Chapter Six Social Interaction In Everyday Life

							Chapter 7

Deviance

       Society, The Basics
           9th Edition
        John J. Macionis
What is Deviance?
Deviance – the recognized violation of
_______ _______
What is Deviance?




Crime – the _________of a society’s
formally enacted criminal law.
What is Deviance?

What deviant
actions or
attitudes have in
common is some
element of
difference that
causes us to
regard another
person as an
__________
Social Control

                    Social _______ –
                     attempts by society to
                     regulate people’s
                     thought and behavior.
                    The criminal justice
                     system – a formal
                     ________ by police,
                     courts, and prison
                     officials to alleged
                     violations of the law.
The Biological Context
Caesare Lombroso proposed that
criminals could be identified by
_______ traits.

William Sheldon
suggested that
body shape
predicted
_________.
The Biological Context
Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck suggested
that powerfully built sons grow up less
sensitive toward others.

                     There is no
                     conclusive
                     evidence linking
                     ________to
                     criminality.
    Personality Factors
Containment Theory
 Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz found
  that “good boys” display a strong
  _________

   “Bad boys”
    demonstrate a
    ____ conscience.
    The Social Foundations of
    Deviance

   All behavior is shaped by ______.
   Deviance varies according to cultural
    norms.
   People become deviant as others
    define them that way.
   Both rule-______ and rule-________
    involve social power.
Structural-Functional Analysis:
Emile Durkheim

• Durkheim stated there is nothing
  _________ about deviance.
• Deviance affirms cultural values and
  norms.
• Responding to deviance clarifies
  moral boundaries and promotes
  social unity.
• Deviance _________ social change.
  Structural-Functional Analysis:
  Robert Merton – “Strain Theory”

• Merton argued that excessive deviance
  results from particular social arrangements.
• The kind of deviance depends on whether a
  society provides the means to achieve
  cultural goals.
• The strain between our culture’s emphasis
  on _____ and limited _________ gives rise
  to crime.
     Deviant Subcultures
               Richard Cloward and Lloyd
               Ohlin proposed that crime
               results from readily
               accessible ____ opportunity.

Albert Cohen suggests that
delinquency is most pronounced
in ____ ____ youths because
they have the least opportunity
to achieve.
 Deviant Subcultures
Walter Miller characterized delinquent
subcultures.
  •   Trouble
  •   Toughness
  •   Smartness
  •   A need for _________
  •   A belief in fate
  •   A ______ for freedom
        from authority
 Labeling Deviance:
 Symbolic-Interaction Analysis
 Labeling theory – deviance and
 conformity result not so much from
 what people do as from how others
 ________ to those actions.
 Becker(1966)
 claims deviance is
 nothing more
 than behavior
 that people define
 as _______.
Labeling Deviance:
Symbolic-Interaction Analysis
   Primary deviance – has little effect
    on a person’s self-concept.




   Secondary deviance – a person
    begins to take on a ______ _______.
Labeling Deviance:
Symbolic-Interaction Analysis
                Erving Goffman
                 (1963) defines
                 “deviant career”
                People acquire a
                 “stigma,” a
                 powerfully ______
                 label that greatly
                 changes a person’s
                 self-concept and
                 social ______.
The Medicalization of Deviance
   The growing influence of psychiatry and
    medicine in the United States has
    influenced definitions of deviance.
   The medicalization of deviance – the
    transformation of _____ and _____
    deviance into a medical condition.
       Alcoholism
       Promiscuity
       _____
   The Medicalization of Deviance:
   Sutherland and Hirschi
Sutherland’s Theory      Hirschi’s Theory
  Differential              Social control
   Association - A            depends on
   person’s tendency          imagining the
   toward deviance            _________ of
   depends on the             one’s behavior.
   amount of _____
   with other deviants
   they may have.
    Deviance and Inequality:
    Social-Conflict Analysis
   Deviance reflects social
    inequality.
   People we commonly
    consider deviants share the
    trait of ______________.
   The norms of any society generally
    reflect the interests of the ____ and the
    ________.
   People who threaten the wealthy are
    defined as thieves or radicals.
Deviance and Inequality:
Steven Spitzer
Spitzer argues that deviant labels are
applied to people:
           who _______ the property of
            others.
           who cannot or will not work.

           who _____ authority.

           who challenge the capitalist
            status quo and call for the basic
            change in society itself.
  Deviance and Capitalism
White-collar crime         Organized crime –
– committed by             a business supplying
people of high social      ______ goods or
position in the course     services.
of their ________.

Corporate crime –
the illegal actions of a
corporation or people
acting on its behalf.
   Deviance and Social Diversity
   Racial and ethnic hostility motivate hate
   crimes.




Hate crime – a ______ ___ against a
person or person’s property by an
offender motivated by ____ or other bias.
Deviance and Social Diversity




 ______ is an important variable
  affecting deviant labeling as well.
 Men often escape _____ _________
  for actions that victimize women.
Crime – Types of Crime
   Crime consists of the act itself, and the
    criminal intent.
   Crimes against the person – direct
    violence or the _____ of violence against
    others.
Crime – Types of Crime
   Crime consists of the act itself, and the
    criminal intent.
   Crimes against _______ – involve theft
    of property belonging to others.
Crime – Types of Crime
   Crime consists of the act itself, and the
    criminal intent.
   Victimless crimes – there are no ______
    _______ victims.
Criminal Statistics
Criminal statistics show crime rising between
1960 and 1990, but declining through 2000,
and rising slightly in 2001.


                      The crime rate is ___ to
                      ____ times higher than
                      what official reports
                      indicate.
Crime – The Street Criminal




•   Age       •   Social Class
•   Gender    •   Race and Ethnicity
    Crime – The Global Perspective

   U.S. Crime Rate vs.
    the rest of the world
   U.S. private ___
    ownership
   World poverty &
    U.S. economic
    success
   _____ ____ ______
   Punishment
The Criminal Justice System

 The criminal justice system is society’s
  formal system of social control.
 Due process is the concept that the
  U.S. criminal justice system operates
  within the _____ of the ____.
The Criminal Justice System
Police
The police serve as the primary point of
______ between the population and the
system.
The Criminal Justice System

Courts
_____ percent of
criminal cases are
resolved prior to
court appearance
through plea
bargaining.
    The Criminal Justice System

Punishment
   Retribution - an act of moral
    vengeance by which society subjects
    an offender to suffering _______ to
    that caused by the offense.
   Deterrence - the attempt to
    discourage criminality through
    __________.
 The Criminal Justice System
Punishment
Rehabilitation - ________ the offender
to prevent subsequent offenses.
                Societal protection -
                rendering an offender
                incapable of further
                offenses _________
                through incarceration or
                __________ by execution.
     Maryland Sex Offender's List
 The Criminal Justice System
Community-Based
  Corrections
 _______ – policy of
  permitting a
  convicted offender
  to remain in the
  community under
  conditions imposed
  by a court, including
  regular supervision.
 The Criminal Justice System
Community-Based Corrections
 Shock probation – policy by which a
  judge orders a convicted offender to
  prison for a short time and then
  suspends the remainder of the
  sentence in favor of probation.
 Parole - policy of releasing inmates
  from prison to serve the ______ of
  their sentences under supervision in
  the local community.