GLOBAL MARKETS AND THE LIVELIHOODS OF COASTAL .pdf
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GLOBAL MARKETS AND THE
LIVELIHOODS OF COASTAL
COMMUNITIES IN KENYA AND
TANZANIA
IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE COASTAL
MANAGEMENT
By
Huruma Sigalla,Richard Sambaiga, Godwin A. Lema,
Emmanuel Shemaghembe, Vendelin Simon, Richard Abila,
Jacob Ochiewo, Andrew Wamukota
Objectives
To examine the demands that the global market exerts on
the coastal resources, users and managers of the
resources and their implications on sustainable coastal
management.
To document the ways in which the aspects of global
markets have been impacting the coastal area, its people
and their livelihood.
To explore the manner in which different coastal resource
users and managers have been grappling with the
impacts of global markets.
To assess the vulnerability context of the poor majority in
the coastal communities in terms of their livelihood, as a
result of the impact of global market.
Methods of data collection
Four major techniques of data collection were
used
In-
In-depth interviews (53 in Tanzania and 30 in
Kenya)
Focus Group Discussions (16 in Tz and 10 in
Kenya)
Participants observation
Social Survey involving 797 respondents in Tz
and ……in Kenya
Study areas-Tanzania
Sites in Kenya: Bamburi, Vanga, Shimoni, Malindi and Kipini
Findings
Fish catch in Zanzibar from 2001 to 2009
30,000
25,000
20,000
Tons
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2,001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Years
Source: Zanzibar Fisheries Department
Marine Fisheries Production Trends in Tanzania from 1993 to 2009
60000
No. of fishers, vessels & tons
50000
40000
fish production
30000 vessels
No. of fishers
20000
10000
0
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Years
URT, 2007; 2009; 2010
Reported fish catch in the EEZ, Tanzania
•Fish catch in the EEZ is reported
voluntarily Reported fish catch in EEZ, Tanzania
•2001 catch reported was from July -
December 60,000.00
•2002 catch was from January to August 50,000.00
•2003 & 2004 catch reported was from 40,000.00
January to December
Tons
30,000.00
•2005 catch covered January-September 20,000.00
and November to December
10,000.00
•2006 catch reported was from January
to December 0.00
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
•2007 catch reported covered January-
June, September and November to Years
December
Overall, fish catch data in the EEZ Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries, Tanzania
are hardly realistic due to
inadequate monitoring, surveillance
and control
Fish export in Tanzania
Fish export
200,000,000.0
150,000,000.0
Weight in kgs
Value
100,000,000.0
Value in US $
50,000,000.0
0.0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Years
Source: URT, 2010
Species demanded mostly by global market
Fish species demanded by global Market
300
262
250 239
Number of respondents
200
153
150
100
60
51
50
0
Octupus Tuna Prawns King fish Shark
Species
Mostly used fishing gears
Fishing gears by region
80
70
60
Percentage
Zanzibar
50
40 Tanga
30
Mtwara
20
10
0
ts
ite
k
o
ar
p
s
as
oo
or
et
tra
ne
pe
am
G
N
ok
H
S
sh
g
yn
K
in
Fi
R
D
Fishing gear
The most common fishing vessels
Fishing vessels used by region
120
100
Responses
80 Zanzibar
60 Tanga
40 Mtwara
20
0
Ngalawa Mtumbwi Dau Mashua Engine
boat
Vessels
Trend of price of selected fish species
6,000
5,000
Annual average price
4,000 2006
2007
3,000
2008
2,000 2009
1,000
-
ly
h
na
es
s
el
h
us
el
is
ro
fis
er
Tu
in
op
df
av
pe
ng
sk
rd
or
ct
Tr
m
Sa
ac
Ki
Sw
O
E
M
Species
The Office of the Government Statistician, Zanzibar
People‘s opinion about the trend of price for land
and fish
Trends of price of fish Trends of price of land
200 300
Number of responses
Number of responses
250
150
Zanzibar 200 Zanzibar
100 Tanga 150 Tanga
Mtwara 100 Mtwara
50
50
0 0
Increased Constant Decreased Don’t Know Increased Constant Decreased Don’t Know
Responses Responses
Global market and division of labour at local
level
Impact of Global Market on Division of Labour
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
Kenya
25%
%
Tanzania
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Youth Employment Women Shift from Agriculture Child labour
Employment to Tourism activities
Changes of Division of labour
%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
Inflation of food
items
Inflation of other
items sold in
shops
increased
availability of food
in the market
Reasons
Commercialization
of fish
Reasons for Food insecurity in Tanzania
Decline of man
power in Agri.
Changd of land
use
Percentage responses
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Decline of man
power in
agriculture
Commercilization
of fish
Inflation of food
items
Inflation of other
items sold in
shops
Global market and food security
Increased
availability of food
Reasons for food insecurity in Kenya
in the market
Change of land
use
Global market and trend of international
tourist arrivals
Number of tourists to Zanzibar
Number of tourists
200,000
150,000
100,000 Series1
50,000
0
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
01
03
05
07
09
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
Years
Perceived benefits of tourism
Involvement in tourist activities
Perception on depletion of fish
There is depletion of fish
100
80
Percentage
60 Yes
No
40 Don’t know
20
0
Zanzibar Tanga Mtwara
Region
Actors perceived to cause depletion of fish
Actors causing depletion of fish
80
70
60
Percentage
Zanzibar
50
40 Tanga
30
Mtwara
20
10
0
Artisanal fishers Fishers from Industrial fishers Industrial fishers Don’t know
neighboring areas from different within the country
country
Actors
Global market and illegal fishing
Perception on illegal fishing by study sites (Rural vs Urban)
70%
62%
60%
52%
48%
50%
38%
40% Urban
%
30% Rural
20%
10%
0%
Yes No
Perceptions
Analysis by study sites show that perception on whether there is illegal fishing in communities varies not
only across rural and urban communities but also between Island and Mainland regions. It is also
important to note that in the eve of globalization, Illegal fishing in Tanzania is not limited to nationals but
involves foreigners.
Changes of fisheries policies and regulations Kenya and Tanzania
Policy,Law,Guideline, Strategy Area of jurisdiction Changes/amendment so far
The National Fisheries policy of 1997 •General framework for protection and utilization of fisheries Reviewed in 2010 and a draft
resources on Mainland Tanzania National Fisheries Policy 2010 is
in place
Zanzibar Fisheries Policy 2002 •Generalframework for protection and utilization of
environmental resources in Zanzibar
Kenya National Oceans and Fisheries •Generalframework for protection and utilization of
Policy environmental resources in Kenya
The Fisheries Act of 2003 •Constitutes the main piece of legislation guiding the Its regulation have been reviewed
fisheries industry on Mainland Tanzania in 2009
•Focusing on internal and territorial water
The Dee Sea Fishing Authority Act of •Constitutes the main piece of legislation guiding the Amended in 2007 by The Deep
1998 fisheries industry on the EEZ of the United Republic of Sea Fishing Authority
Tanzania (Amendment) Act, 2007 and new
regulations issued in 2009
Fisheries Master Plan of 2002 •Delineates a 10 year strategy to develop a suitable fisheries To be reviewed in 2012
sector with a view of benefiting the fishing community.
•Development of aquaculture and the improved export and
marketing of fisheries products in Mainland Tanzania
The National Integrated Coastal outlines a framework for sustainable utilization and
•It
Management Strategy of 2003 development of resources with a view of contributing to
economic growth in Tanzania
The Environmental Management for •General framework for protection and use of environmental
Sustainable Development Act of 1996 resources in Zanzibar
The Fisheries Act of 1998 •Regulations regarding the protection, conservation, control
of capture, collection, gathering, manufacture, storage and
Whose interests are favoured in fisheries management?
More people on Zanzibar Island
perceive that their interest are Fisheries management favours the interests of
considered in fisheries local people
management (majority being in
the urban community)
100%
More people on the mainland 80%
Tanzania perceive that fisheries 60%
Don’t know
management does not favour their 40% No
interests (again majority being in
urban communities) 20% Yes
0%
Zanzibar Tanga Mtwara
For instance, there were no toilet
facilities and cold room in all the Regions
landing sites.
Only few communities had
dilapidated fish markets.
Vulnerability context
The figure above shows the distribution of a poverty index in standardized form, poverty score shown in the graph
range from -3 to 4.Approximately the most household fall from between -2 and 2. Cumulative frequency of poverty
index by Zanzibar (South Unguja) and Tanzania (Tanga).
The figure indicates that the difference exists between the two groups except for the non-poor household. Where
difference between two group converge, above 60% of the households, no difference seen between Tanzania and
Zanzibar.
However for all other level of relative poverty Tanga (Tanzania) appear poor than Zanzibar (south unguja). The average
South Unguja score is 0.294 and the average Tanga score is -0.19. Independent Samples Test shows that there is
significant different between two group (ZNZ and TNZ) at <0.001 level.
The figure indicates that no difference exists between the two groups.
Therefore the levels of poor household between urban and rural sites are all the same.
The average rural score is 0.0337 and the average urban score is -0.0086.
Independent Samples Test shows that there is no significant different between two group (urban and rural) at any level.
Value chain-emperical evidence
People's perceptions about who benefis more from fishing activities
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
Midlemen Owners of Fishers Petty Traders Government( Fishing
fishing vessels Revenue, companies
levies)
beneficiaries
Value-chain of selected fish – from the
fisher-middlemen/agents-fish shops
Price of selected fish
18000
16000
14000
TZS per kg
12000 Fishers
10000
8000 Middle men
6000 Fish shops
4000
2000
0
er
i
ns
r
h
us
ar
te
is
pp
am
w
op
bs
gf
ra
na
in
Lo
ct
al
P
K
O
S
C
Species of fish
owners of fishing vessel get between 20% and 50% of the Gross earning
after selling the catch of the day. Then the remaining 50% is divided
between the fishers after the reduction of running costs of a vessel such as
fuel, and fishing gears but in some scenario less than 50%
How do local people strive to cope
within the vulnerabilty context
Coping strategies
70%
60%
50%
40%
%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Diversification of Job mobility Migration Selling assets
livelihood activities
Strategies
Conclusion
Global market exert demands on the coastal resources
and management mainly through international trade of
fish, tourism, gas and oil exploration as well as Marine
conservation strategies
Impact-depletion of fish, inflation of food items,
competition to access land, increased number of fishers
All these have caused over exploitation of coastal
resources particularly fish
As a result illegal fishing both by artisanal and foreign
fishers has been on increase
Cont.
Operation of Global market is increasing the vulnerability
of local communities along the coastal of the Indian
Ocean
As a response local communities along the coast are
struggling to diversify their livelihood activities
We recommend that more efforts should be directed to
design intervention programmes to support local
community’s initiatives which are in line with poverty
reduction strategies as well as to facilitate a sustainable
use of coastal resources
Local communities needs information on markets, price,
improved fishing gears and vessels and participation in
formulation of policies and regulations
Recommendation
Capacity building for fisheries stock
assessment
Reliability of data on catch, vessels, gears
and number of fishers
Diversification of livelihood activities to
reduce dependency on fisheries (ocean)
Proactive planning for pro-poor tourism
Output
We have presented a paper at the International
Conference on Sustainable Tourism in
Developing Countries (ICST)10-11 August 2010,
DSM
One paper has been accepted for publication
already
We are working on reviewer’s comment on two
papers we have submitted for publication
Expected output
Published report
Book
Several articles in peer reviewed local and
international journals
Asante sana
