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TRANSPORTATION OF ULSD
MAP SYSTEM TESTING
Transport and Station
Observations and Recommendations
January 26, 2005
TOMA – Diesel Fuel Marketers Seminar
Nashville, TN
1
ULSD Timeline
80% pool
2
Diesel Marketing - Low Sulfur or ULSD?
Who are your customers?
What are your logistical capabilities –
tanks, lines, dispensers?
What are your supply options?
What is your risk tolerance?
Pricing?
HOW DO YOU ENSURE
PRODUCT QUALITY? 3
Light Product Distribution System
Pre-Test Observations
Barges, Pipelines, Terminals, Transports have little or no
experience in handling ultra low sulfur diesel product
Protecting the sulfur quality of ULSD while transporting it
presents a challenge as difficult as when handling Jet Fuel
Industry has a new distribution challenge that has not been
completely quantified. Additional transportation system
testing and sharing of test data will be required.
Industry will spend millions of dollars to make facility and
procedural changes to our transportation systems to
minimize the risk of sulfur contamination
4
Objective of MAP ULSD Testing
Evaluate the capability of barge, pipeline,
terminal, transport and retail facilities to
deliver ≤ 15 ppm ULSD to the retail
customer.
5
MAP ULSD Testing Background
Barge transportation, loading and unloading operations
Originating tank and manifold piping
Pipelines from 6” through 20” – up to 500 miles in length
Destination manifolds and tank piping
Terminal Aboveground Storage Tanks
Transport loading and unloading operations
Retail Station Underground Storage Tanks
Third party pipeline companies ability to move ULSD
6
Test Scenario Example
Gulf Coast to Louisville
~ 24,000 bbls ULSD ~250 samples
Test flushing procedures on the
Lexington Terminal barge loading piping. Product was
not loaded on barge.
Tank 24-
829 Louisville Algonquin
Terminal
(Lexington, KY) Tank 36-96 (Louisville, KY)
Transport Truck
Barge
Retail Facility
Third Party Acquisition
(Gulf Coast)
7
Terminal Operations
Observations & Recommendations
8
Observations - Terminal Operations
Distillate aboveground storage tanks, after
receipt of ULSD, showed indications of
product (sulfur) stratification
A single tank sample will not represent the
overall sulfur level of the product in the
tank
Tank turns (heel mixing) for above ground
storage tanks may not be effective for
converting tanks to ULSD
Header displacement tests indicate that
dead leg piping will displace
9
Recommendations - Terminal Operations
To obtain the sulfur level of ULSD in a
tank, several samples at different liquid
heights will be required
Tanks must be emptied and have two
turnovers, emptying the tank each time,
before the tank can protect ULSD
Contamination from dead legs remains a
possibility.
Each terminal must be thoroughly analyzed for
dead leg contamination
10
Transport Operations
11
Objectives of Transport Testing
Determine the sulfur contamination impact
of transport heels
Establish if the transport type, flat vs.
slope bottom, contributes differently to
contamination
12
Transport Testing Background
Two scenarios included transport testing
Louisville 4/16/04
Macon 5/31/04
Previous contents of the transports were jet fuel at
1425 ppm sulfur
Transports were compartmented
One loaded “as is”
One drained down at rack prior to loading
One flushed at rack prior to loading
300 gallons loaded in each compartment
13
Observations – Flat Bottom Transports
GRAPH T-4
Scenario 1 - Transport Load Test 4
Flat Bottom Trailer #345 - 4/16/04
15
1/2 gal contamination
with 1425 ppm Jet 14.2
14 Fuel
14.0
1/4 gal contamination
13 with 1425 ppm Jet 13.0
Fuel
12.6
12
Sulfur - ppm
11.8
Load Arm
11
Compartment Sample
10.9
Repeatability of ULSD
10 Test Method is ±1.2 ppm
9
Load Arm - "As Is" Test Drain At Rack Flush
8 ULSD Sample Compartment 2 Compartment 3 Compartment 4
14
Observations – Slope Bottom Transports
GRAPH T-3
Scenario 1 - Transport Load Test 3
Conical Sloped Bottom Trailer #400 - 4/16/04
15
1/2 gal contamination with
1425 ppm Jet Fuel 14.2
14
13 1/4 gal contamination with
13.0
1425 ppm Jet Fuel
12
12.3
Sulfur - ppm
Load Arm
11.8
11.7
11 Compartment Sample
10.9
Repeatability of ULSD
Test Method is ±1.2 ppm
10
9
Load Arm - "As Is" Test Drain At Rack Flush
ULSD Sample Compartment 1 Compartment 3 Compartment 4
8
15
Transport Operations Observations
Transports need to be completely drained when
switching from higher sulfur products to ULSD
A flat bottom transport can present significant
contamination issues when loading ULSD
Sloped bottom transports had little if any
contribution to contamination
Draining compartments at the loading rack
reduced flat bottom contamination
Flushing compartments with ULSD prior to
loading effectively removed any residual sulfur
contamination in both transport types
16
Transport Operations Recommendations
Transport operators will need to adopt
procedures to protect ULSD quality
Transport operators should consider
complete drain down capability prior to
loading ULSD
More testing needs to be done
17
Retail & Station Operations
18
Objectives of Station Testing
Determine how stations can successfully
convert to ULSD from low sulfur diesel
Ascertain the impact of manifolded
underground storage tanks
Establish if/when product stratification
occurs
19
Station Testing Background
Macon 5/31/04 Louisville 4/16/04
Truck Stop C Truck Stop A
Truck Stop D Truck Stop B
Normal Inventories Gas Station
Minimized Inventories
Samples were pulled from each station before and
after drops
Top, middle, and bottom samples from each tank
A nozzle sample (random dispenser)
20
Macon Station Tank Mixing
Macon Area Stations
Tank Heel Mixing Tests - 5/31/04
500
429
450
426
424
Station Tank Nozzle
392
387
Station Tank 1
380
400
Station Tank 2
350
Notes: The sulfur
300
values shown as "After
Sulfur - ppm
Drop made
Drop" are averages of
into this tank
250 top, middle and bottom
samples. Drop made
into this tank
178
200
163.7
170
161
140.3
150 82.4
100
50
0
Location Truck Stop C Truck Stop C Truck Stop D Truck Stop D
Before Drop After Drop Before Drop After Drop
21
Louisville Station Tank Mixing
Louisville Area Stations
Tank Heel Mixing Tests - 4/16/04
400
355.5
357
Station Tank Nozzle Notes: The tank sulfur
350 values shown are
Station Tank 1 averages of top, middle
and bottom samples. No
Station Tank 2
tank sample available for
300 SSA- Before Drop
Station Tank 3
250
208.3
Sulfur - ppm
200
177
171
158.3
147.7
154
149
150
Drop made
1st drop made 2nd drop made
into this tank
into this tank into this tank
90.9
100
63.5
41.8
38.6
34.8
28.5
50
25.1
23.3
22.7
19.6
0 17.2
Location Truck Stop A Truck Stop A Truck Stop B Truck Stop B Truck Stop B Gas Station Gas Station
Before Drop After Drop Before Drop After 1st Drop After 2nd Drop Before Drop After Drop
22
Station Drop Volume Correlation
% Drop Volume = Volume of Load Delivered
Total Inventory After Delivery
% Drop % Drop
MACON Volume Stratify? LOUISVILLE Volume Stratify?
Truck Stop C Truck Stop A * Indicates drop tank
Tank 1 * 58% Slight Tank 1 * 70% No
Tank 2 49% Yes Tank 2 66% No
Truck Stop D Tank 3 70% No
Tank 1 63% No Truck Stop B
Tank 2 62% No Tank 1 86% No
Tank 2 * 77% No
Gas Station
Tank 1* 25% Yes
23
Station Mixing Calculations
Average sulfur Actual Calculated
Station Sulfur Sulfur
content in UST before Tank 1 ppm ppm
% diff
the drop Truck 25.1 60.9 - 58%
Inventory in tank Stop A
before the drop Truck 34.6 42.6 - 23%
Stop B –
Volume of ULSD load Drop 1
Sulfur content of Truck 17.2 18.9 - 10%
ULSD Stop B –
Drop 2
Linear mixing Truck 82.4 177.43 - 115%
assumptions Stop C
Truck 140.3 171.7 - 22%
Stop D
24
Station Observations
Mixing does occur across manifolded
tanks
Stratification in USTs can occur if the drop
volume is less than 60% of the final UST
inventory
Multiple drops into different tanks
promote better mixing
Stations should be able to successfully
provide ≤ 15 ppm with planning multiple
drops into each tank
25
Station Recommendations
Minimize inventory levels in tanks prior to
receiving ULSD loads to minimize
stratification
Drop into each tank on site to promote
mixing and quicker conversion
Estimate number of loads necessary to
convert a station using historical sulfur
content, tank inventories, and site sales
26
CONCLUSION
27
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