all about cancer

							WITH THE NAME OF ALLAH
     ALL ABOUT CANCER


       Made by: fatma adel
   TUMOR & TUMOR GRADE
  Tumor is an extra mass of uneeded cells which form a       •
                                                    tissue
          Tumor can be malignant (cancerous) or benign       •
  Cell within malignant tumor devides without controlled     •
         manner & can infect nearby tissue (metastazise)
 Tumor grade is a system used to classify cancer cells in    •
terms of how which they look abnormal under micrscope
     Pathologist is the doctor concerned with identifying    •
                 disease by studing cells under micrscope
 tumor grade determined by taking abiopsy •
Histologic or differentiation grade refers on •
  how tumor cells resembles normal cells of
                              same tissue type
Nuclear grade refers to the size & shape of •
                     the nucleus in tumor cell
   Do not confuse between tumor grade & •
                                 cancer stage
      Basic signification of tumor grade is 4 •
                                       degrees
      Grade 1 resembles normal cells, least •
    aggressive & develop slowly unlike 3&4
  American joint commite cancer
  recommindation guide lines
                         Gx undetremined grade      •
                  G1 well difrrentiated low grade   •
   G2 modertely diffrentiated intermediate grade    •
                              G3 & G4 high grade    •
    Note not all same grade scale applied for all   •
                                     cancer types
Gleason for prostate cancer,bloom richardson for    •
      breast cancer& furhman for kideny cancer
           Defining cancer
    Cancer is a result of uncontrolled cell growth   •
 Cancer cells share many of properties & needs       •
           like those of normal ones but they are
  independent of controls that our body function
                                         smoothly
Cancer is general term used to describe large gp     •
                                of related disease
     Some cancers develop quickly & other take       •
                                     several years
     There are many diffrences in cases of •
              cancer even in the same organ
 Despite differences between cancer types •
    they all share some common properties
  these shared ones are very important for
                   many cancer treatments
Cancer can be caused by viruses natural or •
          chemichal substances & radiation
 Tumor supressing genes normally control •
       oncogenes but effect may be lost by
                 several reasons of mutation
               Cancer causes •
Alchol cause mouth ,pharynx,oesophagus •
  cancers & risk increases if it is compined
                                  by smoking
  Eating habits aflatoxins & nitrites cause •
              stomach cancer & hepatites B
     Irradiation cause leukemia remember •
 hiroshima & nagasaki victims which show
effects of exposure to radiation even after
 15 years of it especially who recivedmore
                                  than 1 gray
  Diseases like retinoblasmota, trisomy 21 •
             which give birth to tumors like
   nefroblastoma or risk of conversation to
          malignant tumor (colic polyposis)
                   Carcinogenic drugs like •
        estrogen(dietilstilbestrol) which are
            immuno suppresant arsinc cpds
                      Family predesposition •
    Solar radiation & melanoma,carcinoma •
         Viruses ADN:epstien barr (burkitt •
lymphoma) hbv primitive liver cancer HPV
                   papilloma cervical cancer
Cancer latency period & symptoms
 Latency period is the time between exposure to      •
 cancer causing agent & apperance of symptoms
                         may be from 15_30 years
Symptoms may be physically appearant like skin       •
        cancer or less appearant like brain cancer
     Pancrease symptoms appears when cancer          •
       become large & cause junadice while brian
appear early as headache & bladdeer appears as
                   more or less frequent urintaion
 Many cancer symptoms may resembles another          •
    diseases like coughing in throat& lung cancer
X_ray showing lung cancer
   How cancer is classified
                                       Acc to 5 wide gp      •
   Carcinomas : cover internal & external parts of body      •
      Sarcomas :located in muscles,cartilage,bone,any        •
                                         supportive tissue
                            Lymphomas:in lymph nodes         •
    Leukimeas:in bone marrow & accumulate in blood           •
                                                   stream
There is always prefix related to cell type & suffix ends    •
                                         with word (oma)
                     Adeno=gland,chondro= cartilage,         •
  hemangio=b.v,myleo=bone marrow, myo= muscles,
                                    lipo= fat,uro bladder
Cancer diagnosis & staging

   Taking biopsy is only absolute way to •
 diagnose cancer then followed by x-rays
 molecular techniques or whatever doctor
                                  advices
 DNA methylation & cancer
  Malignant cells showes high hypermethylation in their    •
       DNA especially cpg islands more than normal cells
Genes susceptible are the genes involved in apoptosis &    •
                                              DNA repair
         Hypermethylation resulted in scilencing tumor     •
 suppressor genes so risk of developing cancer increases
        DNA methylation is amarker for tumor diagnosis     •
Most powerful techniques is sodium bisulfite method for    •
    mapping normal& APPEARANT methylation patterns
            Molecular marker can also sub classify tumor   •
    Most sensetive detection of cancer cell obtiand from   •
                                                  plasma
                Diet & cancer
Link between diet & cancer is complex because there are         •
            another factors that affect our cancer risks like
                                genes,environmental factors
   Fruites & vegetables :are important part of healty diet      •
      they are rich with vitamines & minerals so try to get
           plenty of previous but with different colours coz
    chemicals that give those foods their colors are often
                                   the same ones good for u
         Meat : red & processed meat can increase risk of       •
 bowel,stomach cancer so try to use beans & cook at low
     temperature, while white meat unlikely to increase it
    Salty food:increase risk of nasopharynx cancer,throat       •
          cancer if it was peservation salt like nitrates but
                   cooking salt only increase blood pressure
       Fiber:reduce bowel cancer at least to quarterso eat      •
Fats:necessary part of our diet but high fats •
       diet increase risk of heart diseases &
                                        cancer
 Vegetables are rich with monosaturated or •
  poly unsaturated fats while meat is higher
                              in saturated fats
 Can cancer be prevented !

                            Yes it can be •
Many studies in uk showes that 1 every 3 •
    people get cancer & 4 each 10 cases
  canbe prevented by changing life style
     Is prevention a gurantee
 Preventing cancer doesnot occur same way as peventing infectious          •
                                                               diseases
 Healthy living is not agurantee aheavy smoker could never develop         •
                                       lung cancer while a none can
    But generally changing life style may help in reducing cancer risk     •
Searching for cure is good because it save many lifes but preventing       •
                             reasons of developing is in the first place
        There is no single cure for cancer as it is a gp of 200 disease    •
          Many common cancers are preventable like lung cancer&            •
                                                             melanoma
                      Cancer is the age disease for many modern life       •
             Vitamine c history
   IN 1970 linus pauling & his colleages administrated high dose of        •
    vitamine c(10 gm/day intravenously followed by 10 gm orally to
       terminal cancer patient this therapy increased survival time &
                                              improved quality of life
   Placepo controlled studies at mayo clinic did not use intravenous       •
                               vitamine cfor terminal cancer patients
  1990 hugh riordan& colleages demonstrated that most tumor cell           •
      type exposed to vitamine c concentration 400mg/id in aculture
medium die while normal stay intact this concentration achived only
                                                        intravenously
  In 2005 mark levine & his collegesfrom national institue of health       •
        performed a study similar to hugh the mechanism of death to
cancer cells was high level of hydrogen peroxide which produced in
        response to vitamine c this study done on 5 differint cell lines
  Science 1970 many patients treated with •
      high dose of intravenously vitamine c
 some cured & some lived much longer but
                                with cancer
   Unfortunately there is no large placebo- •
controlled studies with iv vitaminne c done
       with all approved FDA drugs as they
funded by large pharmacetuical companies
      which give the researches no interest
because little mony made from investment
                               of vitamine c
Protocol for vitamine c at institue for healthy aging


      Most cancer patients require 3 intravenous        •
     infusions/week at least for 1-2 monthes this
   require intravenous line placed like PIC line&
     central line that can remain at least for few
                                            monthes
 At this institution infusion consistes of vitamine     •
      C ,vitamine E ,alphalipoic acid & glutatione
Other anti oxidantes with vitamine c increase its       •
                                        effectivness
  Oral administration on first days could be very       •
                                              helpful
  Is avoiding antioxidants during chemo or radio
                  therapy avalide


Chemotherapy or radiation kill cancerous cells &       •
    healty cells by oxidative stress & free radicals
       Antioxidants support immune system with         •
                             reducing anti oxidants
      Concern that antioxidants will undetrmined       •
 effictivness of chemotherapy is based on theory
          only & there is no evidence to prove it
         Studied cases revealed that combination       •
between both are better than traditional therapy
Well documented cases of advanced cancers
responding to intravenous vitamin c therapy

    Placebo –controlled studies of oral vitamin c therapy     •
                                       showed no benefit
Recent studies showed that maximum tolerated dose of          •
  vitamine c(18g/d)produces plasma peak of 220m mol/l
  while intravenous of same dose Is about 25 fold higher
  Doses of(50-100) result in plasma peak 14000mmol/l          •
    note that concentration above 1000mmol/l is toxic to
                                                cancer cell
       Those studies made on national cancer institue &       •
 released role of high dose of intravenously vitamine c in
                                         cancer treatment
How vitamine c stops cancer
Antioxidants such as vitamine c grab up volatile oxygen       •
free radical molecules to prevent the damage they do to
                                               vitamine c
         The hopkins study made by chi dang foundthat         •
   antioxidants actual role to destabilize tumor ability to
                   grow under oxygen starved conditions
Jhons hopkins transplanted human lymphoma in a mice           •
        which produced high level of free radicals can be
                               suppressed by antioxidants
        They found also that the implanted cells without      •
 antioxidants have no damage in DNA so they knew that
              there is another mechanism to protect DNA
Ping gao suspected that the protien dependant on           •
  free radicals called HIF-1 (hypoxia induced factor)
                      may involved in protecting DNA
        Gregg smeneza the director of vascular cell        •
     engineering & dang co-auther found that hif-1
abundant in untreated cells of mice with vitamine c
                        & disappears in treated ones
   dung explianed hif-1 helpes oxygen starved cells        •
  convert sugar& energy,intiate construction of new
   b.v to bring fresh oxygen hif -1 only operate if it
                         has asupply of free radicals
 Antioxidants remove free radicals so hif stops and        •
                                         cancer trackes
A study made in which cancerous cell with hif & no         •
      free radicals the cells lost its power in fighting
                                                  cancer
              naturopaty
The goal of this method is to enlist natural •
    healing power of body to figth disease
   This power is equated tovital force idea •
  Naturopathy doctors use same methods •
 used in mainstream medicine to diagnose
                                      illness
Naturo pathy do not use drugs or medical •
                                 technology
These natural methods used to strengthen                               •
   the body inner ability of healing are:
                                   Diet,herbal remedies & acupuncture      •
                                      Manipulation of muscles & bones      •
       They are used for minor diseases & major such as cancer & aids      •
In this way u must pay attention to patient life style & medical history   •
Hormonal cancer treatment
           Hormones are signals send from cells to another cells for     •
                                                       communication
    It can be smal protien like insuline or derived from steroids like   •
                                                             estrogen
Hormones can result in production of protiens or stop products that      •
                                                        were produced
        Cancer cell may retain ability to respond to hormonal signals    •
Idea of hormonal treatment is to starve cancer cells from hormonal       •
                                signals that stimulate them to divides
            Drugs used here block activity of hormone in target cell     •
         Hormonal treatment usually combined with other therapies        •
Nano technology in cancer treatment

Considered better than normal therapies coz it do not harm healthy        •
           cells by using tiny nano particles to target cancerous cells
       All nanostudies done on animals but there is evidence that it      •
                                       approaches working on humans
Paper made in journal nature shows that nanoparticles can home to         •
                          protiens associated with cancer progression
  Gayle woloschak siad that the used mechanism is rna interference        •
 mark davice assured that the therapy not any previous treatment is       •
                          reason for reducing cancer related protiens
                        The particles injected dierctly to blood stream   •
               We can put different materials with the nano particles     •
Nano particles in cancer treatment
 In the end I would thank every one who •
       helped me to introduce this search
Great thanks to :professor ISmaeel sadek •
            my dear friend mariem morad •
                      dr/ nagwa el refaiee •