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Tide Variations
full new
Earth Sun
moon moon
Spring tide: lunar and solar tides add together
…so highs very high, lows very low
Neap tide: lunar and solar tides opposite, thus no additive effect
first …so highs close to lows
quarter Note: tides
moon exaggerated!
Earth distance to sun Sun
underestimated!
third
quarter diagram not to
moon scale! 1
Exaggerating Depths The thickness of this black
line is 2 times the depth of
the Mariana Trench and
Earth Diameter: 12,756 km would also easily contain
Mount Everest…more
Mount Everest: 8.848 km than all of the surface
relief of the Earth!
Average Ocean Depth: Pacific 4.028 km
Atlantic 3.926 In fact, the black
Indian 3.963 line would
Arctic 1.205 encompass both
Maximum Ocean Depth: Pacific 11.033 km the depth of the
Atlantic 9.219 Mariana Trench
Indian 7.455 and also the
Arctic 5.625 Troposphere
above it!
Moon Atmosphere: 75% found in
3, 478 km Troposphere 11.272 km
distance from Earth: 103 moon diameters! Line Thickness: 26.247 km 2
Tidal Zones
Supralittoral
Zone
Splash Supralittoral Extreme High Water Extremes at Spring Tides
Fringe
Mean High Water
Midlittoral Littoral
Because San Salvador is Zone
located near the equator, Mean Low Water
Zone
the Littoral Zone may be
quite thin, so wave height Infralittoral Fringe
may be more important to Extreme Low Water
organisms in the Littoral Infralittoral
and Supralittoral Fringe Zone
Limestone Marine Rock or Sloped Sandy Bottom
3
This tide table is provided from irbs.com/tides/calendar/month/4962.html?y=2007&m=5&d=22
San Salvador (Watling Island), Bahamas 24.05° N, 74.55° W
All tides in ft relative to an index level…All times are EDT
Tide Table May-June 2007
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
20 21 2.02 22 2.38 23 1.91 24 1.71 25 1.60 26 1.56
6:13A Sunrise 12:48A H 3.21 1:46A H 3.03 2:43A H 2.89 3:39A H 2.80 4:31A H 2.76
6:16A L 0.91 6:12A Sunrise 6:12A Sunrise 6:12A Sunrise 6:11A Sunrise 6:11A Sunrise
Tidal Flux
12:23P H 2.93 7:09A L 1.03 8:01A L 1.12 8:52A L 1.18 9:40A L 1.20 10:24A L 1.20
H-L
6:15P L 0.99 1:21P H 2.90 2:20P H 2.91 3:18P H 2.96 4:12P H 3.04 5:00P H 3.14
7:36P Sunset 7:37P Sunset 7:37P Sunset 7:38P Sunset 7:38P Sunset 7:39P Sunset
7:16P L 1.13 8:21P L 1.23 9:25P L 1.27 10:25P L 1.27 11:18P 1.23
spring neap
27 1.58 28 1.60 29 1.70 30 1.77 31 1.84 1 1.86 2
5:19A H 2.75 12:06A L 1.17 12:49A L 1.11 1:30A L 1.07 2:09A L 1.03 2:48A L 1.02 spring-
6:11A Sunrise 6:04A H 2.77 6:10A Sunrise 6:10A Sunrise 6:10A Sunrise 6:10A Sunrise neap
11:07A L 1.17 6:11A Sunrise 6:47A H 2.81 7:27A H 2.84 8:06A H 2.87 8:45A H 2.88
=0.82 ft
5:45P H 3.23 11:48A L 1.14 12:28P L 1.11 1:08P L 1.08 1:47P L 1.06 2:26P L 1.05
7:39P Sunset 6:26P H 3.32 7:05P H 3.39 7:40P Sunset 7:41P Sunset 7:41P Sunset = 9.8 in
7:39P Sunset 7:40P Sunset 7:43P H 3.43 8:20P H 3.46 8:57P H 3.47
spring
Comment: May-June Water Temperature 77-80°F = 25-26.6°C
Shallow near-shore water may be warmer!
4
Oceanic
Island
Ecology
Ecology: study of organisms in environment
5
Where We Are…
• Oceanic Island Forms
• Provides Rich Habitat Diversity
• Has Climate and Environmental Factors
• Now we need the Organisms!
6
Trophic Pyramid
3° Consumer - Carnivore
feeding on Carnivores
2° Consumer
Carnivore
Numbers 1° Consumer
Herbivore
Biomass
Energy Producer
Photosynthesis
7
Show Green Reefs Movie Here
8
Critical Thinking About This Video
The theme was: the reef is green because of overfishing.
Science decisions are based on objective evidence.
What was the evidence for “greening”? Did you see green?
What fish were you shown swimming on the reef?
Dr. Booth has visited San Salvador over some 30 years…
what did he tell you about groupers?
what did he tell you about long-spined sea urchin numbers?
What did you NOT see in this video that you should have seen if
over-fishing were a problem?
Are there other explanations for lack of herbivores?
Are there other explanations for algal overgrowth?
Are we fertilizing the algae?
What else is in the fertilizer?
The very contagious white pox coral disease is caused by
Serratia marcescens found in human feces.
Is the problem on San Salvador really overfishing or something
more complex? 9
Trophic Pyramid
3° Consumer - Carnivore
feeding on Carnivores
2° Consumer
Carnivore
Numbers 1° Consumer
Herbivore
Biomass
Energy Producer
Photosynthesis
from?
10
Trophic Funnel!
Energy
Biomass Producer
Photosynthesis
Numbers
2nd Law of 1° Consumer
Thermodynamics Herbivore
2° Consumer
So this is a leaky funnel!
Carnivore
3° Consumer - Carnivore
feeding on Carnivores 11
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2O
carbon dioxide + water
chlorophyll oxygen + carbohydrate
Food for
Consumers!
Primary Producers:
Plants, Algae, Cyanobacteria
12
Trophic
Calendar!
Colonize and Establish Large Population
Time Food Supply for Ecosystem
Habitats for Others Producer
Photosynthesis
Population of
Generalists 1° Consumer
Herbivore
Small Pop 2° Consumer
Carnivore
3° Consumer - Carnivore
feeding on Carnivores 13
Liberally adapted from: David W. Goldsmith. 2003. The great clade race:
The Forest Meet
presenting cladistic thinking to biology majors and general science
students. The American Biology Teacher 65: 679-682.
Runners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
1. This game is a cross-country meet in a forest
2. All runners enter the forest by a single south entrance
3. The finish line is the northern boundary of the forest
4. Runners need not exit at any particular place at the finish
5. There are many trails through the woods
• Trails only bifurcate (form two branches) at forks
• Trails never join together or rejoin after forking
6. Along the trail straightaways are check-in stations
7. At each check-in station, an official has a unique stamp
8. Each runner has a card that is stamped as s/he passes a station
9. Runners are not allowed to retrace a path
10. All runners must finish the race
Start 14
Bob Sue Jen Deb Lou
♥
Cal Hal Val 11. Using these stamp cards handed
in at the finish line:
• Sketch the trail map
• Show all station locations
(on the straightaways)
• Mark the exit used by each
runner
15
The Forest Meet Sharing our Results
Runners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
Since all the cards have the circle
stamp, it must have been issued at
a station in the first part of the trail
system, so that each runner would
pass it.
Start 16
The Forest Meet Sharing our Results
Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x
x
x x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
x
17
The Forest Meet Sharing our Results
Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val Total
x x x x x x x x 8
x x x x x 5
x x 2
x 1
x x x x 4
x x 2
x 1
x x 2
x 1
x x x 3
x 1
x 1
18
The Forest Meet Sharing our Results
Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val Total
x x x x x x x x 8
x x x x x 5
x x 2
x 1
x x x x 4
x x 2
x 1
x x 2
x 1
x x x 3
x 1
x 1
19
The Forest Meet Sharing our Results
Runners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
Five of the runners passed the
teardrop station, but three did
not, so our 8 runners must
have divided into two groups
Bob, Deb, Cal Sue, Lou, Jen, Hal, Val
Start 20
The Forest Meet Sharing our Results
Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val Total
x x x x x x x x 8
x x x x x 5
x x 2
x 1
x x x x 4
x x 2
x 1
x x 2
x 1
x x x 3
x 1
x 1
21
The Forest Meet Sharing our Results
Hal Runners can finish anywhere along
this northern edge
Because paths do not
rejoin, Hal is separated
and thus we can draw Four runners of the group of
him at the finish line five passed the diamond
station, but Hal did not, so he
split away before this station
Sue, Lou, Jen, Val
Bob, Deb, Cal Sue, Lou, Jen, Hal, Val
Start 22
The Forest Meet
Bob Cal Deb Hal Jen Lou Sue Val
Notice the runners
are in alphabetical All branches can be rotated:
order. But this is not e.g.: Lou before Jen
the only solution Sue-Val before Jen-Lou
Start 23
Translating the Forest Meet to Evolution on an Island
The forest represents the time-space continuum on the island
Time is shown by the runners moving from south to north
The entrance represents an arrival of a pioneer colonizer on-island
The north finish line represents the present time
The names at the finish line represent extant organisms on-island
The meet cards represent the phenotypes of extant organisms
The stamp marks are the genotype changes leading to phenotype
The branching trails show adaptive radiation (speciation) pathways
The shared marks are the synapomorphies (shared derived traits) you
used to determine the evolutionary pathways
You carried out a cladistic analysis…
intuitively with very little help from me.
Congratulations! 24
How do you DO cladistics?
1. Look at a group of organisms that you think are related
2. Find a not-too-distantly related (primitive?) out-group
3. Select characters that will help to distinguish the organisms
4. Polarize the character states by:
• Stratigraphic sequence (fossil sequence)
• Developmental sequence (ontogeny recaps phylogeny)
• Outgroup comparison
5. Build a data matrix
6. Group by number of synapomorphies (shared derived)
7. Sketch possible cladograms
8. Seek simplest (most parsimonious) cladogram
25
Asian
OG
Oahu Kauai Hawaii Maui Kauai
A B C D E
e
Character: Apomorphic Stat Taxon: OG A B C D E E B A DC
1 Eye size: Large 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 -- 2
2 Eye color: Black 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 -- 7 -- 3 -- 8
3 Neck width: Wide 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 -- 5
4 Body width: Wide 0 1 0 1 1 0 3 -- 1
5 Body color: Dark 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 OG -- 9
6 Wing width: Wide 0 1 1 1 1 1 5
7 Wing length: Long 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
-- 4
8 Leg length: Long 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 -- 10
9 Leg thickness: Thick 0 1 0 1 1 0 3
10 Stinger length: Long 0 1 1 1 1 1 5 -- 6 26
Asia Kauai Oahu Maui Hawaii
OG E B A D C
-- 2 black eye
-- 7 long wing -- 3 wide neck
-- 8 long leg
-- 5 dark body
-- 1 large eye
-- 9 thick leg
-- 4 wide body
-- 6 wide wing
-- 10 long stinger
27
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