sector
• Use of research findings in the curricula for high level training in agriculture, and
researchers’ involvement in training seem to be rather poor. We consider that the
Document examples of involvement of high level professionals from the private sector
and from farmers’ organizations (from public administration as well) in training and
research institutions
• Document their involvement in providing practical experience on decision making,
planning and implementation of development and production programs.
5
• Eventually identify best practices for cooperative relationships between stakeholders
for developing training in agriculture that could be further spread through SADC.
Point 9 - Appraise in - country research alliances
The joint contribution of several institutions and partners on a research program is
crucial for success.
Document and analyse in- country research alliance in the domains of research
described above.
• Research within production to consumption chains involving all stakeholders (the
innovation chains approach)
• Promotion of research on social issues in agriculture that should be developed
through effective partnership (involving farmers’ organizations, service sectors in
agriculture and particularly the banking sector and NGOs)
• Eventually develop proposals for linking existing in-country cooperation at
regional level
• Biodiversity in agriculture. Issues of land use planning, maintenance of natural or
artificial habitats, conservation areas, the introduction of GMOs are all important
tools for maintaining the required biodiversity in agriculture.
• Eventually, develop proposals for developing or reinforcing cooperation at
regional level on the issue.
• Research on farming systems and livelihoods, which should systematically
include an analysis of relationships between those farming systems and those
livelihoods in the one hand and the natural resources and the environment in the
other
• Eventually identify successful in-country cooperation that can be up- scaled at
regional level.
Point 10 – Describe and contextualise the research alliances developed across the
SADC region
• Identification of existing alliances, describing the rationale and subject matter, the
source of funding, institutions and number of researchers involved
• Assess if the alliances constitute a mature existing and functional network, or a non-
performing network
• Identification of expectations for new alliances
Point 11 - Describe and contextualise the cooperation with foreign international
research institutions
• Generally, cooperation ties exists between national research institutions and foreign
research institutions in Europe, America, Canada, Australia, China, India etc.
• Document and appraise the relevance and effectiveness of networks developed in the
region.
Point 12 - Identify the needs for research alliances and networks
Propose research networks that would encompass existing research programmes and
facilitate regional integration.
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OPTIONAL PHASE 3 DATA COLLECTION – Advice on approach to data collection
to be included in report. Gathering of information if easily accessible.
Point 13 - Provide a description of action plans (programs) and planning
mechanisms using the list of 5 domains given in the TORs
Domains in which to carry out appraisals of the action plans and programs of the
institutions composing the NARS by the consultants:
1. Agricultural economics, policies and trade analysis;
2. Production to consumption chains, for example agri-business and agro-processing;
3. Social issue in agriculture (for example land rights, food security, migrations, impact of
health on agriculture, rural credit, education and extension, social capital, farmers’
organizations);
4. Bio-diversity in agriculture (for example variety selection and breeding and
biotechnologies)
5. Farming systems (including mechanization; risks management; pest and disease
management; input use; innovative systems that lead to improved productivity per unit of
labour; water and land; the relationship between land and water use; agriculture and the
environment);
• Those five domains reflect the need to review the NARS from a system-wise basis; that
the review should put emphasis on the economic and social evaluation of the running
research programs. The review of the programs should study organizations and systems
and their relationships to natural resource and markets rather than commodities in terms
of yields and quality only.
• The analysis to focus on farmers and farming, and on the improvement of production to
consumption chains.
• Describe relationships between production systems and natural resources and the
environment.
• Eventually compare what is under development in all Member States for the 5 domains
of research, and how further development was planned.
• Such analysis will guide support action for on-going developments in line with
promotion of social chains of stakeholders, improved risk management, improvement of
the productivity of labour and income; improvement of the competitiveness, supporting
production systems and decision making processes.
• Eventually indicate how the development of cooperation between similar research
programs in the Member States could be facilitated.
Point 14 - Document the sources of funding for research and comparison of
budgets among the 5 domains
• Currently, Governments pay for the core costs of public research institutions (buildings
and recurrent costs, administration costs) and for the implementation of programs which
are serving their expectations for research outputs. The private sector is also supporting
core budgets for private research institutions. In addition, governments and other
sponsors (donors) pay for research programs, and are also partly contributing to core
budgets for infrastructures and equipments.
• Identify the relative importance of government funding to the financial support of the
different research programs;
• What kinds of programs the private sector, the donors and eventually the stakeholder
are supporting.
• The distribution of the support from government, donors and other stakeholders for
programs as they vary from country to country.
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• Eventual analysis enables identification of what counterpart funds could supplement
cooperative programmes.
Point 15 - Compile a list of research managers and scientists
• Document on-going research programmes and their managers
• Eventually identify how the critical mass of researchers could be reinforced through
joint programs and support through networking.
• Eventually identify the urgent need for reinforcing capacity for important programs,
Point 16 - Document the evaluation of impact from research programs
• Document effective participation of stakeholders for all kinds of programs generating
innovations.
• Appraise the degree of partnership developed in the research programs.
Point 17 - Identify and collect major agricultural research publications
• Programs generate major publications, while individuals generate basic publications
within the programmes; SADC more interested in the former.
• The publications will help to further analyze the efficacy of the programmes and the
potentials for networking those national programmes.
Point 18 - Document existing appraisal of research per country/ institution
• All research programs, all research institutions and National agricultural research
systems should be regularly evaluated as part of the planning process
• Document these evaluation procedures and results
• Eventually to analyze the on- going process for such evaluation in every Member State
and identification areas where improvement can be supported to generate a common
evaluation framework for the region
Point 19 - Appraise on going training programmes
• Document existing BSc, MSc and PhD in the various training institutions of Member
States, and a brief presentation of the content of such training
• Identification of existing partnerships
• Eventual analysis of convergences and differences of training policies between the
Member States on which integration could be built
• The compilation of Higher education training can be carried out via a web search of
Universities in the region.
Point 20 - Identify major training publications
• Document publications on the organisation of Training (Priority setting; needs analysis
etc.)
8
ANNEX II: MAIN DOCUMENTS CONSULTED
1. Agricultural research and training institutions in Zambia. A SADC
consultancy report by The Botswana College of Agriculture.
2. Agricultural Input Marketing Plan (Final Draft), (September 2005). Ministry
of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Government of the Republic of Zambia.
3. Back to Office report of a Pilot run of Phase II of The Situation Analysis of
Agricultural Research and Training in Southern Africa conducted in
Republic of Zambia during the period 19 to 23 June 2006. P. Jessen and
J. Ashley.
4. Biotechnology and Biosafety Policy. Ministry of Science, Technology and
Vocational Training, Government of the Republic of Zambia.*
5. Consultancy to undertake a Situation Analysis in order to Assess and
Formulate Support Strategies for the NARS in SADC, Report-Phase 2.
6. Draft Land Administration and Management Policy, (October 2006).
Ministry of Lands. Government of the Republic of Zambia. *
7. Education Sector National Implementation Framework (NIF), 2008-2010,
(October 2007). Ministry of Education, Government of the Republic of
Zambia.
8. Fifth National Development Plan, 2006-2010, (June 2006). Ministry of
Finance and National Planning, Government of the Republic of Zambia.*
9. Final Restructuring Report for the Ministry of Agriculture and
Cooperatives, (February 2003). Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives,
Government of the Republic of Zambia.
10. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Zambia Agricultural Research
Institute (ZARI) Status Report (September 2006) W. Mwale.
11. National Agricultural Policy, 2004-2015, (November 2004). Ministry of
Agriculture and Cooperatives, Government of the Republic of Zambia.*
12. National Irrigation Plan (NIP), (July 2005). Ministry of Agriculture and
Cooperatives, Government of the Republic of Zambia.
13. National Policy on Science and Technology, (May 1996). Ministry of
Science, Technology and Vocational Training, Government of the
Republic of Zambia.*
14. Report on SADC-FANR-SCARDA Project scoping study of Zambia. M.S.
Mwala.
15. SADC-MAPP Analysis of the Agricultural Technologies and Dissemination
Situation in Zambia (Draft Report), (October 2007). B.H. Chishala.
16. Statutory Instrument No. 136 of 1999. Government of the Republic of
Zambia.*
17. The Biosafety Act, 2007. Government of the Republic of Zambia.*
18. The Lands Act. (September 1995). Government of the Republic of
Zambia.*
19. The Science and Technology Act, 1997. Government of the Republic of
Zambia.*
20. The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control act, 1990.
Government of the Republic of Zambia.*
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21. The University of Zambia Calendar, 2007-2008. University of Zambia.
22. Zambia Agriculture Research Institute: Proceedings of the 2007/08
Research Review and Planning Meeting held 17 – 21 December 2007, In-
Service Training Centre, Lusaka.
23. Zambia: A Quiet Crisis in African Research and Development. H. Elliot
and P.T. Perrault. (www.ifpri.org/pubs/books/oc51/oc51ch09.pdf)
*Documents submitted in electronic version:
Annex II(a) - National Agricultural Policy, 2004-2015, (November 2004).
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Government of the Republic of
Zambia.
Annex II(b) - Draft Land Administration and Management Policy, (October
2006). Ministry of Lands. Government of the Republic of Zambia.
Annex II(c) - The Lands Act. (September 1995). Government of the
Republic of Zambia.
Annex II(d) - Fifth National Development Plan, 2006-2010, (June 2006).
Ministry of Finance and National Planning, Government of the Republic of
Zambia.
Annex II(e) - National Policy on Science and Technology, (May 1996).
Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training, Government of
the Republic of Zambia.
Annex II(f) - The Science and Technology Act, 1997. Government of the
Republic of Zambia.
Annex II(g) - Biotechnology and Biosafety Policy. Ministry of Science,
Technology and Vocational Training, Government of the Republic of
Zambia.
Annex II(h) - The Biosafety Act, 2007. Government of the Republic of
Zambia.
Annex II(i) - Statutory Instrument No. 136 of 1999. Government of the
Republic of Zambia.
Annex II(j)The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control act, 1990.
Government of the Republic of Zambia.
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SADC Secretariat
Food, Agriculture and Natural
Resources Directorate
P Bag 0095, Gaborone, Botswana
Tel: 267 395 1863
Fax: 267 395 2848/ 392 4099
Email: registry@sadc.int
Website: www.sadc.int/fanr
