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Word table categorizing studies investigating chemical interventions applied during processing of leafy greens
(last updated 1/20/2012)
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
lettuce, iceberg whey permeate microflora, psychrophiles 2006 Martin-Diana, A.B., D. Rico, J. Frias, J. Mulcahy, G.T.M. Henehan, and C. Barry-
Ryan. 2006. Whey permeate as a bio-preservative for shelf life maintenance of fresh-
cut vegetables. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 7:112-123.
lettuce, iceberg vinegar, white E. coli 2002 Vijayakumar, C. and C.E. Wolf-Hall. 2002. Evaluation of household sanitizers for
reducing levels of Escherichia coli on iceberg lettuce. J. Food Prot. 65:1646-1650.
lettuce, iceberg vinegar, rice E. coli O157:H7 2007 Chang, C.-M. and T.J. Fang. 2007. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium in iceberg lettuce and the antimicrobial
effect of rice vinegar against E. coli O157:H7. Food Microbiol. 24:745-751.
lettuce, iceberg vinegar, chlorine E. coli 2002 Vijayakumar, C. and C.E. Wolf-Hall. 2002. Evaluation of household sanitizers for
reducing levels of Escherichia coli on iceberg lettuce. J. Food Prot. 65:1646-1650.
lettuce, iceberg vinegar, apple cider E. coli 2002 Vijayakumar, C. and C.E. Wolf-Hall. 2002. Evaluation of household sanitizers for
reducing levels of Escherichia coli on iceberg lettuce. J. Food Prot. 65:1646-1650.
lettuce vinegar solution, 5% L. innocua 2006 Kilonzo-Nthenge, A., F.-C. Chen, and S.L. Godwin. 2006. Efficacy of home washing
methods in controlling surface microbial contamination on fresh produce. J. Food
Prot. 69:330-334.
lettuce vinegar and lemon E. coli 2010 Karagözlü, N., B. Ergönül, and D. Özcan. 2011. Determination of antimicrobial
juice effect of mint and basil essential oils on survival of E. coli O157:H7 and S.
typhimurium in fresh-cut lettuce and purslane. Food Control 22:1851-1855.
lettuce vinegar coliforms 2007 Amoah, P., P. Drechsel, R.C. Abaidoo, and A. Klutse. 2007. Effectiveness of
common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for
the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables. Trop. Med. Int.
Hlth. 12:40-50.
lettuce vinegar helminths 2007 Amoah, P., P. Drechsel, R.C. Abaidoo, and A. Klutse. 2007. Effectiveness of
common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for
the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables. Trop. Med. Int.
Hlth. 12:40-50.
lettuce, iceberg vinegar E. coli 2003 Nascimento, M.S., N. Silva, M.P.L.M. Catanozi, and K.C. Silva. 2003. Effects of
different disinfection treatments on the natural microbiota of lettuce. J. Food Prot.
66:1697-1700.
rocket leaves vinegar Salmonella typhimurium 2005 Sengun, I.Y. and M. Karapinar. 2005. Effectiveness of household natural sanitizers in
the elimination of Salmonella typhimurium on rocket (Eruca sativa Miller) and spring
onion. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 98:319-323.
lettuce, head Victory produce wash microflora, total aerobic 2003 Smith, S., M. Dunbar, D. Tucker, and D.W. Schaffner. 2003. Efficacy of a
commercial produce wash on bacterial contamination of lettuce in a food service
setting. J. Food Prot. 66:2359-2361.
lettuce Veggie Wash solution L. innocua 2006 Kilonzo-Nthenge, A., F.-C. Chen, and S.L. Godwin. 2006. Efficacy of home washing
methods in controlling surface microbial contamination on fresh produce. J. Food
Prot. 69:330-334.
lettuce, green leaf Tween 80 Salmonella spp. 2003 Raiden, R.M., S.S. Sumner, J.D. Eifert, and M.D. Pierson. 2003. Efficacy of
detergents in removing Salmonella and Shigella spp. from the surface of fresh
produce. J. Food Prot. 66:2210-2215.
lettuce, green leaf Tween 80 Shigella spp. 2003 Raiden, R.M., S.S. Sumner, J.D. Eifert, and M.D. Pierson. 2003. Efficacy of
detergents in removing Salmonella and Shigella spp. from the surface of fresh
produce. J. Food Prot. 66:2210-2215.
lettuce, iceberg Tsunami E. coli 2009 López-Gálvez, F., A. Allende, M.V. Selma, and M.I. Gil. 2009. Prevention of
Escherichia coli cross-contamination by different commercial sanitizers during
washing of fresh-cut lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 133:167-171.
lettuce trisodium phosphate calicivirus, feline 2011 Su, X. and D. D'Souza. 2011. Trisodium phosphate for foodborne virus reduction
on produce. Foodborne Path. Dis. 8:713-717.
lettuce trisodium phosphate virus, murine norovirus 2011 Su, X. and D. D'Souza. 2011. Trisodium phosphate for foodborne virus reduction
on produce. Foodborne Path. Dis. 8:713-717.
lettuce, romaine trans-cinnamaldehyde E. coli O157:H7 2011 Viazis, S., M. Akhtar, J. Feirtag, and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2011. Reduction of
Escherichia coli O157:H7 viability on leafy green vegetables by treatment with a
bacteriophage mixture and trans-cinnamaldehyde. Food Microbiol. 28:149-157.
spinach trans- Listeria spp. 2011 Gomes, C., R.G. Moreira, and E. Castell-Perez. 2011. Microencapsulated
cinnamaldehyde antimicrobial compounds as a means to enhance electron beam irradiation
treatment for inactivation of pathogens on fresh spinach leaves. J. Food Sci.
76:E479
spinach trans- Salmonella spp. 2011 Gomes, C., R.G. Moreira, and E. Castell-Perez. 2011. Microencapsulated
cinnamaldehyde antimicrobial compounds as a means to enhance electron beam irradiation
treatment for inactivation of pathogens on fresh spinach leaves. J. Food Sci.
76:E479
spinach, baby trans-cinnamaldehyde E. coli O157:H7 2011 Viazis, S., M. Akhtar, J. Feirtag, and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2011. Reduction of
Escherichia coli O157:H7 viability on leafy green vegetables by treatment with a
bacteriophage mixture and trans-cinnamaldehyde. Food Microbiol. 28:149-157.
sprouts, alfalfa trans-anethole Salmonella spp. 2001 Weissinger, W.R., K.H. McWatters, and L.R. Beuchat. 2001. Evaluation of volatile
chemical treatments for lethality to Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. J. Food
Prot. 64:442-450.
sprouts, alfalfa thymol Salmonella spp. 2001 Weissinger, W.R., K.H. McWatters, and L.R. Beuchat. 2001. Evaluation of volatile
chemical treatments for lethality to Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. J. Food
Prot. 64:442-450.
lettuce thyme oil E. coli 2010 Erkmen, O. 2010. Antimicrobial effects of hypochlorite on Escherichia coli in water
and selected vegetables. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:953-958.
lettuce, romaine thyme oil E. coli O157:H7 2002 Singh, N., R.K. Singh, A.K. Bhunia, and R.L. Stroshine. 2002. Effect of inoculation
and washing methods on the efficacy of different sanitizers against Escherichia coli
O157:H7 on lettuce. Food Microbiol. 19:183-193.
parsley thyme oil E. coli 2010 Erkmen, O. 2010. Antimicrobial effects of hypochlorite on Escherichia coli in water
and selected vegetables. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:953-958.
lettuce, iceberg thyme essential oil Bacillus cereus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
Page 1
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
1854.
lettuce, iceberg thyme essential oil E. coli 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg thyme essential oil Enterobacter spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg thyme essential oil Listeria spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg thyme essential oil Salmonella 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg thyme essential oil Staphylococcus aureus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce Tergitol Yersinia enterocolitica 1999 Escudero, M.E., L. Velázquez, M.A. Di Genaro, and A.M.S. de Guzmán. 1999.
Effectiveness of various disinfectants in the elimination of Yersinia enterocolitica on
fresh lettuce. J. Food Prot. 62:665-669.
lettuce, romaine tea tree essential oil coliforms 2011 Ponce, A., S.I. Roura, and M. del R. Moreira. 2011. Essential oils as biopreservatives:
Different methods for the technological application in lettuce leaves. J. Food Sci.
76:M34.
spinach tartaric acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2010 Ganesh, V., N.S. Hettiarachchy, M. Ravichandran, M.G. Johnson, C.L. Griffis, E.M.
Martin. J.-F. Meullenet, and S.C. Ricke. 2010. Electrostatic sprays of food-grade
acids and plant extracts are more effective than conventional sprays in
decontaminating Salmonella Typhimurium on spinach. J. Food Sci. 75:M574.
spinach, baby tartaric acid E. coli O157:H7 2011 Huang, Y. and H. Chen. 2011. Effect of organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and
mild heat on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on baby spinach. Food
Control 22:1178-1183.
lettuce, iceberg sucrose fatty acid microflora, mesophiles 2010 Soli, K.W., A. Yoshizumi, A. Motomatsu, M. Yamakawa, M. Yamasaki, T. Mishima,
esters N. Miyaji, K-I. Honjoh, and T. Miyamoto. 2010. Decontamination of fresh produce
by the use of slightly acidic hypochlorous water following pretreatment with sucrose
fatty acid ester under microbubble generation. Food Control 21:1240-1244.
produce spray washing Review 2002 Pordesimo, L.O., E.G. Wilkerson, A.R. Womac, and C.N. Cutter. 2002. Process
treatments engineering variables in the spray washing of meat and produce. J. Food Prot.
65:222-237.
spinach Sporan Salmonella 2012 Yossa, N., J. Patel, P. Millner, and Y.M. Lo. 2012. Essential oils reduce
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on spinach leaves. J. Food Prot.
75:488-496.
spinach Sporan E. coli O157:H7 2012 Yossa, N., J. Patel, P. Millner, and Y.M. Lo. 2012. Essential oils reduce
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on spinach leaves. J. Food Prot.
75:488-496.
cabbage sorbate, potassium, L. monocytogenes 2005 Bari, M.L., D.O. Ukuku, T. Kawasaki, Y. Inatsu, K. Isshiki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005.
with nisin and/or Combined efficacy of nisin and pediocin with sodium lactate, citric acid, phytic acid,
pediocin and potassium sorbate and EDTA in reducing the Listeria monocytogenes population
of inoculated fresh-cut produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1381-1387.
sprouts, mung bean sorbate, potassium, L. monocytogenes 2005 Bari, M.L., D.O. Ukuku, T. Kawasaki, Y. Inatsu, K. Isshiki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005.
with nisin and/or Combined efficacy of nisin and pediocin with sodium lactate, citric acid, phytic acid,
pediocin and potassium sorbate and EDTA in reducing the Listeria monocytogenes population
of inoculated fresh-cut produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1381-1387.
lettuce, green leaf sodium lauryl sulfate Salmonella spp. 2003 Raiden, R.M., S.S. Sumner, J.D. Eifert, and M.D. Pierson. 2003. Efficacy of
detergents in removing Salmonella and Shigella spp. from the surface of fresh
produce. J. Food Prot. 66:2210-2215.
lettuce, green leaf sodium lauryl sulfate Shigella spp. 2003 Raiden, R.M., S.S. Sumner, J.D. Eifert, and M.D. Pierson. 2003. Efficacy of
detergents in removing Salmonella and Shigella spp. from the surface of fresh
produce. J. Food Prot. 66:2210-2215.
cabbage, white sodium coliforms 2004 Nicholl, P., S. Mcinerney, and M. Prendergast. 2004. Growth dynamics of indigenous
dichloroisocyanurate microbial populations on vegetables after decontamination and during refrigerated
storage. J. Food Proc. Preserv. 28:442-459.
lettuce, butterhead sodium coliforms 2004 Nicholl, P., S. Mcinerney, and M. Prendergast. 2004. Growth dynamics of indigenous
dichloroisocyanurate microbial populations on vegetables after decontamination and during refrigerated
storage. J. Food Proc. Preserv. 28:442-459.
rocket leaves sodium chlorite, coliforms 2006 Martínez-Sánchez, A., A. Allende, R.N. Bennett, F. Ferreres, and M.I. Gil. 2006.
acidified (Sanova) Microbial, nutritional and sensory quality of rocket leaves as affected by different
sanitizers. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 42:86-97.
cabbage, Chinese sodium chlorite, E. coli O157:H7 2007 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, and S. Kawamoto. 2007. Application of acidified sodium
acidified chlorite prewashing treatment to improve the food hygiene of lightly fermented
vegetables. Japan Agri. Res. Quarterly 41:17-23.
cabbage, Chinese sodium chlorite, L. monocytogenes 2007 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, and S. Kawamoto. 2007. Application of acidified sodium
acidified chlorite prewashing treatment to improve the food hygiene of lightly fermented
vegetables. Japan Agri. Res. Quarterly 41:17-23.
cabbage, Chinese sodium chlorite, Salmonella Enteritidis 2007 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, and S. Kawamoto. 2007. Application of acidified sodium
acidified chlorite prewashing treatment to improve the food hygiene of lightly fermented
vegetables. Japan Agri. Res. Quarterly 41:17-23.
cabbage, Chinese sodium chlorite, Staphylococcus aureus 2007 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, and S. Kawamoto. 2007. Application of acidified sodium
acidified chlorite prewashing treatment to improve the food hygiene of lightly fermented
vegetables. Japan Agri. Res. Quarterly 41:17-23.
cabbage, Chinese sodium chlorite, E. coli O157:H7 2005 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, K. Isshiki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Efficacy of
acidified acidified sodium chlorite treatments in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on
Chinese cabbage. J. Food Prot. 68:251-255.
Page 2
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
cabbage, Chinese sodium chlorite, E. coli O157:H7 2005 Inatsu, Y., Y. Maeda, M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Prewashing
acidified with acidified sodium chlorite reduces pathogenic bacteria in lightly fermented
Chinese cabbage. J. Food Prot. 68:999-1004.
cabbage, Chinese sodium chlorite, L. monocytogenes 2005 Inatsu, Y., Y. Maeda, M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Prewashing
acidified with acidified sodium chlorite reduces pathogenic bacteria in lightly fermented
Chinese cabbage. J. Food Prot. 68:999-1004.
cabbage, Chinese sodium chlorite, Salmonella Enteritidis 2005 Inatsu, Y., Y. Maeda, M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Prewashing
acidified with acidified sodium chlorite reduces pathogenic bacteria in lightly fermented
Chinese cabbage. J. Food Prot. 68:999-1004.
cabbage, Chinese sodium chlorite, Staphylococcus aureus 2005 Inatsu, Y., Y. Maeda, M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Prewashing
acidified with acidified sodium chlorite reduces pathogenic bacteria in lightly fermented
Chinese cabbage. J. Food Prot. 68:999-1004.
mixed greens sodium chlorite, E. coli O157:H7 2008 Stopforth, J.D., T. Mai, B. Kottapalli, and M. Samadpour. 2008. Effect of acidified
acidified sodium chlorite, chlorine, and acidic electrolyzed water on Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto leafy greens. J.
Food Prot. 71:625-628. (mixed greens include organic baby lettuces (red and green
romaine, red and green oak leaf, lollo rosa, tango), organic red and green chard,
organic mizuna, organic arugula, organic frisée, and organic radicchio)
mixed greens sodium chlorite, L. monocytogenes 2008 Stopforth, J.D., T. Mai, B. Kottapalli, and M. Samadpour. 2008. Effect of acidified
acidified sodium chlorite, chlorine, and acidic electrolyzed water on Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto leafy greens. J.
Food Prot. 71:625-628. (mixed greens include organic baby lettuces (red and green
romaine, red and green oak leaf, lollo rosa, tango), organic red and green chard,
organic mizuna, organic arugula, organic frisée, and organic radicchio)
mixed greens sodium chlorite, Salmonella spp. 2008 Stopforth, J.D., T. Mai, B. Kottapalli, and M. Samadpour. 2008. Effect of acidified
acidified sodium chlorite, chlorine, and acidic electrolyzed water on Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto leafy greens. J.
Food Prot. 71:625-628. (mixed greens include organic baby lettuces (red and green
romaine, red and green oak leaf, lollo rosa, tango), organic red and green chard,
organic mizuna, organic arugula, organic frisée, and organic radicchio)
spinach sodium chlorite, E. coli O157:H7 2008 Nei, D., J.-W. Choi, M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, S. Kawamoto, and Y. Inatsu. 2008.
acidified Efficacy of chlorine and acidified sodium chlorite on microbial population and
quality changes of spinach leaves. Foodborne Path. Dis. 6:541-546.
lettuce, iceberg slightly acidic E. coli O157:H7 2011 Pangloli, P. and Y.-C. Hung. 2011. Efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water in
electrolyzed water killing or reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on iceberg lettuce and tomatoes
under simulated food service operation conditions. J. Food Sci. 76:M361.
basil silver coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490.
cilantro silver coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490.
lettuce, iceberg silver Enterobacteriaceae 2010 Gopal, A., J. Coventry, J. Wan, H. Roginski, and S. Ajlouni. 2010. Alternative
disinfection techniques to extend the shelf life of minimally processed iceberg lettuce.
Food Microbiol. 27:210-219.
parsley silver coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490.
cabbage, shredded scallop shell powder coliforms 2001 Sawal, J., M. Satoh, M. Horikawa, H. Shiga, and H. Kojima. 2001. Heated scallop-
slurry, heated shell powder slurry treatment of shredded cabbage. J. Food Prot. 64:1579-1583.
lettuce salt solutions coliforms 2007 Amoah, P., P. Drechsel, R.C. Abaidoo, and A. Klutse. 2007. Effectiveness of
common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for
the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables. Trop. Med. Int.
Hlth. 12:40-50.
lettuce salt solutions helminths 2007 Amoah, P., P. Drechsel, R.C. Abaidoo, and A. Klutse. 2007. Effectiveness of
common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for
the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables. Trop. Med. Int.
Hlth. 12:40-50.
lettuce, shredded Salmide L. monocytogenes 1996 Zhang, S. and J.M. Farber. 1996. The effects of various disinfectants against Listeria
monocytogenes on fresh-cut vegetables. Food Microbiol. 13:311-321.
lettuce, iceberg sage essential oil Bacillus cereus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg sage essential oil E. coli 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg sage essential oil Enterobacter spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg sage essential oil Listeria spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg sage essential oil Salmonella 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg sage essential oil Staphylococcus aureus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg rosemary essential oil Bacillus cereus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
Page 3
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg rosemary essential oil E. coli 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg rosemary essential oil Enterobacter spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg rosemary essential oil Listeria spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg rosemary essential oil Salmonella 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg rosemary essential oil Staphylococcus aureus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, romaine rosemary essential oil coliforms 2011 Ponce, A., S.I. Roura, and M. del R. Moreira. 2011. Essential oils as biopreservatives:
Different methods for the technological application in lettuce leaves. J. Food Sci.
76:M34.
alfalfa sprouts roselle extracts Salmonella 2012 Jaroni, D. and S. Ravishankar. 2012. Bactericidal effects of roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa) against foodborne pathogens in vitro and on romaine lettuce and alfalfa
sprouts. Qual. Assur. Safety Crops Foods 4:33-40.
alfalfa sprouts roselle extracts E. coli O157:H7 2012 Jaroni, D. and S. Ravishankar. 2012. Bactericidal effects of roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa) against foodborne pathogens in vitro and on romaine lettuce and alfalfa
sprouts. Qual. Assur. Safety Crops Foods 4:33-40.
alfalfa sprouts roselle extracts L. monocytogenes 2012 Jaroni, D. and S. Ravishankar. 2012. Bactericidal effects of roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa) against foodborne pathogens in vitro and on romaine lettuce and alfalfa
sprouts. Qual. Assur. Safety Crops Foods 4:33-40.
lettuce, romaine roselle extracts Salmonella 2012 Jaroni, D. and S. Ravishankar. 2012. Bactericidal effects of roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa) against foodborne pathogens in vitro and on romaine lettuce and alfalfa
sprouts. Qual. Assur. Safety Crops Foods 4:33-40.
lettuce, romaine roselle extracts E. coli O157:H7 2012 Jaroni, D. and S. Ravishankar. 2012. Bactericidal effects of roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa) against foodborne pathogens in vitro and on romaine lettuce and alfalfa
sprouts. Qual. Assur. Safety Crops Foods 4:33-40.
lettuce, romaine roselle extracts L. monocytogenes 2012 Jaroni, D. and S. Ravishankar. 2012. Bactericidal effects of roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa) against foodborne pathogens in vitro and on romaine lettuce and alfalfa
sprouts. Qual. Assur. Safety Crops Foods 4:33-40.
produce, fresh-cut Review 2003 Parish, M.E., L.R. Beuchat, T.V. Suslow, L.J. Harris, E.H. Garrett, J.N. Farber,
and F.F. Busta. 2003. Methods to reduce/eliminate pathogens from fresh and
fresh-cut produce. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Safety 2S:161.
lettuce, iceberg Purac E. coli 2009 López-Gálvez, F., A. Allende, M.V. Selma, and M.I. Gil. 2009. Prevention of
Escherichia coli cross-contamination by different commercial sanitizers during
washing of fresh-cut lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 133:167-171.
spinach propolis extract Listeria spp. 2011 Gomes, C., R.G. Moreira, and E. Castell-Perez. 2011. Microencapsulated
antimicrobial compounds as a means to enhance electron beam irradiation
treatment for inactivation of pathogens on fresh spinach leaves. J. Food Sci.
76:E479
spinach propolis extract Salmonella spp. 2011 Gomes, C., R.G. Moreira, and E. Castell-Perez. 2011. Microencapsulated
antimicrobial compounds as a means to enhance electron beam irradiation
treatment for inactivation of pathogens on fresh spinach leaves. J. Food Sci.
76:E479
lettuce propionic acid E. coli O157:H7 2011 Park, S.-H., M.-R. Choi, J.-W. Park, K-H. Park, M-S. Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H.
Kang.. 2011. Use of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples and
lettuce. J. Food Sci. 76:M293.
lettuce propionic acid L. monocytogenes 2011 Park, S.-H., M.-R. Choi, J.-W. Park, K-H. Park, M-S. Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H.
Kang.. 2011. Use of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples and
lettuce. J. Food Sci. 76:M293.
lettuce propionic acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2011 Park, S.-H., M.-R. Choi, J.-W. Park, K-H. Park, M-S. Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H.
Kang.. 2011. Use of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples
andn lettuce. J. Food Sci. 76:M293.
cabbage phytic acid, with nisin L. monocytogenes 2005 Bari, M.L., D.O. Ukuku, T. Kawasaki, Y. Inatsu, K. Isshiki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005.
and/or pediocin Combined efficacy of nisin and pediocin with sodium lactate, citric acid, phytic acid,
and potassium sorbate and EDTA in reducing the Listeria monocytogenes population
of inoculated fresh-cut produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1381-1387.
sprouts, mung bean phytic acid, with nisin L. monocytogenes 2005 Bari, M.L., D.O. Ukuku, T. Kawasaki, Y. Inatsu, K. Isshiki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005.
and/or pediocin Combined efficacy of nisin and pediocin with sodium lactate, citric acid, phytic acid,
and potassium sorbate and EDTA in reducing the Listeria monocytogenes population
of inoculated fresh-cut produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1381-1387.
lettuce, shredded phosphate, trisodium L. monocytogenes 1996 Zhang, S. and J.M. Farber. 1996. The effects of various disinfectants against Listeria
monocytogenes on fresh-cut vegetables. Food Microbiol. 13:311-321.
lettuce, iceberg peroxyacetic acid, E. coli O157:H7 2005 Oh, S.-W., G.I. Dancer, and D.-H. Kang. 2005. Efficacy of aerosolized peroxyacetic
aerosolized acid as a sanitizer of lettuce leaves. J. Food Prot. 68:1743-1747.
lettuce, iceberg peroxyacetic acid, L. monocytogenes 2005 Oh, S.-W., G.I. Dancer, and D.-H. Kang. 2005. Efficacy of aerosolized peroxyacetic
aerosolized acid as a sanitizer of lettuce leaves. J. Food Prot. 68:1743-1747.
lettuce, iceberg peroxyacetic acid, Salmonella Typhimurium 2005 Oh, S.-W., G.I. Dancer, and D.-H. Kang. 2005. Efficacy of aerosolized peroxyacetic
aerosolized acid as a sanitizer of lettuce leaves. J. Food Prot. 68:1743-1747.
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lettuce, iceberg peroxyacetic acid Enterobacter sakazakii 2006 Kim, H., J.-H. Ryu, and L.R. Beuchat. 2006. Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii on
(Tsunami) fresh produce as affected by temperature, and effectiveness of sanitizers for its
elimination. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 111:134-143.
rocket leaves peroxyacetic acid coliforms 2006 Martínez-Sánchez, A., A. Allende, R.N. Bennett, F. Ferreres, and M.I. Gil. 2006.
(Tsunami) Microbial, nutritional and sensory quality of rocket leaves as affected by different
sanitizers. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 42:86-97.
lettuce, iceberg peroxyacetic acid E. coli O157:H7 2009 Zhang, G., L. Ma, V.H. Phelan, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Efficacy of antimicrobial
(Tsunami 100) agents in lettuce leaf processing water for control of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J.
Food Prot. 72:1392-1397.
cabbage peroxyacetic acid calicivirus, feline 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
cabbage peroxyacetic acid coliphage MS2, F-specific 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
cabbage peroxyacetic acid E. coli 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
cabbage, white peroxyacetic acid microflora, total aerobic plate 2009 Vandekinderen, I., F. Devlieghere, B. De Meulenaer, P. Ragaert, and J. Van Camp.
count 2009. Optimization and evaluation of a decontamination step with peroxyacetic acid
for fresh-cut produce, Food Microbiol. 26:882-888.
lettuce peroxyacetic acid calicivirus, feline 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce peroxyacetic acid coliphage MS2, F-specific 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce peroxyacetic acid E. coli 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce peroxyacetic acid virus, feline calicivirus 2001 Gulati, B.R., P.B. Allwood, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2001. Efficacy of
commonly used disinfectants for the inactivation of calcivirus on strawberry, lettuce,
and a food-contact surface. J. Food Prot. 64:1430-1434.
lettuce, iceberg peroxyacetic acid E. coli O157:H7 2009 Baert, L., I. Vandekinderen, F. Devlieghere, E. Van Coillie, J. Debevere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce
murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
on shredded Iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food Prot. 72:1047-1054.
lettuce, iceberg peroxyacetic acid L. monocytogenes 2009 Baert, L., I. Vandekinderen, F. Devlieghere, E. Van Coillie, J. Debevere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce
murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
on shredded Iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food Prot. 72:1047-1054.
lettuce, iceberg peroxyacetic acid virus, murine norovirus 2009 Baert, L., I. Vandekinderen, F. Devlieghere, E. Van Coillie, J. Debevere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce
murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
on shredded Iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food Prot. 72:1047-1054.
lettuce, iceberg peroxyacetic acid L. monocytogenes 2004 Beuchat, L.R., B.B. Adler, and M.M. Lang. 2004. Efficacy of chlorine and a
peroxyacetic acid sanitizer in killing Listeria monocytogenes on iceberg and romaine
lettuce using simulated commercial processing conditions. J. Food Prot. 67:1238-
1242.
lettuce, iceberg peroxyacetic acid microflora, total aerobic plate 2009 Vandekinderen, I., F. Devlieghere, B. De Meulenaer, P. Ragaert, and J. Van Camp.
count 2009. Optimization and evaluation of a decontamination step with peroxyacetic acid
for fresh-cut produce, Food Microbiol. 26:882-888.
lettuce, romaine peroxyacetic acid L. monocytogenes 2004 Beuchat, L.R., B.B. Adler, and M.M. Lang. 2004. Efficacy of chlorine and a
peroxyacetic acid sanitizer in killing Listeria monocytogenes on iceberg and romaine
lettuce using simulated commercial processing conditions. J. Food Prot. 67:1238-
1242.
lettuce, romaine peroxyacetic acid L. innocua 2011 Ho, K-L.G., D.A. Luzuriaga, K.M. Rodde, S. Tang, and C. Phan. 2011. Efficacy of
a novel sanitizer composed of lactic acid and peroxyacetic acid against single
strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli K-12, Listeria innocua, and
Lactobacillus plantarum in aqueous solution and on surfaces of Romaine lettuce
and spinach. J. Food Prot. 74:1468-1474.
lettuce, romaine peroxyacetic acid E. coli K-12 2011 Ho, K-L.G., D.A. Luzuriaga, K.M. Rodde, S. Tang, and C. Phan. 2011. Efficacy of
a novel sanitizer composed of lactic acid and peroxyacetic acid against single
strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli K-12, Listeria innocua, and
Lactobacillus plantarum in aqueous solution and on surfaces of Romaine lettuce
and spinach. J. Food Prot. 74:1468-1474.
spinach peroxyacetic acid L. innocua 2011 Ho, K-L.G., D.A. Luzuriaga, K.M. Rodde, S. Tang, and C. Phan. 2011. Efficacy of
a novel sanitizer composed of lactic acid and peroxyacetic acid against single
strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli K-12, Listeria innocua, and
Lactobacillus plantarum in aqueous solution and on surfaces of Romaine lettuce
and spinach. J. Food Prot. 74:1468-1474.
spinach peroxyacetic acid E. coli K-12 2011 Ho, K-L.G., D.A. Luzuriaga, K.M. Rodde, S. Tang, and C. Phan. 2011. Efficacy of
a novel sanitizer composed of lactic acid and peroxyacetic acid against single
strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli K-12, Listeria innocua, and
Lactobacillus plantarum in aqueous solution and on surfaces of Romaine lettuce
and spinach. J. Food Prot. 74:1468-1474.
water, wash peroxyacetic acid E. coli O157:H7 2009 Baert, L., I. Vandekinderen, F. Devlieghere, E. Van Coillie, J. Debevere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce
murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
on shredded Iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food Prot. 72:1047-1054.
water, wash peroxyacetic acid L. monocytogenes 2009 Baert, L., I. Vandekinderen, F. Devlieghere, E. Van Coillie, J. Debevere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce
murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
on shredded Iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food Prot. 72:1047-1054.
water, wash peroxyacetic acid virus, murine norovirus 2009 Baert, L., I. Vandekinderen, F. Devlieghere, E. Van Coillie, J. Debevere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce
Page 5
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
on shredded Iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food Prot. 72:1047-1054.
lettuce, leaf peroxyaceetic acid E. coli O157:H7 2004 Rodgers, S.L., J.N. Cash, M. Siddiq, and E.T. Ryser. 2004. A comparison of different
chemical sanitizers for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria
monocytogenes in solution and on apples, lettuce, strawberries, and cantaloupe. J.
Food Prot. 67:721-731.
lettuce, leaf peroxyaceetic acid L. monocytogenes 2004 Rodgers, S.L., J.N. Cash, M. Siddiq, and E.T. Ryser. 2004. A comparison of different
chemical sanitizers for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria
monocytogenes in solution and on apples, lettuce, strawberries, and cantaloupe. J.
Food Prot. 67:721-731.
parsley peracetic acid and Salmonella Typhimurium 2009 Shirron, N., G. Kisluk, Y. Zelikovich, I. Eivin, E. Shimoni, and S. Yaron. 2009. A
hydrogen peroxide comparative study assaying commonly used sanitizers for antimicrobial activity
against indicator bacteria and a Salmonella Typhimurium strain on fresh produce. J.
Food Prot. 72:2413-2417.
basil peracetic acid coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490.
cilantro peracetic acid coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490.
lettuce, iceberg peracetic acid L. monocytogenes 2006 Hellström, S., R. Kervinen, M. Lyly, R. Ahvenainen-Rantala, and H. Korkeala. 2006.
Efficacy of disinfectants to reduce Listeria monocytogenes on precut Iceberg lettuce.
J. Food Prot. 69:1565-1570.
lettuce, iceberg peracetic acid E. coli 2003 Nascimento, M.S., N. Silva, M.P.L.M. Catanozi, and K.C. Silva. 2003. Effects of
different disinfection treatments on the natural microbiota of lettuce. J. Food Prot.
66:1697-1700.
parsley peracetic acid coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490.
lettuce, iceberg parsley essential oil Bacillus cereus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg parsley essential oil E. coli 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg parsley essential oil Enterobacter spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg parsley essential oil Listeria spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg parsley essential oil Salmonella 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg parsley essential oil Staphylococcus aureus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg ozone, with and E. coli O157:H7 2006 Yuk, H.-G., M.-Y. Yoo, J.-W. Yoon, K.-D. Moon, D.L. Marshall, and D.-H. Oh.
without organic acids 2006. Effect of combined ozone and organic acid treatment for control of Escherichia
coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce. J. Food Sci. 71:M83-M87.
lettuce, iceberg ozone, with and L. monocytogenes 2006 Yuk, H.-G., M.-Y. Yoo, J.-W. Yoon, K.-D. Moon, D.L. Marshall, and D.-H. Oh.
without organic acids 2006. Effect of combined ozone and organic acid treatment for control of Escherichia
coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce. J. Food Sci. 71:M83-M87.
lettuce ozone, aqueous coliforms 2001 Koseki, S., K. Yoshida, S. Isobe, and K. Itoh. 2001. Decontamination of lettuce using
acidic electrolyzed water. J. Food Prot. 64:652-658.
lettuce, iceberg ozone, aqueous E. coli 2007 Hassenberg, K., C. Idler, E. Molloy, M. Geyer, M. Plöchi, and J. Barnes. 2007. Use
of ozone in a lettuce-washing process: an industrial trial. J. Sci. Food Agric. 87:914-
919.
lettuce, iceberg ozone, aqueous Salmonella spp. 2007 Hassenberg, K., C. Idler, E. Molloy, M. Geyer, M. Plöchi, and J. Barnes. 2007. Use
of ozone in a lettuce-washing process: an industrial trial. J. Sci. Food Agric. 87:914-
919.
lettuce, iceberg ozone, aqueous microflora, mesophiles 2006 Koseki, S. and S. Isobe. 2006. Effect of ozonated water treatment on microbial
control and on browning of iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). J. Food Prot. 69:154-
160.
lettuce, romaine ozone, aqueous E. coli O157:H7 2002 Singh, N., R.K. Singh, A.K. Bhunia, and R.L. Stroshine. 2002. Effect of inoculation
and washing methods on the efficacy of different sanitizers against Escherichia coli
O157:H7 on lettuce. Food Microbiol. 19:183-193.
rocket leaves ozone, aqueous coliforms 2006 Martínez-Sánchez, A., A. Allende, R.N. Bennett, F. Ferreres, and M.I. Gil. 2006.
Microbial, nutritional and sensory quality of rocket leaves as affected by different
sanitizers. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 42:86-97.
spinach ozone, aqueous E. coli O157:H7 2010 Rahman, S.M.E., T. Ding, and D.-H. Oh. 2010. Inactivation effect of newly
developed low concentration electrolyzed water and other sanitizers against
microorganisms on spinach. Food Control 21:1383-1387.
spinach ozone, aqueous L. monocytogenes 2010 Rahman, S.M.E., T. Ding, and D.-H. Oh. 2010. Inactivation effect of newly
developed low concentration electrolyzed water and other sanitizers against
microorganisms on spinach. Food Control 21:1383-1387.
lettuce seeds ozone gas E. coli O157:H7 2011 Trinetta, V., N. Vaidya, R. Linton, and M. Morgan. 2011. A comparative study on
the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide gas, ozone gas, and e-beam irradiation
treatments for inactivation of pathogens inoculated onto tomato, cantaloupe, and
lettuce seeds. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 146:203-206.
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lettuce, iceberg ozone and nitric oxide E. coli O157:H7 2007 Critzer, F.J., K. Kelly-Wintenberg, S.L. South, and D.A. Golden. 2007. Atmospheric
(atmospheric plasma) plasma inactivation of foodborne pathogens on fresh produce surfaces. J. Food Prot.
70:2290-2296.
lettuce, iceberg ozone and nitric oxide L. monocytogenes 2007 Critzer, F.J., K. Kelly-Wintenberg, S.L. South, and D.A. Golden. 2007. Atmospheric
(atmospheric plasma) plasma inactivation of foodborne pathogens on fresh produce surfaces. J. Food Prot.
70:2290-2296.
lettuce, iceberg ozone and nitric oxide Salmonella spp. 2007 Critzer, F.J., K. Kelly-Wintenberg, S.L. South, and D.A. Golden. 2007. Atmospheric
(atmospheric plasma) plasma inactivation of foodborne pathogens on fresh produce surfaces. J. Food Prot.
70:2290-2296.
cabbage ozone L. monocytogenes 2000 Fisher, C.W., D. Lee, B.-A. Dodge, K.M. Hamman, J.B. Robbins, and S.E. Martin.
2000. Influence of catalase and superoxide dismutase on ozone inactivation of
Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:1405-1409.
cilantro ozone Enterobacteriaceae 2004 Wang, H., H. Feng, and Y. Luo. 2004. Microbial reduction and storage quality of
fresh-cut cilantro washed with acidic electrolyzed water and aqueous ozone. Food
Res. Int. 37:949-956.
lettuce ozone calicivirus, feline 2011 Hirneisen, K.A., S.M. Markland, and K.E. Kniel. 2011. Ozone inactivation of
norovirus surrogates on fresh produce. J. Food Prot. 74:836-839.
lettuce ozone virus, murine norovirus 2011 Hirneisen, K.A., S.M. Markland, and K.E. Kniel. 2011. Ozone inactivation of
norovirus surrogates on fresh produce. J. Food Prot. 74:836-839.
lettuce, iceberg ozone Enterobacteriaceae 2007 Akbas, M.Y. and H. Ölmez. 2007. Effectiveness of organic acid, ozonated water and
chlorine dippings on microbial reduction and storage quality of fresh-cut iceberg
lettuce. J. Sci. Food Agric. 87:2609-2616.
lettuce, iceberg ozone coliforms 2005 Beltran, D., M.V. Selma, A. Marín, and M.I. Gil. 2005. Ozonated water extends the
shelf life of fresh-cut lettuce. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:5654-5663.
lettuce, iceberg ozone microflora, psychrophiles 1999 Kim, J.-G., A.E. Yousef, and G.W. Chism. 1999. Use of ozone to inactivate
microorganisms on lettuce. J. Food Safety 19:17-34.
lettuce, leaf ozone E. coli O157:H7 2004 Rodgers, S.L., J.N. Cash, M. Siddiq, and E.T. Ryser. 2004. A comparison of different
chemical sanitizers for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria
monocytogenes in solution and on apples, lettuce, strawberries, and cantaloupe. J.
Food Prot. 67:721-731.
lettuce, leaf ozone L. monocytogenes 2004 Rodgers, S.L., J.N. Cash, M. Siddiq, and E.T. Ryser. 2004. A comparison of different
chemical sanitizers for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria
monocytogenes in solution and on apples, lettuce, strawberries, and cantaloupe. J.
Food Prot. 67:721-731.
lettuce, shredded ozone Shigella sonnei 2007 Selma, M.V., D. Beltrán, A. Allende, E. Chacón-Vera, and M.I. Gil. 2007.
Elimination by ozone of Shigella sonnei in shredded lettuce and water. Food
Microbiol. 24:492-499.
spinach ozone E. coli O157:H7 2009 Klockow, P.A. and K.M. Keener. 2009. Safety and quality assessment of packaged
spinach treated with a novel ozone-generation system. LWT 42:1047-1053.
spinach ozone E. coli O157:H7 2009 Vurma, M., R.B. Pandit, S.K. Sastry, and A.E. Yousef. 2009. Inactivation of
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and natural microbiota on spinach leaves using gaseous
ozone during vacuum cooling and simulated transportation. J. Food Prot. 72:1538-
1546.
sprouts ozone Shigella spp. 2011 Singla, R., A. Ganguli, and M. Ghosh. 2011. An effective combined treatment
using malic acid and ozone inhibits Shigella spp. on sprouts. Food Control
22:1032-1039.
sprouts, alfalfa ozone E. coli O157:H7 2003 Sharma, R.R., Demircin, L.R. Beuchat, and W.F. Fett. 2003. Application of ozone for
inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on inoculated alfalfa sprouts. J. Food Proc.
Preserv. 27:51-64.
sprouts, alfalfa seed ozone L. monocytogenes 2003 Wade, W.N., A.J. Scouten, K.H. McWatters, R.L. Wick, A. Demirci, W.F. Fett, and
L.R. Beuchat. 2003. Efficacy of ozone in killing Listeria monocytognes on alfalfa
seeds and sprouts and effects on sensory quality of sprouts. J. Food Prot. 66:44-51.
water, spinach wash ozone E. coli 2008 Selma, M.V., A. Allende, F. López-Gálvez, M.A. Conesa, and M.I. Gil. 2008.
Disinfection potential of ozone, ultraviolet-C and their combination in wash water for
the fresh-cut vegetable industry. Food Microbiol. 25:809-814.
water, spinach wash ozone Listeria spp. 2008 Selma, M.V., A. Allende, F. López-Gálvez, M.A. Conesa, and M.I. Gil. 2008.
Disinfection potential of ozone, ultraviolet-C and their combination in wash water for
the fresh-cut vegetable industry. Food Microbiol. 25:809-814.
water, wash ozone Shigella sonnei 2007 Selma, M.V., D. Beltrán, A. Allende, E. Chacón-Vera, and M.I. Gil. 2007.
Elimination by ozone of Shigella sonnei in shredded lettuce and water. Food
Microbiol. 24:492-499.
sprouts, mung bean oxychloro-based E. coli O157:H7 Hora, R., M. Kumar, M. Kostrzynska, M.A. Dixon, and K. Warriner. 2007.
sanitizer, stabilized Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on artificially or naturally
contaminated mung beans (Vigna radiate L.) using a stabilized oxychloro-based
sanitizer. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 44:188-193.
sprouts, mung bean oxychloro-based Salmonella Hora, R., M. Kumar, M. Kostrzynska, M.A. Dixon, and K. Warriner. 2007.
sanitizer, stabilized Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on artificially or naturally
contaminated mung beans (Vigna radiate L.) using a stabilized oxychloro-based
sanitizer. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 44:188-193.
lettuce Orenco peel Yersinia enterocolitica 1999 Escudero, M.E., L. Velázquez, M.A. Di Genaro, and A.M.S. de Guzmán. 1999.
Effectiveness of various disinfectants in the elimination of Yersinia enterocolitica on
fresh lettuce. J. Food Prot. 62:665-669.
lettuce, iceberg oregano oil Salmonella typhimurium 2010 Gündüz, G.T., Ş.A. Gönül, and M. Karapinar. 2010. Efficacy of oregano oil in the
inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium on lettuce. Food Control 21:513-517.
lettuce, iceberg oregano essential oil Bacillus cereus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg oregano essential oil E. coli 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg oregano essential oil Enterobacter spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
Page 7
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
1854.
lettuce, iceberg oregano essential oil Listeria spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg oregano essential oil Salmonella 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg oregano essential oil Staphylococcus aureus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
sprouts, alfalfa olive oil Salmonella spp. 2001 Weissinger, W.R., K.H. McWatters, and L.R. Beuchat. 2001. Evaluation of volatile
chemical treatments for lethality to Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. J. Food
Prot. 64:442-450.
lettuce, iceberg olive extract, 1, 3, and Salmonella enterica 2011 Moore, K.L., J. Patel, D. Jaroni, M. Friedman, and S. Ravishankar. 2011.
5% Antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations
against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 74:1676-1683.
lettuce, romaine olive extract, 1, 3, and Salmonella enterica 2011 Moore, K.L., J. Patel, D. Jaroni, M. Friedman, and S. Ravishankar. 2011.
5% Antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations
against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 74:1676-1683.
spinach, adult olive extract, 1, 3, and Salmonella enterica 2011 Moore, K.L., J. Patel, D. Jaroni, M. Friedman, and S. Ravishankar. 2011.
5% Antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations
against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 74:1676-1683.
spinach, baby olive extract, 1, 3, and Salmonella enterica 2011 Moore, K.L., J. Patel, D. Jaroni, M. Friedman, and S. Ravishankar. 2011.
5% Antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations
against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 74:1676-1683.
lettuce, iceberg nutmeg essential oil Bacillus cereus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg nutmeg essential oil E. coli 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg nutmeg essential oil Enterobacter spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg nutmeg essential oil Listeria spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg nutmeg essential oil Salmonella 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg nutmeg essential oil Staphylococcus aureus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
cabbage, Chinese nisin E. coli 2005 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Effectiveness of some
natural antimicrobial compounds in controlling pathogen or spoilage bacteria in
lightly fermented Chinese cabbage. J. Food Sci. 70:M393-M397.
cabbage, Chinese nisin L. monocytogenes 2005 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Effectiveness of some
natural antimicrobial compounds in controlling pathogen or spoilage bacteria in
lightly fermented Chinese cabbage. J. Food Sci. 70:M393-M397.
cabbage, Chinese nisin Salmonella Enteritidis 2005 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Effectiveness of some
natural antimicrobial compounds in controlling pathogen or spoilage bacteria in
lightly fermented Chinese cabbage. J. Food Sci. 70:M393-M397.
cabbage, Chinese nisin Staphylococcus aureus 2005 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Effectiveness of some
natural antimicrobial compounds in controlling pathogen or spoilage bacteria in
lightly fermented Chinese cabbage. J. Food Sci. 70:M393-M397.
lettuce, iceberg myrtle oil Salmonella Typhimurium 2009 Gündüz, G.T., Ş.A. Gönül, and M. Karapinar. 2009. Efficacy of myrtle oil against
Salmonella Typhimurium on fresh produce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 130:147-150.
lettuce, iceberg mixed peracid E. coli O157:H7 2009 Zhang, G., L. Ma, V.H. Phelan, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Efficacy of antimicrobial
(Tsunami 200) agents in lettuce leaf processing water for control of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J.
Food Prot. 72:1392-1397.
lettuce, fresh-cut mint essential oil E. coli O157:H7 2011 Karagözlü, N., B. Ergönül, and D. Özcan. 2011. Determination of antimicrobial
effect of mint and basil essential oils on survival of E. coli O157:H7 and S.
typhimurium in fresh-cut lettuce and purslane. Food Control 22:1851-1855.
lettuce, fresh-cut mint essential oil Salmonella Typhimurium 2011 Karagözlü, N., B. Ergönül, and D. Özcan. 2011. Determination of antimicrobial
effect of mint and basil essential oils on survival of E. coli O157:H7 and S.
typhimurium in fresh-cut lettuce and purslane. Food Control 22:1851-1855.
lettuce, iceberg methyl isothiocyanate Salmonella Montevideo 2000 Lin, C.-M., J. Kim, W.-X., Du, and C.-I. Wei. 2000. Bactericidal activity of
isothiocyanate against pathogens on fresh produce. J. Food Prot. 63:25-30.
lettuce, iceberg marjoram essential oil Bacillus cereus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg marjoram essential oil E. coli 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
Page 8
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
lettuce, iceberg marjoram essential oil Enterobacter spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg marjoram essential oil Listeria spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg marjoram essential oil Salmonella 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg marjoram essential oil Staphylococcus aureus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce malic acid, E. coli O157:H7 2012 Choi, M.-R., S.-Y. Lee, K.-H. Park, M.-S Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H. Kang. 2012.
aerosolized Effect of aerosolized malic acid against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella
Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach and lettuce. Food
Control 24:171-176.
lettuce malic acid, Salmonella Typhimurium 2012 Choi, M.-R., S.-Y. Lee, K.-H. Park, M.-S Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H. Kang. 2012.
aerosolized Effect of aerosolized malic acid against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella
Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach and lettuce. Food
Control 24:171-176.
spinach malic acid, E. coli O157:H7 2012 Choi, M.-R., S.-Y. Lee, K.-H. Park, M.-S Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H. Kang. 2012.
aerosolized Effect of aerosolized malic acid against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella
Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach and lettuce. Food
Control 24:171-176.
spinach malic acid, Salmonella Typhimurium 2012 Choi, M.-R., S.-Y. Lee, K.-H. Park, M.-S Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H. Kang. 2012.
aerosolized Effect of aerosolized malic acid against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella
Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach and lettuce. Food
Control 24:171-176.
lettuce malic acid E. coli O157:H7 2011 Park, S.-H., M.-R. Choi, J.-W. Park, K-H. Park, M-S. Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H.
Kang.. 2011. Use of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples and
lettuce. J. Food Sci. 76:M293.
lettuce malic acid L. monocytogenes 2011 Park, S.-H., M.-R. Choi, J.-W. Park, K-H. Park, M-S. Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H.
Kang.. 2011. Use of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples and
lettuce. J. Food Sci. 76:M293.
lettuce malic acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2011 Park, S.-H., M.-R. Choi, J.-W. Park, K-H. Park, M-S. Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H.
Kang.. 2011. Use of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples
andn lettuce. J. Food Sci. 76:M293.
lettuce malic acid E. coli O157:H7 2011 Sagong, H-G., S-Y. Lee, P-S. Chang, S. Heu, S. Ryu, Y.-J. Choi, and D.-H. Kang.
2011. Combined effect of ultrasound and organic acids to reduce Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh
lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 145:287-292.
lettuce malic acid L. monocytogenes 2011 Sagong, H-G., S-Y. Lee, P-S. Chang, S. Heu, S. Ryu, Y.-J. Choi, and D.-H. Kang.
2011. Combined effect of ultrasound and organic acids to reduce Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh
lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 145:287-292.
lettuce malic acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2011 Sagong, H-G., S-Y. Lee, P-S. Chang, S. Heu, S. Ryu, Y.-J. Choi, and D.-H. Kang.
2011. Combined effect of ultrasound and organic acids to reduce Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh
lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 145:287-292.
spinach malic acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2010 Ganesh, V., N.S. Hettiarachchy, M. Ravichandran, M.G. Johnson, C.L. Griffis, E.M.
Martin. J.-F. Meullenet, and S.C. Ricke. 2010. Electrostatic sprays of food-grade
acids and plant extracts are more effective than conventional sprays in
decontaminating Salmonella Typhimurium on spinach. J. Food Sci. 75:M574.
spinach, baby malic acid E. coli O157:H7 2011 Huang, Y. and H. Chen. 2011. Effect of organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and
mild heat on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on baby spinach. Food
Control 22:1178-1183.
sprouts malic acid Shigella spp. 2011 Singla, R., A. Ganguli, and M. Ghosh. 2011. An effective combined treatment
using malic acid and ozone inhibits Shigella spp. on sprouts. Food Control
22:1032-1039.
cabbage linalool essential oil Bacillus cereus 2006 Fisher, K. and C.A. Phillips. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange, and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and
Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:1232-
1240.
cabbage linalool essential oil E. coli O157:H7 2006 Fisher, K. and C.A. Phillips. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange, and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and
Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:1232-
1240.
cabbage linalool essential oil L. monocytogenes 2006 Fisher, K. and C.A. Phillips. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange, and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and
Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:1232-
1240.
cabbage linalool essential oil Staphylococcus aureus 2006 Fisher, K. and C.A. Phillips. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange, and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and
Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:1232-
1240.
Page 9
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
sprouts, alfalfa linalool Salmonella spp. 2001 Weissinger, W.R., K.H. McWatters, and L.R. Beuchat. 2001. Evaluation of volatile
chemical treatments for lethality to Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. J. Food
Prot. 64:442-450.
suspension levulinic acid, with Cryptopsporidium parvum 2011 Ortega, Y.R., M.P. Torres, and J.M. Tatum. 2011. Efficacy of levulinic acid-sodium
SDS dodecyl sulfate against Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and
Cryptopsporidium parvum. J. Food Prot. 74:140.
suspension levulinic acid, with E. coli O157:H7 2011 Ortega, Y.R., M.P. Torres, and J.M. Tatum. 2011. Efficacy of levulinic acid-sodium
SDS dodecyl sulfate against Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and
Cryptopsporidium parvum. J. Food Prot. 74:140.
suspension levulinic acid, with Encephalitozoon intestinalis 2011 Ortega, Y.R., M.P. Torres, and J.M. Tatum. 2011. Efficacy of levulinic acid-sodium
SDS dodecyl sulfate against Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and
Cryptopsporidium parvum. J. Food Prot. 74:140.
lettuce, romaine levulinic acid, with E. coli O157:H7 2009 Zhao, T., P. Zhao, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Inactivation of Salmonella and Escherichia
and without SDS coli O157:H7 on lettuce and poultry skin by combinations of levulinic acid and
sodium dodecyl sulfate. J. Food Prot. 72:928-936.
lettuce, romaine levulinic acid, with Salmonella spp. 2009 Zhao, T., P. Zhao, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Inactivation of Salmonella and Escherichia
and without SDS coli O157:H7 on lettuce and poultry skin by combinations of levulinic acid and
sodium dodecyl sulfate. J. Food Prot. 72:928-936.
lettuce lemon solution, 13% L. innocua 2006 Kilonzo-Nthenge, A., F.-C. Chen, and S.L. Godwin. 2006. Efficacy of home washing
methods in controlling surface microbial contamination on fresh produce. J. Food
Prot. 69:330-334.
lettuce, iceberg lemon juice E. coli 2002 Vijayakumar, C. and C.E. Wolf-Hall. 2002. Evaluation of household sanitizers for
reducing levels of Escherichia coli on iceberg lettuce. J. Food Prot. 65:1646-1650.
rocket leaves lemon juice Salmonella typhimurium 2005 Sengun, I.Y. and M. Karapinar. 2005. Effectiveness of household natural sanitizers in
the elimination of Salmonella typhimurium on rocket (Eruca sativa Miller) and spring
onion. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 98:319-323.
lettuce, iceberg lemon balm essential Bacillus cereus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
oil essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg lemon balm essential E. coli 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
oil essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg lemon balm essential Enterobacter spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
oil essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg lemon balm essential Listeria spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
oil essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg lemon balm essential Salmonella 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
oil essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg lemon balm essential Staphylococcus aureus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
oil essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg lauryl sodium sulfate E. coli O157:H7 2001 Takeuchi, K. and J.F. Frank. 2001. Direct microscopic observation of lettuce leaf
decontamination with a prototype fruit and vegetable washing solution and 1% NaCl-
NaHCO3. J. Food Prot. 64:1235-1239.
lettuce, romaine lactic acid, with and E. coli O157:H7 2009 Zhao, T., P. Zhao, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Inactivation of Salmonella and Escherichia
without SDS coli O157:H7 on lettuce and poultry skin by combinations of levulinic acid and
sodium dodecyl sulfate. J. Food Prot. 72:928-936.
lettuce, romaine lactic acid, with and Salmonella spp. 2009 Zhao, T., P. Zhao, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Inactivation of Salmonella and Escherichia
without SDS coli O157:H7 on lettuce and poultry skin by combinations of levulinic acid and
sodium dodecyl sulfate. J. Food Prot. 72:928-936.
spinach lactic acid, aerosolized Escherichia coli O157:H7 2012 Huang, Y., M. Ye, and H. Chen. 2012. Efficacy of washing with hydrogen peroxide
followed by aerosolized anitmicrobials as a novel sanitizing process to inactivate
Escherichia coli O157:H7 on baby spinach. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 153:306-313.
rocket leaves lactic acid (Purac) coliforms 2006 Martínez-Sánchez, A., A. Allende, R.N. Bennett, F. Ferreres, and M.I. Gil. 2006.
Microbial, nutritional and sensory quality of rocket leaves as affected by different
sanitizers. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 42:86-97.
lettuce lactic acid Yersinia enterocolitica 1999 Escudero, M.E., L. Velázquez, M.A. Di Genaro, and A.M.S. de Guzmán. 1999.
Effectiveness of various disinfectants in the elimination of Yersinia enterocolitica on
fresh lettuce. J. Food Prot. 62:665-669.
lettuce lactic acid E. coli O157:H7 2011 Park, S.-H., M.-R. Choi, J.-W. Park, K-H. Park, M-S. Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H.
Kang.. 2011. Use of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples and
lettuce. J. Food Sci. 76:M293.
lettuce lactic acid L. monocytogenes 2011 Park, S.-H., M.-R. Choi, J.-W. Park, K-H. Park, M-S. Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H.
Kang.. 2011. Use of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples and
lettuce. J. Food Sci. 76:M293.
lettuce lactic acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2011 Park, S.-H., M.-R. Choi, J.-W. Park, K-H. Park, M-S. Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H.
Kang.. 2011. Use of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples
andn lettuce. J. Food Sci. 76:M293.
lettuce lactic acid E. coli O157:H7 2011 Sagong, H-G., S-Y. Lee, P-S. Chang, S. Heu, S. Ryu, Y.-J. Choi, and D.-H. Kang.
2011. Combined effect of ultrasound and organic acids to reduce Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh
lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 145:287-292.
lettuce lactic acid L. monocytogenes 2011 Sagong, H-G., S-Y. Lee, P-S. Chang, S. Heu, S. Ryu, Y.-J. Choi, and D.-H. Kang.
2011. Combined effect of ultrasound and organic acids to reduce Escherichia coli
Page 10
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh
lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 145:287-292.
lettuce lactic acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2011 Sagong, H-G., S-Y. Lee, P-S. Chang, S. Heu, S. Ryu, Y.-J. Choi, and D.-H. Kang.
2011. Combined effect of ultrasound and organic acids to reduce Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh
lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 145:287-292.
lettuce, iceberg lactic acid Enterobacteriaceae 2007 Akbas, M.Y. and H. Ölmez. 2007. Effectiveness of organic acid, ozonated water and
chlorine dippings on microbial reduction and storage quality of fresh-cut iceberg
lettuce. J. Sci. Food Agric. 87:2609-2616.
lettuce, iceberg lactic acid E. coli 2007 Akbas, M.Y. and H. Ölmez. 2007. Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria
monocytogenes on iceberg lettuce by dip wash treatments with organic acids. Lett.
Appl. Microbiol. 44:619-624.
lettuce, iceberg lactic acid L. monocytogenes 2007 Akbas, M.Y. and H. Ölmez. 2007. Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria
monocytogenes on iceberg lettuce by dip wash treatments with organic acids. Lett.
Appl. Microbiol. 44:619-624.
lettuce, iceberg lactic acid E. coli O157:H7 2009 Del Carmen Velázquez, L., N.B.Barbini, M.E. Escudero, C.L. Estrada, and A.M.S. de
Guzmán. 2009. Evaluation of chlorine, benzalkonium chloride and lactic acid as
sanitizers for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Yersinia enterocolitica on fresh
vegetables Food Control 20:262-268.
lettuce, iceberg lactic acid E. coli O157:H7 2009 Del Carmen Velázquez, L., N.B.Barbini, M.E. Escudero, C.L. Estrada, and A.M.S. de
Guzmán. 2009. Evaluation of chlorine, benzalkonium chloride and lactic acid as
sanitizers for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Yersinia enterocolitica on fresh
vegetables Food Control 20:262-268.
lettuce, iceberg lactic acid Yersinia enterocolitica 2009 Del Carmen Velázquez, L., N.B.Barbini, M.E. Escudero, C.L. Estrada, and A.M.S. de
Guzmán. 2009. Evaluation of chlorine, benzalkonium chloride and lactic acid as
sanitizers for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Yersinia enterocolitica on fresh
vegetables Food Control 20:262-268.
lettuce, iceberg lactic acid E. coli O157:H7 2002 Lin, C.-M., S.S. Moon, M.P. Doyle, and K.H. McWatters. 2002. Inactivation of
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, and Listeria
monocytogenes on lettuce by hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid and by hydrogen
peroxide with mild heat. J. Food Prot. 65:1215-1220.
lettuce, iceberg lactic acid L. monocytogenes 2002 Lin, C.-M., S.S. Moon, M.P. Doyle, and K.H. McWatters. 2002. Inactivation of
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, and Listeria
monocytogenes on lettuce by hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid and by hydrogen
peroxide with mild heat. J. Food Prot. 65:1215-1220.
lettuce, iceberg lactic acid Salmonella Enteritidis 2002 Lin, C.-M., S.S. Moon, M.P. Doyle, and K.H. McWatters. 2002. Inactivation of
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, and Listeria
monocytogenes on lettuce by hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid and by hydrogen
peroxide with mild heat. J. Food Prot. 65:1215-1220.
lettuce, romaine lactic acid L. innocua 2011 Ho, K-L.G., D.A. Luzuriaga, K.M. Rodde, S. Tang, and C. Phan. 2011. Efficacy of
a novel sanitizer composed of lactic acid and peroxyacetic acid against single
strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli K-12, Listeria innocua, and
Lactobacillus plantarum in aqueous solution and on surfaces of Romaine lettuce
and spinach. J. Food Prot. 74:1468-1474.
lettuce, romaine lactic acid E. coli K-12 2011 Ho, K-L.G., D.A. Luzuriaga, K.M. Rodde, S. Tang, and C. Phan. 2011. Efficacy of
a novel sanitizer composed of lactic acid and peroxyacetic acid against single
strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli K-12, Listeria innocua, and
Lactobacillus plantarum in aqueous solution and on surfaces of Romaine lettuce
and spinach. J. Food Prot. 74:1468-1474.
lettuce, shredded lactic acid L. monocytogenes 1996 Zhang, S. and J.M. Farber. 1996. The effects of various disinfectants against Listeria
monocytogenes on fresh-cut vegetables. Food Microbiol. 13:311-321.
spinach lactic acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2010 Ganesh, V., N.S. Hettiarachchy, M. Ravichandran, M.G. Johnson, C.L. Griffis, E.M.
Martin. J.-F. Meullenet, and S.C. Ricke. 2010. Electrostatic sprays of food-grade
acids and plant extracts are more effective than conventional sprays in
decontaminating Salmonella Typhimurium on spinach. J. Food Sci. 75:M574.
spinach lactic acid L. innocua 2011 Ho, K-L.G., D.A. Luzuriaga, K.M. Rodde, S. Tang, and C. Phan. 2011. Efficacy of
a novel sanitizer composed of lactic acid and peroxyacetic acid against single
strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli K-12, Listeria innocua, and
Lactobacillus plantarum in aqueous solution and on surfaces of Romaine lettuce
and spinach. J. Food Prot. 74:1468-1474.
spinach lactic acid E. coli K-12 2011 Ho, K-L.G., D.A. Luzuriaga, K.M. Rodde, S. Tang, and C. Phan. 2011. Efficacy of
a novel sanitizer composed of lactic acid and peroxyacetic acid against single
strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli K-12, Listeria innocua, and
Lactobacillus plantarum in aqueous solution and on surfaces of Romaine lettuce
and spinach. J. Food Prot. 74:1468-1474.
spinach, baby lactic acid E. coli O157:H7 2011 Huang, Y. and H. Chen. 2011. Effect of organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and
mild heat on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on baby spinach. Food
Control 22:1178-1183.
sprouts, mung bean lactic acid L. monocytogenes 2002 Lee, S.-Y., K.-M. Yun, J. Fellman, and D.-H. Kang. 2002. Inhibition of Salmonella
Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in mung bean sprouts by chemical
treatment. J. Food Prot. 65:1088-1092.
sprouts, mung bean lactic acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2002 Lee, S.-Y., K.-M. Yun, J. Fellman, and D.-H. Kang. 2002. Inhibition of Salmonella
Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in mung bean sprouts by chemical
treatment. J. Food Prot. 65:1088-1092.
cabbage lactate, sodium,, with L. monocytogenes 2005 Bari, M.L., D.O. Ukuku, T. Kawasaki, Y. Inatsu, K. Isshiki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005.
nisin and/or pediocin Combined efficacy of nisin and pediocin with sodium lactate, citric acid, phytic acid,
and potassium sorbate and EDTA in reducing the Listeria monocytogenes population
of inoculated fresh-cut produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1381-1387.
sprouts, mung bean lactate, sodium, with L. monocytogenes 2005 Bari, M.L., D.O. Ukuku, T. Kawasaki, Y. Inatsu, K. Isshiki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005.
nisin and/or pediocin Combined efficacy of nisin and pediocin with sodium lactate, citric acid, phytic acid,
and potassium sorbate and EDTA in reducing the Listeria monocytogenes population
of inoculated fresh-cut produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1381-1387.
sprouts, alfalfa jasmonate, methyl Salmonella spp. 2001 Weissinger, W.R., K.H. McWatters, and L.R. Beuchat. 2001. Evaluation of volatile
chemical treatments for lethality to Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. J. Food
Prot. 64:442-450.
cilantro hypochlorite, sodium E. coli O157:H7 2009 Allende, A., M. McEvoy, Y. Tao, and Y. Luo. 2009. Antimicrobial effect of
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acidified sodium chlorite, sodium chlorite, sodium hypochlorite, and citric acid on
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and natural microflora of fresh-cut cilantro. Food Control
20:230-234.
lettuce, iceberg hypochlorite, sodium E. coli O157:H7 2009 Baert, L., I. Vandekinderen, F. Devlieghere, E. Van Coillie, J. Debevere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce
murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
on shredded Iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food Prot. 72:1047-1054.
lettuce, iceberg hypochlorite, sodium L. monocytogenes 2009 Baert, L., I. Vandekinderen, F. Devlieghere, E. Van Coillie, J. Debevere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce
murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
on shredded Iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food Prot. 72:1047-1054.
lettuce, iceberg hypochlorite, sodium virus, murine norovirus 2009 Baert, L., I. Vandekinderen, F. Devlieghere, E. Van Coillie, J. Debevere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce
murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
on shredded Iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food Prot. 72:1047-1054.
water, wash hypochlorite, sodium E. coli O157:H7 2009 Baert, L., I. Vandekinderen, F. Devlieghere, E. Van Coillie, J. Debevere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce
murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
on shredded Iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food Prot. 72:1047-1054.
water, wash hypochlorite, sodium L. monocytogenes 2009 Baert, L., I. Vandekinderen, F. Devlieghere, E. Van Coillie, J. Debevere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce
murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
on shredded Iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food Prot. 72:1047-1054.
water, wash hypochlorite, sodium virus, murine norovirus 2009 Baert, L., I. Vandekinderen, F. Devlieghere, E. Van Coillie, J. Debevere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce
murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
on shredded Iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food Prot. 72:1047-1054.
spinach hydrogen peroxide, Escherichia coli O157:H7 2012 Huang, Y., M. Ye, and H. Chen. 2012. Efficacy of washing with hydrogen peroxide
aerosolized followed by aerosolized anitmicrobials as a novel sanitizing process to inactivate
Escherichia coli O157:H7 on baby spinach. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 153:306-313.
lettuce, iceberg hydrogen peroxide, 3% Salmonella enterica 2011 Moore, K.L., J. Patel, D. Jaroni, M. Friedman, and S. Ravishankar. 2011.
Antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations
against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 74:1676-1683.
lettuce, romaine hydrogen peroxide, 3% Salmonella enterica 2011 Moore, K.L., J. Patel, D. Jaroni, M. Friedman, and S. Ravishankar. 2011.
Antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations
against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 74:1676-1683.
spinach, adult hydrogen peroxide, 3% Salmonella enterica 2011 Moore, K.L., J. Patel, D. Jaroni, M. Friedman, and S. Ravishankar. 2011.
Antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations
against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 74:1676-1683.
spinach, baby hydrogen peroxide, 3% Salmonella enterica 2011 Moore, K.L., J. Patel, D. Jaroni, M. Friedman, and S. Ravishankar. 2011.
Antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations
against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 74:1676-1683.
basil hydrogen peroxide coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490.
cabbage hydrogen peroxide calicivirus, feline 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
cabbage hydrogen peroxide coliphage MS2, F-specific 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
cabbage hydrogen peroxide E. coli 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
cilantro hydrogen peroxide coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490.
lettuce hydrogen peroxide calicivirus, feline 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce hydrogen peroxide coliphage MS2, F-specific 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce hydrogen peroxide E. coli 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce hydrogen peroxide virus, feline calicivirus 2001 Gulati, B.R., P.B. Allwood, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2001. Efficacy of
commonly used disinfectants for the inactivation of calcivirus on strawberry, lettuce,
and a food-contact surface. J. Food Prot. 64:1430-1434.
lettuce, iceberg hydrogen peroxide Enterobacteriaceae 2010 Gopal, A., J. Coventry, J. Wan, H. Roginski, and S. Ajlouni. 2010. Alternative
disinfection techniques to extend the shelf life of minimally processed iceberg lettuce.
Food Microbiol. 27:210-219.
lettuce, iceberg hydrogen peroxide virus, Bacillus fragilis phage 2011 Li, D., L. Baert, M. De Jonghe, E. Van Coillie, J. Ryckeboer, F. Devlieghere, and M.
B40-8 Uyttendaele. 2011. Inactivation of murine norovirus 1, coliphage X174, and Bacillus
fragilis phage B40-8 on surfaces and fresh-cut iceberg lettuce by hydrogen peroxide
and UV light. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:1399-1404.
lettuce, iceberg hydrogen peroxide virus, coliphage X174 2011 Li, D., L. Baert, M. De Jonghe, E. Van Coillie, J. Ryckeboer, F. Devlieghere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2011. Inactivation of murine norovirus 1, coliphage X174, and Bacillus
fragilis phage B40-8 on surfaces and fresh-cut iceberg lettuce by hydrogen peroxide
and UV light. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:1399-1404.
lettuce, iceberg hydrogen peroxide virus, murine norovirus 2011 Li, D., L. Baert, M. De Jonghe, E. Van Coillie, J. Ryckeboer, F. Devlieghere, and M.
Uyttendaele. 2011. Inactivation of murine norovirus 1, coliphage X174, and Bacillus
fragilis phage B40-8 on surfaces and fresh-cut iceberg lettuce by hydrogen peroxide
and UV light. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:1399-1404.
lettuce, iceberg hydrogen peroxide E. coli O157:H7 2002 Lin, C.-M., S.S. Moon, M.P. Doyle, and K.H. McWatters. 2002. Inactivation of
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Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, and Listeria
monocytogenes on lettuce by hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid and by hydrogen
peroxide with mild heat. J. Food Prot. 65:1215-1220.
lettuce, iceberg hydrogen peroxide L. monocytogenes 2002 Lin, C.-M., S.S. Moon, M.P. Doyle, and K.H. McWatters. 2002. Inactivation of
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, and Listeria
monocytogenes on lettuce by hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid and by hydrogen
peroxide with mild heat. J. Food Prot. 65:1215-1220.
lettuce, iceberg hydrogen peroxide Salmonella Enteritidis 2002 Lin, C.-M., S.S. Moon, M.P. Doyle, and K.H. McWatters. 2002. Inactivation of
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, and Listeria
monocytogenes on lettuce by hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid and by hydrogen
peroxide with mild heat. J. Food Prot. 65:1215-1220.
parsley hydrogen peroxide coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490.
salad, field hydrogen peroxide L. innocua 2005 Wei, H., G. Wolf, and W.P. Hammes. 2005. Combination of warm water and
hydrogen peroxide to reduce the numbers of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria
innocua on field salad (Valerianella locusta). Eur. Food Res. Technol. 221:180-186.
salad, field hydrogen peroxide Salmonella Typhimurium 2005 Wei, H., G. Wolf, and W.P. Hammes. 2005. Combination of warm water and
hydrogen peroxide to reduce the numbers of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria
innocua on field salad (Valerianella locusta). Eur. Food Res. Technol. 221:180-186.
spinach, baby hydrogen peroxide E. coli O157:H7 2011 Huang, Y. and H. Chen. 2011. Effect of organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and
mild heat on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on baby spinach. Food
Control 22:1178-1183.
sprouts, mung bean hydrogen peroxide Listeria monocytogenes 2006 Muñoz, B. De Ancos, C. Sánchez-Moreno, and M.P. Cano. 2006. Evaluation of
chemical and physical (high-pressure and temperature) treatments to improve the
safety of minimally processed mung bean sprouts during refrigerated storage. J. Food
Prot. 69:2395-2402.
lettuce, iceberg hibiscus concentrate, Salmonella enterica 2011 Moore, K.L., J. Patel, D. Jaroni, M. Friedman, and S. Ravishankar. 2011.
10, 20 and 30% Antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations
against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 74:1676-1683.
lettuce, romaine hibiscus concentrate, Salmonella enterica 2011 Moore, K.L., J. Patel, D. Jaroni, M. Friedman, and S. Ravishankar. 2011.
10, 20 and 30% Antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations
against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 74:1676-1683.
spinach, adult hibiscus concentrate, Salmonella enterica 2011 Moore, K.L., J. Patel, D. Jaroni, M. Friedman, and S. Ravishankar. 2011.
10, 20 and 30% Antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations
against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 74:1676-1683.
spinach, baby hibiscus concentrate, Salmonella enterica 2011 Moore, K.L., J. Patel, D. Jaroni, M. Friedman, and S. Ravishankar. 2011.
10, 20 and 30% Antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations
against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 74:1676-1683.
spinach grape seed extract Salmonella Typhimurium 2010 Ganesh, V., N.S. Hettiarachchy, M. Ravichandran, M.G. Johnson, C.L. Griffis, E.M.
Martin. J.-F. Meullenet, and S.C. Ricke. 2010. Electrostatic sprays of food-grade
acids and plant extracts are more effective than conventional sprays in
decontaminating Salmonella Typhimurium on spinach. J. Food Sci. 75:M574.
spinach garlic extract Listeria spp. 2011 Gomes, C., R.G. Moreira, and E. Castell-Perez. 2011. Microencapsulated
antimicrobial compounds as a means to enhance electron beam irradiation
treatment for inactivation of pathogens on fresh spinach leaves. J. Food Sci.
76:E479
spinach garlic extract Salmonella spp. 2011 Gomes, C., R.G. Moreira, and E. Castell-Perez. 2011. Microencapsulated
antimicrobial compounds as a means to enhance electron beam irradiation
treatment for inactivation of pathogens on fresh spinach leaves. J. Food Sci.
76:E479
lettuce, iceberg fumaric acid E. coli O157:H7 2006 Kondo, N., M. Murata, and K. Isshiki. 2006. Efficiency of sodium hypochlorite,
fumaric acid, and mild heat in killing native microflora and Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Staphylococcus aureus attached to
fresh-cut lettuce. J. Food Prot. 69:323-329.
lettuce, iceberg fumaric acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2006 Kondo, N., M. Murata, and K. Isshiki. 2006. Efficiency of sodium hypochlorite,
DT104 fumaric acid, and mild heat in killing native microflora and Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Staphylococcus aureus attached to
fresh-cut lettuce. J. Food Prot. 69:323-329.
lettuce, iceberg fumaric acid Staphylococcus aureus 2006 Kondo, N., M. Murata, and K. Isshiki. 2006. Efficiency of sodium hypochlorite,
fumaric acid, and mild heat in killing native microflora and Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Staphylococcus aureus attached to
fresh-cut lettuce. J. Food Prot. 69:323-329.
lettuce, iceberg FIT antibacterial L. monocytogenes 2004 Burnett, A.B., M.H. Iturriaga, E.F. Escartin, C.A. Pettigrew, and L.R. Beuchat. 2004.
solution Influence of variations in methodology on populations of Listeria monocytogenes
recovered from lettuce treated with sanitizers. J. Food Prot. 67:742-750.
lettuce, iceberg fennel essential oil Bacillus cereus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg fennel essential oil E. coli 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg fennel essential oil Enterobacter spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg fennel essential oil Listeria spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg fennel essential oil Salmonella 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
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lettuce, iceberg fennel essential oil Staphylococcus aureus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce fatty acids, short E. coli O157:H7 2011 Keskinen, L.A. and B.A. Annous. 2011. Efficacy of adding detergents to sanitizer
chain and solutions for inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Romaine lettuce. Int. J.
detergents Food Microbiol. 147:157-161.
spinach eugenol Listeria spp. 2011 Gomes, C., R.G. Moreira, and E. Castell-Perez. 2011. Microencapsulated
antimicrobial compounds as a means to enhance electron beam irradiation
treatment for inactivation of pathogens on fresh spinach leaves. J. Food Sci.
76:E479
spinach eugenol Salmonella spp. 2011 Gomes, C., R.G. Moreira, and E. Castell-Perez. 2011. Microencapsulated
antimicrobial compounds as a means to enhance electron beam irradiation
treatment for inactivation of pathogens on fresh spinach leaves. J. Food Sci.
76:E479
sprouts, alfalfa eugenol Salmonella spp. 2001 Weissinger, W.R., K.H. McWatters, and L.R. Beuchat. 2001. Evaluation of volatile
chemical treatments for lethality to Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. J. Food
Prot. 64:442-450.
cabbage electrolyzed water, microflora, aerobic 2009 Koide, S., J.-i. Takeda, J. Shi, H. Shono, and G.G. Atungulu. 2009. Disinfection
slightly acidic efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water on fresh cut cabbage. Food Control
20:294-297.
cilantro electrolyzed water, Bacillus subtilis 2011 Hao, J., H. Liu, R. Liu, W. Dalai, R. Zhao, T. Chen, and L. Li. 2011. Efficacy of
slightly acidic slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
fresh-cut cilantro. J. Food Safety 31:28-34.
cilantro electrolyzed water, E. coli 2011 Hao, J., H. Liu, R. Liu, W. Dalai, R. Zhao, T. Chen, and L. Li. 2011. Efficacy of
slightly acidic slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
fresh-cut cilantro. J. Food Safety 31:28-34.
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water, E. coli 2011 Issa-Zacharia, A., Y. Kamitani, N. Miwa, H. Muhimbula, and K. Iwasaki. 2011.
slightly acidic Application of slightly acidic electrolyzed water as a potential non-thermal food
sanitizer for decontamination of fresh ready-to-eat vegetables and sprouts. Food
Control 22:601-607.
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water, Salmonella spp. 2011 Issa-Zacharia, A., Y. Kamitani, N. Miwa, H. Muhimbula, and K. Iwasaki. 2011.
slightly acidic Application of slightly acidic electrolyzed water as a potential non-thermal food
sanitizer for decontamination of fresh ready-to-eat vegetables and sprouts. Food
Control 22:601-607.
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water, microflora, mesophiles 2010 Soli, K.W., A. Yoshizumi, A. Motomatsu, M. Yamakawa, M. Yamasaki, T. Mishima,
slightly acidic N. Miyaji, K-I. Honjoh, and T. Miyamoto. 2010. Decontamination of fresh produce
by the use of slightly acidic hypochlorous water following pretreatment with sucrose
fatty acid ester under microbubble generation. Food Control 21:1240-1244.
sprouts, daikon electrolyzed water, E. coli 2011 Issa-Zacharia, A., Y. Kamitani, N. Miwa, H. Muhimbula, and K. Iwasaki. 2011.
slightly acidic Application of slightly acidic electrolyzed water as a potential non-thermal food
sanitizer for decontamination of fresh ready-to-eat vegetables and sprouts. Food
Control 22:601-607.
sprouts, daikon electrolyzed water, Salmonella spp. 2011 Issa-Zacharia, A., Y. Kamitani, N. Miwa, H. Muhimbula, and K. Iwasaki. 2011.
slightly acidic Application of slightly acidic electrolyzed water as a potential non-thermal food
sanitizer for decontamination of fresh ready-to-eat vegetables and sprouts. Food
Control 22:601-607.
sprouts, mung bean electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2011 Zhang, C., Z. Lu, Y. Li, Y. Shang, G. Zhang, and W. Cao. 2011. Reduction of
slightly acidic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis on mung bean seeds and sprouts
by slightly acidic electrolyzed water. Food Control 22:792-796.
sprouts, mung bean electrolyzed water, Salmonella enteritidis 2011 Zhang, C., Z. Lu, Y. Li, Y. Shang, G. Zhang, and W. Cao. 2011. Reduction of
slightly acidic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis on mung bean seeds and sprouts
by slightly acidic electrolyzed water. Food Control 22:792-796.
endive electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
neutral neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
endive electrolyzed water, L. innocua 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
neutral neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
endive electrolyzed water, Salmonella 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
neutral neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
Four seasons salad electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
(lettuce, cabbage neutral neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
and carrot) minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
Four seasons salad electrolyzed water, L. innocua 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
(lettuce, cabbage neutral neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
and carrot) minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
Four seasons salad electrolyzed water, Salmonella 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
(lettuce, cabbage neutral neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
and carrot) minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
lettuce electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
neutral neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
lettuce electrolyzed water, L. innocua 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
neutral neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
lettuce electrolyzed water, Salmonella 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
neutral neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water, E. coli 2008 Guentzel, J.L., K.L. Lam, M.A. Callan, S.A. Emmons, and V.L. Dunham. 2008.
neutral Reduction of bacteria on spinach, lettuce, and surfaces in food service areas using
neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water. Food Microbiol. 25:36-41.
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water, Enterococcus faecalis 2008 Guentzel, J.L., K.L. Lam, M.A. Callan, S.A. Emmons, and V.L. Dunham. 2008.
neutral Reduction of bacteria on spinach, lettuce, and surfaces in food service areas using
neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water. Food Microbiol. 25:36-41.
Page 14
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water, L. monocytogenes 2008 Guentzel, J.L., K.L. Lam, M.A. Callan, S.A. Emmons, and V.L. Dunham. 2008.
neutral Reduction of bacteria on spinach, lettuce, and surfaces in food service areas using
neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water. Food Microbiol. 25:36-41.
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water, Salmonella typhimurium 2008 Guentzel, J.L., K.L. Lam, M.A. Callan, S.A. Emmons, and V.L. Dunham. 2008.
neutral Reduction of bacteria on spinach, lettuce, and surfaces in food service areas using
neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water. Food Microbiol. 25:36-41.
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water, Staphylococcus aureus 2008 Guentzel, J.L., K.L. Lam, M.A. Callan, S.A. Emmons, and V.L. Dunham. 2008.
neutral Reduction of bacteria on spinach, lettuce, and surfaces in food service areas using
neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water. Food Microbiol. 25:36-41.
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water, microflora, mesophiles 2008 Rico, D., A.B. Martín-Diana, C. Barry-Ryan, J.M. Frías, G.T.M. Henehan, and J.M.
neutral Barat. 2008. Use of neutral electrolyzed water (EW) for quality maintenance and
shelf-life extension of minimally processed lettuce. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol.
9:37-48.
spinach electrolyzed water, E. coli 2008 Guentzel, J.L., K.L. Lam, M.A. Callan, S.A. Emmons, and V.L. Dunham. 2008.
neutral Reduction of bacteria on spinach, lettuce, and surfaces in food service areas using
neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water. Food Microbiol. 25:36-41.
spinach electrolyzed water, Enterococcus faecalis 2008 Guentzel, J.L., K.L. Lam, M.A. Callan, S.A. Emmons, and V.L. Dunham. 2008.
neutral Reduction of bacteria on spinach, lettuce, and surfaces in food service areas using
neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water. Food Microbiol. 25:36-41.
spinach electrolyzed water, L. monocytogenes 2008 Guentzel, J.L., K.L. Lam, M.A. Callan, S.A. Emmons, and V.L. Dunham. 2008.
neutral Reduction of bacteria on spinach, lettuce, and surfaces in food service areas using
neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water. Food Microbiol. 25:36-41.
spinach electrolyzed water, Salmonella typhimurium 2008 Guentzel, J.L., K.L. Lam, M.A. Callan, S.A. Emmons, and V.L. Dunham. 2008.
neutral Reduction of bacteria on spinach, lettuce, and surfaces in food service areas using
neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water. Food Microbiol. 25:36-41.
spinach electrolyzed water, Staphylococcus aureus 2008 Guentzel, J.L., K.L. Lam, M.A. Callan, S.A. Emmons, and V.L. Dunham. 2008.
neutral Reduction of bacteria on spinach, lettuce, and surfaces in food service areas using
neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water. Food Microbiol. 25:36-41.
lettuce electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2008 Park, E.-J., E. Alexander, G.A. Taylor, R. Costa, and D.-H. Kang. 2008. Effect of
alkaline electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach. J.
Food Sci. 73:M268-M272.
lettuce electrolyzed water, L. monocytogenes 2008 Park, E.-J., E. Alexander, G.A. Taylor, R. Costa, and D.-H. Kang. 2008. Effect of
alkaline electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach. J.
Food Sci. 73:M268-M272.
lettuce electrolyzed water, Salmonella Typhimurium 2008 Park, E.-J., E. Alexander, G.A. Taylor, R. Costa, and D.-H. Kang. 2008. Effect of
alkaline electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach. J.
Food Sci. 73:M268-M272.
spinach electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2008 Park, E.-J., E. Alexander, G.A. Taylor, R. Costa, and D.-H. Kang. 2008. Effect of
alkaline electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach. J.
Food Sci. 73:M268-M272.
spinach electrolyzed water, L. monocytogenes 2008 Park, E.-J., E. Alexander, G.A. Taylor, R. Costa, and D.-H. Kang. 2008. Effect of
alkaline electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach. J.
Food Sci. 73:M268-M272.
spinach electrolyzed water, Salmonella Typhimurium 2008 Park, E.-J., E. Alexander, G.A. Taylor, R. Costa, and D.-H. Kang. 2008. Effect of
alkaline electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach. J.
Food Sci. 73:M268-M272.
lettuce, head electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2004 Koseki, S., K. Yoshida, Y. Kamitani, S. Isobe, and K. Itoh. 2004. Effect of mild heat
acidic and alkaline pre-treatment with alkaline electrolyzed water on the efficacy of acidic electrolyzed
water against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on lettuce. Food Microbiol.
21:559-566.
lettuce, head electrolyzed water, Salmonella spp. 2004 Koseki, S., K. Yoshida, Y. Kamitani, S. Isobe, and K. Itoh. 2004. Effect of mild heat
acidic and alkaline pre-treatment with alkaline electrolyzed water on the efficacy of acidic electrolyzed
water against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on lettuce. Food Microbiol.
21:559-566.
cabbage electrolyzed water, Bacillus cereus 2001 Koseki, S. and K. Itoh. 2001. Prediction of microbial growth in fresh-cut vegetables
acidic treated with acidic electrolyzed water during storage under various temperature
conditions. J. Food Prot. 64:1935-1942.
cabbage electrolyzed water, coliforms 2001 Koseki, S. and K. Itoh. 2001. Prediction of microbial growth in fresh-cut vegetables
acidic treated with acidic electrolyzed water during storage under various temperature
conditions. J. Food Prot. 64:1935-1942.
cabbage electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2009 Pangloli, P., Y.-C. Hung, L.R. Beuchat, C.H. King, and Z.-H. Zhao. 2009. Reduction
acidic of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on produce by use of electrolyzed water under
simulated food service operation conditions. J. Food Prot. 72:1854-1861.
cilantro electrolyzed water, Enterobacteriaceae 2004 Wang, H., H. Feng, and Y. Luo. 2004. Microbial reduction and storage quality of
acidic fresh-cut cilantro washed with acidic electrolyzed water and aqueous ozone. Food
Res. Int. 37:949-956.
lettuce electrolyzed water, Bacillus cereus 2001 Koseki, S. and K. Itoh. 2001. Prediction of microbial growth in fresh-cut vegetables
acidic treated with acidic electrolyzed water during storage under various temperature
conditions. J. Food Prot. 64:1935-1942.
lettuce electrolyzed water, coliforms 2001 Koseki, S. and K. Itoh. 2001. Prediction of microbial growth in fresh-cut vegetables
acidic treated with acidic electrolyzed water during storage under various temperature
conditions. J. Food Prot. 64:1935-1942.
lettuce electrolyzed water, coliforms 2001 Koseki, S., K. Yoshida, S. Isobe, and K. Itoh. 2001. Decontamination of lettuce using
acidic acidic electrolyzed water. J. Food Prot. 64:652-658.
lettuce electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2008 Park, E.-J., E. Alexander, G.A. Taylor, R. Costa, and D.-H. Kang. 2008. Effect of
acidic electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach. J.
Food Sci. 73:M268-M272.
lettuce electrolyzed water, L. monocytogenes 2008 Park, E.-J., E. Alexander, G.A. Taylor, R. Costa, and D.-H. Kang. 2008. Effect of
acidic electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach. J.
Food Sci. 73:M268-M272.
lettuce electrolyzed water, Salmonella Typhimurium 2008 Park, E.-J., E. Alexander, G.A. Taylor, R. Costa, and D.-H. Kang. 2008. Effect of
acidic electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach. J.
Food Sci. 73:M268-M272.
lettuce, head electrolyzed water, Bacillus cereus 2002 Koseki, S., K. Fujiwara, and K. Itoh. 2002. Decontaminative effect of frozen acidic
acidic electrolyzed water on lettuce. J. Food Prot. 65:411-414.
Page 15
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
lettuce, head electrolyzed water, coliforms 2002 Koseki, S., K. Fujiwara, and K. Itoh. 2002. Decontaminative effect of frozen acidic
acidic electrolyzed water on lettuce. J. Food Prot. 65:411-414.
lettuce, head electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2003 Koseki, S., K. Yoshida, Y. Kamitani, and K. Itoh. 2003. Influence of inoculation
acidic method, spot inoculation site, and inoculation size on the efficacy of acidic
electrolyzed water against pathogens on lettuce. J. Food Prot. 66:2010-2016.
lettuce, head electrolyzed water, Salmonella spp. 2003 Koseki, S., K. Yoshida, Y. Kamitani, and K. Itoh. 2003. Influence of inoculation
acidic method, spot inoculation site, and inoculation size on the efficacy of acidic
electrolyzed water against pathogens on lettuce. J. Food Prot. 66:2010-2016.
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2004 Koseki, S., S. Isobe, and K. Itoh. 2004. Efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water ice for
acidic pathogen control on lettuce. J. Food Prot. 67:2544-2549.
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water, L. monocytogenes 2004 Koseki, S., S. Isobe, and K. Itoh. 2004. Efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water ice for
acidic pathogen control on lettuce. J. Food Prot. 67:2544-2549.
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2009 Pangloli, P., Y.-C. Hung, L.R. Beuchat, C.H. King, and Z.-H. Zhao. 2009. Reduction
acidic of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on produce by use of electrolyzed water under
simulated food service operation conditions. J. Food Prot. 72:1854-1861.
mixed greens electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2008 Stopforth, J.D., T. Mai, B. Kottapalli, and M. Samadpour. 2008. Effect of acidified
acidic sodium chlorite, chlorine, and acidic electrolyzed water on Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto leafy greens. J.
Food Prot. 71:625-628. (mixed greens include organic baby lettuces (red and green
romaine, red and green oak leaf, lollo rosa, tango), organic red and green chard,
organic mizuna, organic arugula, organic frisée, and organic radicchio)
mixed greens electrolyzed water, L. monocytogenes 2008 Stopforth, J.D., T. Mai, B. Kottapalli, and M. Samadpour. 2008. Effect of acidified
acidic sodium chlorite, chlorine, and acidic electrolyzed water on Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto leafy greens. J.
Food Prot. 71:625-628. (mixed greens include organic baby lettuces (red and green
romaine, red and green oak leaf, lollo rosa, tango), organic red and green chard,
organic mizuna, organic arugula, organic frisée, and organic radicchio)
mixed greens electrolyzed water, Salmonella spp. 2008 Stopforth, J.D., T. Mai, B. Kottapalli, and M. Samadpour. 2008. Effect of acidified
acidic sodium chlorite, chlorine, and acidic electrolyzed water on Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto leafy greens. J.
Food Prot. 71:625-628. (mixed greens include organic baby lettuces (red and green
romaine, red and green oak leaf, lollo rosa, tango), organic red and green chard,
organic mizuna, organic arugula, organic frisée, and organic radicchio)
spinach electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2008 Park, E.-J., E. Alexander, G.A. Taylor, R. Costa, and D.-H. Kang. 2008. Effect of
acidic electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach. J.
Food Sci. 73:M268-M272.
spinach electrolyzed water, L. monocytogenes 2008 Park, E.-J., E. Alexander, G.A. Taylor, R. Costa, and D.-H. Kang. 2008. Effect of
acidic electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach. J.
Food Sci. 73:M268-M272.
spinach electrolyzed water, Salmonella Typhimurium 2008 Park, E.-J., E. Alexander, G.A. Taylor, R. Costa, and D.-H. Kang. 2008. Effect of
acidic electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach. J.
Food Sci. 73:M268-M272.
spinach electrolyzed water, E. coli O157:H7 2010 Rahman, S.M.E., T. Ding, and D.-H. Oh. 2010. Inactivation effect of newly
acidic developed low concentration electrolyzed water and other sanitizers against
microorganisms on spinach. Food Control 21:1383-1387.
spinach electrolyzed water, L. monocytogenes 2010 Rahman, S.M.E., T. Ding, and D.-H. Oh. 2010. Inactivation effect of newly
acidic developed low concentration electrolyzed water and other sanitizers against
microorganisms on spinach. Food Control 21:1383-1387.
sprouts, alfalfa seed electrolyzed water, Salmonella spp. 2003 Kim, C., Y.-C. Hung, R.E. Brackett, and C.-S. Lin. 2003. Efficacy of electrolyzed
acidic oxidizing water in inactivating Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. J. Food Prot.
66:208-214.
lettuce electrolyzed water Listeria monocytogenes 2011 Ding, T., Q.-L. Dong, S.M.E. Rahman, and D.-H. Oh. 2011. Response surface
modeling of Listeria monocytogenes inactivation on lettuce treated with electrolyzed
oxidizing water. J. Food Proc. Engr. 34:1729-1745.
lettuce, iceberg electrolyzed water Enterobacteriaceae 2006 Ongeng, D., F. Devlieghere, J. Debevere, J. Coosemans, and J. Ryckeboer. 2006. The
efficacy of electrolysed oxidizing water for inactivating spoilage microorganisms in
process water and on minimally processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol.
109:187-197.
lettuce, romaine electrolyzed water E. coli O157:H7 2003 Yang, H., B.L. Swem, and Y. Li. 2003. The effect of pH on inactivation of
pathogenic bacteria on fresh-cut lettuce by dipping treatment with electrolyzed water.
J. Food Sci. 68:1013-1017.
lettuce, romaine electrolyzed water L. monocytogenes 2003 Yang, H., B.L. Swem, and Y. Li. 2003. The effect of pH on inactivation of
pathogenic bacteria on fresh-cut lettuce by dipping treatment with electrolyzed water.
J. Food Sci. 68:1013-1017.
lettuce, romaine electrolyzed water Salmonella Typhimurium 2003 Yang, H., B.L. Swem, and Y. Li. 2003. The effect of pH on inactivation of
pathogenic bacteria on fresh-cut lettuce by dipping treatment with electrolyzed water.
J. Food Sci. 68:1013-1017.
basil dishwashing liquid coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490. (dishwashing liquid consisted of
alkyl benzene sulfonate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, isothiazolones, and coconate
fatty acid diethanol amide)
cilantro dishwashing liquid coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490. (dishwashing liquid consisted of
alkyl benzene sulfonate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, isothiazolones, and coconate
fatty acid diethanol amide)
parsley dishwashing liquid coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490. (dishwashing liquid consisted of
alkyl benzene sulfonate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, isothiazolones, and coconate
fatty acid diethanol amide)
parsley didecyldimethylammo Salmonella Typhimurium 2009 Shirron, N., G. Kisluk, Y. Zelikovich, I. Eivin, E. Shimoni, and S. Yaron. 2009. A
nium chloride comparative study assaying commonly used sanitizers for antimicrobial activity
against indicator bacteria and a Salmonella Typhimurium strain on fresh produce. J.
Food Prot. 72:2413-2417.
Page 16
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
lettuce, iceberg dichloroisocyanurate, E. coli 2003 Nascimento, M.S., N. Silva, M.P.L.M. Catanozi, and K.C. Silva. 2003. Effects of
sodium different disinfection treatments on the natural microbiota of lettuce. J. Food Prot.
66:1697-1700.
parsley dichloroisocyanurate, Salmonella Typhimurium 2009 Shirron, N., G. Kisluk, Y. Zelikovich, I. Eivin, E. Shimoni, and S. Yaron. 2009. A
sodium comparative study assaying commonly used sanitizers for antimicrobial activity
against indicator bacteria and a Salmonella Typhimurium strain on fresh produce. J.
Food Prot. 72:2413-2417.
lettuce detergent norovirus, human 2011 Bae, J.-Y., J.-S. Lee, M.-H. Shin, S.-H. Lee, and I.-G. Hwang. 2011. Effect of wash
treatments on reducing human norovirus on iceberg lettuce and perilla leaf. J. Food
Prot. 74:1908-1911.
perilla leaf detergent norovirus, human 2011 Bae, J.-Y., J.-S. Lee, M.-H. Shin, S.-H. Lee, and I.-G. Hwang. 2011. Effect of wash
treatments on reducing human norovirus on iceberg lettuce and perilla leaf. J. Food
Prot. 74:1908-1911.
lettuce clove extract E. coli O157:H7 2011 Kim, S.-Y., D.-H. Kang, J.-K. Kim, Y.-G. Ha, Y. Hwang, T. Kim, and S.-H. Lee.
2011. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against Salmonella Typhimurium,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes on fresh lettuce. J. Food Sci.
76:M41.
lettuce clove extract L. monocytogenes 2011 Kim, S.-Y., D.-H. Kang, J.-K. Kim, Y.-G. Ha, Y. Hwang, T. Kim, and S.-H. Lee.
2011. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against Salmonella Typhimurium,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes on fresh lettuce. J. Food Sci.
76:M41.
lettuce clove extract Salmonella Typhimurium 2011 Kim, S.-Y., D.-H. Kang, J.-K. Kim, Y.-G. Ha, Y. Hwang, T. Kim, and S.-H. Lee.
2011. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against Salmonella Typhimurium,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes on fresh lettuce. J. Food Sci.
76:M41.
lettuce, romaine clove essential oil coliforms 2011 Ponce, A., S.I. Roura, and M. del R. Moreira. 2011. Essential oils as biopreservatives:
Different methods for the technological application in lettuce leaves. J. Food Sci.
76:M34.
lettuce, iceberg citrus essential oils Enterococcus sp. 2009 Fisher, K., C. Phillips, and L. McWatt. 2009. The use of an antimicrobial citrus vapor
to reduce Enterococcus sp. on salad products. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 44:1748-
1754.
lettuce, iceberg Citrox E. coli 2009 López-Gálvez, F., A. Allende, M.V. Selma, and M.I. Gil. 2009. Prevention of
Escherichia coli cross-contamination by different commercial sanitizers during
washing of fresh-cut lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 133:167-171.
cabbage citric acid, with nisin L. monocytogenes 2005 Bari, M.L., D.O. Ukuku, T. Kawasaki, Y. Inatsu, K. Isshiki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005.
and/or pediocin Combined efficacy of nisin and pediocin with sodium lactate, citric acid, phytic acid,
and potassium sorbate and EDTA in reducing the Listeria monocytogenes population
of inoculated fresh-cut produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1381-1387.
sprouts, mung bean citric acid, with nisin L. monocytogenes 2005 Bari, M.L., D.O. Ukuku, T. Kawasaki, Y. Inatsu, K. Isshiki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005.
and/or pediocin Combined efficacy of nisin and pediocin with sodium lactate, citric acid, phytic acid,
and potassium sorbate and EDTA in reducing the Listeria monocytogenes population
of inoculated fresh-cut produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1381-1387.
coleslaw, dry shredded citric acid E. coli 2002 Francis, G.A. and D. O’Beirne. 2002. Effects of vegetable type and antimicrobial
(80% cabbage, 20% dipping on survival and growth of Listeria innocua and E. coli. Int. J. Food Sci.
carrot) Technol. 37:711-718.
coleslaw, dry shredded citric acid L. innocua 2002 Francis, G.A. and D. O’Beirne. 2002. Effects of vegetable type and antimicrobial
(80% cabbage, 20% dipping on survival and growth of Listeria innocua and E. coli. Int. J. Food Sci.
carrot) Technol. 37:711-718.
lettuce citric acid E. coli O157:H7 2011 Park, S.-H., M.-R. Choi, J.-W. Park, K-H. Park, M-S. Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H.
Kang.. 2011. Use of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples and
lettuce. J. Food Sci. 76:M293.
lettuce citric acid L. monocytogenes 2011 Park, S.-H., M.-R. Choi, J.-W. Park, K-H. Park, M-S. Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H.
Kang.. 2011. Use of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples and
lettuce. J. Food Sci. 76:M293.
lettuce citric acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2011 Park, S.-H., M.-R. Choi, J.-W. Park, K-H. Park, M-S. Chung, S. Ryu, and D.-H.
Kang.. 2011. Use of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples
andn lettuce. J. Food Sci. 76:M293.
lettuce citric acid E. coli O157:H7 2011 Sagong, H-G., S-Y. Lee, P-S. Chang, S. Heu, S. Ryu, Y.-J. Choi, and D.-H. Kang.
2011. Combined effect of ultrasound and organic acids to reduce Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh
lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 145:287-292.
lettuce citric acid L. monocytogenes 2011 Sagong, H-G., S-Y. Lee, P-S. Chang, S. Heu, S. Ryu, Y.-J. Choi, and D.-H. Kang.
2011. Combined effect of ultrasound and organic acids to reduce Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh
lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 145:287-292.
lettuce citric acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2011 Sagong, H-G., S-Y. Lee, P-S. Chang, S. Heu, S. Ryu, Y.-J. Choi, and D.-H. Kang.
2011. Combined effect of ultrasound and organic acids to reduce Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh
lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 145:287-292.
lettuce, iceberg citric acid Enterobacteriaceae 2007 Akbas, M.Y. and H. Ölmez. 2007. Effectiveness of organic acid, ozonated water and
chlorine dippings on microbial reduction and storage quality of fresh-cut iceberg
lettuce. J. Sci. Food Agric. 87:2609-2616.
lettuce, iceberg citric acid E. coli 2007 Akbas, M.Y. and H. Ölmez. 2007. Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria
monocytogenes on iceberg lettuce by dip wash treatments with organic acids. Lett.
Appl. Microbiol. 44:619-624.
lettuce, iceberg citric acid L. monocytogenes 2007 Akbas, M.Y. and H. Ölmez. 2007. Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria
monocytogenes on iceberg lettuce by dip wash treatments with organic acids. Lett.
Appl. Microbiol. 44:619-624.
lettuce, iceberg citric acid E. coli 2002 Francis, G.A. and D. O’Beirne. 2002. Effects of vegetable type and antimicrobial
dipping on survival and growth of Listeria innocua and E. coli. Int. J. Food Sci.
Technol. 37:711-718.
lettuce, iceberg citric acid L. innocua 2002 Francis, G.A. and D. O’Beirne. 2002. Effects of vegetable type and antimicrobial
dipping on survival and growth of Listeria innocua and E. coli. Int. J. Food Sci.
Page 17
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
Technol. 37:711-718.
lettuce, iceberg citric acid L. monocytogenes 2006 Hellström, S., R. Kervinen, M. Lyly, R. Ahvenainen-Rantala, and H. Korkeala. 2006.
Efficacy of disinfectants to reduce Listeria monocytogenes on precut Iceberg lettuce.
J. Food Prot. 69:1565-1570.
spinach citric acid E. coli O157:H7 2010 Rahman, S.M.E., T. Ding, and D.-H. Oh. 2010. Inactivation effect of newly
developed low concentration electrolyzed water and other sanitizers against
microorganisms on spinach. Food Control 21:1383-1387.
spinach citric acid L. monocytogenes 2010 Rahman, S.M.E., T. Ding, and D.-H. Oh. 2010. Inactivation effect of newly
developed low concentration electrolyzed water and other sanitizers against
microorganisms on spinach. Food Control 21:1383-1387.
spinach, baby citric acid E. coli O157:H7 2011 Huang, Y. and H. Chen. 2011. Effect of organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and
mild heat on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on baby spinach. Food
Control 22:1178-1183.
cabbage citral essential oil Bacillus cereus 2006 Fisher, K. and C.A. Phillips. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange, and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and
Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:1232-
1240.
cabbage citral essential oil E. coli O157:H7 2006 Fisher, K. and C.A. Phillips. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange, and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and
Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:1232-
1240.
cabbage citral essential oil L. monocytogenes 2006 Fisher, K. and C.A. Phillips. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange, and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and
Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:1232-
1240.
cabbage citral essential oil Staphylococcus aureus 2006 Fisher, K. and C.A. Phillips. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange, and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and
Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:1232-
1240.
sprouts, alfalfa cinnamic aldehyde Salmonella spp. 2001 Weissinger, W.R., K.H. McWatters, and L.R. Beuchat. 2001. Evaluation of volatile
chemical treatments for lethality to Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. J. Food
Prot. 64:442-450.
lettuce, leaf cinnamaldehyde E. coli O157:H7 2009 Obaidat, M.M. and J.F. Frank. 2009. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the
intact and damaged portions of lettuce and spinach leaves by using allyl
isothiocyanate, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde in vapor phase. J. Food Prot.
72:2046-2055.
spinach cinnamaldehyde Salmonella 2012 Yossa, N., J. Patel, P. Millner, and Y.M. Lo. 2012. Essential oils reduce
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on spinach leaves. J. Food Prot.
75:488-496.
spinach cinnamaldehyde E. coli O157:H7 2012 Yossa, N., J. Patel, P. Millner, and Y.M. Lo. 2012. Essential oils reduce
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on spinach leaves. J. Food Prot.
75:488-496.
sprouts, mung bean chlorous acid L. monocytogenes 2002 Lee, S.-Y., K.-M. Yun, J. Fellman, and D.-H. Kang. 2002. Inhibition of Salmonella
Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in mung bean sprouts by chemical
treatment. J. Food Prot. 65:1088-1092.
sprouts, mung bean chlorous acid Salmonella Typhimurium 2002 Lee, S.-Y., K.-M. Yun, J. Fellman, and D.-H. Kang. 2002. Inhibition of Salmonella
Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in mung bean sprouts by chemical
treatment. J. Food Prot. 65:1088-1092.
cilantro chlorite, sodium E. coli O157:H7 2009 Allende, A., M. McEvoy, Y. Tao, and Y. Luo. 2009. Antimicrobial effect of
acidified sodium chlorite, sodium chlorite, sodium hypochlorite, and citric acid on
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and natural microflora of fresh-cut cilantro. Food Control
20:230-234.
cilantro chlorite, acidified E. coli O157:H7 2009 Allende, A., M. McEvoy, Y. Tao, and Y. Luo. 2009. Antimicrobial effect of
sodium acidified sodium chlorite, sodium chlorite, sodium hypochlorite, and citric acid on
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and natural microflora of fresh-cut cilantro. Food Control
20:230-234.
cabbage chlorine, surfactant virus, murine norovirus 2011 Predmore, A. and J. Li. 2011. Enhanced removal of a human norovirus surrogate
from fresh vegetables and fruits by a combination of surfactants and sanitizers. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 77:4829-4838.
lettuce chlorine, surfactant virus, murine norovirus 2011 Predmore, A. and J. Li. 2011. Enhanced removal of a human norovirus surrogate
from fresh vegetables and fruits by a combination of surfactants and sanitizers. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 77:4829-4838.
basil chlorine dioxide, Cryptosporidium parvum 2008 Ortega, Y.R., A. Mann, M.P. Torres, and V. Cama. 2008. Efficacy of gaseous
gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer against Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora
cayetanensis, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis on produce. J. Food Prot. 71:2410-
2414.
basil chlorine dioxide, Cyclospora cayetanensis 2008 Ortega, Y.R., A. Mann, M.P. Torres, and V. Cama. 2008. Efficacy of gaseous
gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer against Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora
cayetanensis, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis on produce. J. Food Prot. 71:2410-
2414.
basil chlorine dioxide, Encephalitozoon intestinalis 2008 Ortega, Y.R., A. Mann, M.P. Torres, and V. Cama. 2008. Efficacy of gaseous
gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer against Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora
cayetanensis, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis on produce. J. Food Prot. 71:2410-
2414.
cabbage chlorine dioxide, E. coli O157:H7 2005 Sy, K.V., M.B. Murray, M.D. Harrison, and L.R. Beuchat. 2005. Evaluation of
gaseous gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer for killing Salmonella, Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and yeasts and molds on fresh and fresh-cut
produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1176-1187.
cabbage chlorine dioxide, L. monocytogenes 2005 Sy, K.V., M.B. Murray, M.D. Harrison, and L.R. Beuchat. 2005. Evaluation of
gaseous gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer for killing Salmonella, Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and yeasts and molds on fresh and fresh-cut
produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1176-1187.
Page 18
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
cabbage chlorine dioxide, Salmonella spp. 2005 Sy, K.V., M.B. Murray, M.D. Harrison, and L.R. Beuchat. 2005. Evaluation of
gaseous gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer for killing Salmonella, Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and yeasts and molds on fresh and fresh-cut
produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1176-1187.
cabbage, white chlorine dioxide, microflora, psychrophiles 2008 Gómez-López, V.M., P. Ragaert, V. Jeyachchandran, J. Debevere, and F.
gaseous Devlieghere. 2008. Shelf-life of minimally processed lettuce and cabbage treated with
gaseous chlorine dioxide and cysteine. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 121:74-81.
lettuce chlorine dioxide, E. coli O157:H7 2004 Lee, S.-Y., M. Costello, and D.-H. Kang. 2004. Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a
gaseous sanitizer of lettuce leaves. J. Food Prot. 67:1371-1376.
lettuce chlorine dioxide, L. monocytogenes 2004 Lee, S.-Y., M. Costello, and D.-H. Kang. 2004. Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a
gaseous sanitizer of lettuce leaves. J. Food Prot. 67:1371-1376.
lettuce chlorine dioxide, Salmonella spp. 2004 Lee, S.-Y., M. Costello, and D.-H. Kang. 2004. Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a
gaseous sanitizer of lettuce leaves. J. Food Prot. 67:1371-1376.
lettuce, green leaf chlorine dioxide, Cryptosporidium parvum 2008 Ortega, Y.R., A. Mann, M.P. Torres, and V. Cama. 2008. Efficacy of gaseous
gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer against Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora
cayetanensis, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis on produce. J. Food Prot. 71:2410-
2414.
lettuce, green leaf chlorine dioxide, Cyclospora cayetanensis 2008 Ortega, Y.R., A. Mann, M.P. Torres, and V. Cama. 2008. Efficacy of gaseous
gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer against Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora
cayetanensis, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis on produce. J. Food Prot. 71:2410-
2414.
lettuce, green leaf chlorine dioxide, Encephalitozoon intestinalis 2008 Ortega, Y.R., A. Mann, M.P. Torres, and V. Cama. 2008. Efficacy of gaseous
gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer against Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora
cayetanensis, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis on produce. J. Food Prot. 71:2410-
2414.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine dioxide, microflora, psychrophiles 2008 Gómez-López, V.M., P. Ragaert, V. Jeyachchandran, J. Debevere, and F.
gaseous Devlieghere. 2008. Shelf-life of minimally processed lettuce and cabbage treated with
gaseous chlorine dioxide and cysteine. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 121:74-81.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine dioxide, E. coli O157:H7 2005 Sy, K.V., M.B. Murray, M.D. Harrison, and L.R. Beuchat. 2005. Evaluation of
gaseous gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer for killing Salmonella, Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and yeasts and molds on fresh and fresh-cut
produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1176-1187.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine dioxide, L. monocytogenes 2005 Sy, K.V., M.B. Murray, M.D. Harrison, and L.R. Beuchat. 2005. Evaluation of
gaseous gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer for killing Salmonella, Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and yeasts and molds on fresh and fresh-cut
produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1176-1187.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine dioxide, Salmonella spp. 2005 Sy, K.V., M.B. Murray, M.D. Harrison, and L.R. Beuchat. 2005. Evaluation of
gaseous gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer for killing Salmonella, Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and yeasts and molds on fresh and fresh-cut
produce. J. Food Prot. 68:1176-1187.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine dioxide, E. coli O157:H7 2008 Kim, Y.-J., S.-H. Lee, J. Park, J. Park, M. Chung, K. Kwon, K. Chung, M. Won, and
aqueous K.B. Song. 2008. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium,
and Listeria monocytogenes on stored iceberg lettuce by aqueous chlorine dioxide
treatment. J. Food Sci. 73:M418-M422.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine dioxide, L. monocytogenes 2008 Kim, Y.-J., S.-H. Lee, J. Park, J. Park, M. Chung, K. Kwon, K. Chung, M. Won, and
aqueous K.B. Song. 2008. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium,
and Listeria monocytogenes on stored iceberg lettuce by aqueous chlorine dioxide
treatment. J. Food Sci. 73:M418-M422.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine dioxide, Salmonella typhimurium 2008 Kim, Y.-J., S.-H. Lee, J. Park, J. Park, M. Chung, K. Kwon, K. Chung, M. Won, and
aqueous K.B. Song. 2008. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium,
and Listeria monocytogenes on stored iceberg lettuce by aqueous chlorine dioxide
treatment. J. Food Sci. 73:M418-M422.
lettuce, romaine chlorine dioxide, E. coli O157:H7 2002 Singh, N., R.K. Singh, A.K. Bhunia, and R.L. Stroshine. 2002. Effect of inoculation
aqueous and washing methods on the efficacy of different sanitizers against Escherichia coli
O157:H7 on lettuce. Food Microbiol. 19:183-193.
lettuce seeds chlorine dioxide gas E. coli O157:H7 2011 Trinetta, V., N. Vaidya, R. Linton, and M. Morgan. 2011. A comparative study on
the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide gas, ozone gas, and e-beam irradiation
treatments for inactivation of pathogens inoculated onto tomato, cantaloupe, and
lettuce seeds. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 146:203-206.
lettuce chlorine dioxide E. coli O157:H7 2011 Keskinen, L.A. and B.A. Annous. 2011. Efficacy of adding detergents to sanitizer
and detergents solutions for inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Romaine lettuce. Int. J.
Food Microbiol. 147:157-161.
chard chlorine dioxide E. coli O157:H7 2012 Tomäs-Callejas, F. López-Gälvez, A. Sbodio, F. Artés, F. Artés-Hernändez, and
T.V. Suslow. 2012. Chlorine dioxide and chlorine effectiveness to prevent
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella cross-contamination on fresh-cut Red
Chard. Food Control 23:325-332.
lettuce chlorine dioxide Enterobacteriaceae 2010 López-Gálvez, F., A. Allende, P. Truchado, A. Martínez-Sánchez, J.A. Tudela, M.V.
Selma, and M.I. Gil. 2010. Suitability of aqueous chlorine dioxide versus sodium
hypochlorite as an effective sanitizer for preserving quality of fresh-cut lettuce while
avoiding by-product formation. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 55:53-60.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine dioxide Enterobacter sakazakii 2006 Kim, H., J.-H. Ryu, and L.R. Beuchat. 2006. Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii on
fresh produce as affected by temperature, and effectiveness of sanitizers for its
elimination. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 111:134-143.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine dioxide E. coli 2010 López-Gálvez, F., M.I. Gil, P. Truchado, M.V. Selma, and A. Allende. 2010. Cross-
contamination of fresh-cut lettuce after a short-term exposure during pre-washing
cannot be controlled after subsequent washing with chlorine dioxide or sodium
hypochlorite. Food Microbiol. 27:199-204.
lettuce, leaf chlorine dioxide E. coli O157:H7 2004 Rodgers, S.L., J.N. Cash, M. Siddiq, and E.T. Ryser. 2004. A comparison of different
chemical sanitizers for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria
monocytogenes in solution and on apples, lettuce, strawberries, and cantaloupe. J.
Food Prot. 67:721-731.
lettuce, leaf chlorine dioxide L. monocytogenes 2004 Rodgers, S.L., J.N. Cash, M. Siddiq, and E.T. Ryser. 2004. A comparison of different
chemical sanitizers for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria
monocytogenes in solution and on apples, lettuce, strawberries, and cantaloupe. J.
Food Prot. 67:721-731.
lettuce, romaine chlorine dioxide E. coli O157:H7 2006 Huang, T.-S., C. Xu, K. Walker, P. West, S. Zhang, and J. Weese. 2006.
Page 19
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
Decontamination efficacy of combined chlorine dioxide with ultrasonication on
apples and lettuce. J. Food Sci. 71:M134-M139.
lettuce, romaine chlorine dioxide Salmonella 2006 Huang, T.-S., C. Xu, K. Walker, P. West, S. Zhang, and J. Weese. 2006.
Decontamination efficacy of combined chlorine dioxide with ultrasonication on
apples and lettuce. J. Food Sci. 71:M134-M139.
lettuce, shredded chlorine dioxide L. monocytogenes 1996 Zhang, S. and J.M. Farber. 1996. The effects of various disinfectants against Listeria
monocytogenes on fresh-cut vegetables. Food Microbiol. 13:311-321.
produce, fresh-cut chlorine dioxide Review 2009 Gómez-López, V.M., A. Rajkovic, P. Ragaert, N. Smigic, and F. Devlieghere. 2009.
Chlorine dioxide for minimally processed produce preservation: a review. Trends
Food Sci. Technol. 20:17-26.
lettuce chlorine and E. coli O157:H7 2011 Keskinen, L.A. and B.A. Annous. 2011. Efficacy of adding detergents to sanitizer
detergents solutions for inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Romaine lettuce. Int. J.
Food Microbiol. 147:157-161.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine (sodium and microflora, mesophiles 2006 Simmons, J.L., J.-H. Ryu, and L.R. Beuchat. 2006. Comparison of treatment of fresh-
calcium hypochlorites) cut lettuce and diced tomatoes with sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite
for effects on microbiological and sensory qualities. Food Prot. Trends 26:662-667.
lettuce, mesclun chlorine (sodium and microflora, mesophiles 2006 Simmons, J.L., J.-H. Ryu, and L.R. Beuchat. 2006. Comparison of treatment of fresh-
calcium hypochlorites) cut lettuce and diced tomatoes with sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite
for effects on microbiological and sensory qualities. Food Prot. Trends 26:662-667.
lettuce, romaine chlorine (sodium and microflora, mesophiles 2006 Simmons, J.L., J.-H. Ryu, and L.R. Beuchat. 2006. Comparison of treatment of fresh-
calcium hypochlorites) cut lettuce and diced tomatoes with sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite
for effects on microbiological and sensory qualities. Food Prot. Trends 26:662-667.
basil chlorine coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490.
cabbage chlorine calicivirus, feline 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
cabbage chlorine coliphage MS2, F-specific 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
cabbage chlorine E. coli 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
cabbage chlorine virus, bacteriophage MS2 2005 Dawson, D.J., A. Paish, L.M. Staffell, I.J. Seymour, and H. Appleton. 2005. Survival
of viruses on fresh produce, using MS2 as a surrogate for norovirus. J. Appl.
Microbiol. 98:203-209.
chard chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2012 Tomäs-Callejas, F. López-Gälvez, A. Sbodio, F. Artés, F. Artés-Hernändez, and
T.V. Suslow. 2012. Chlorine dioxide and chlorine effectiveness to prevent
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella cross-contamination on fresh-cut Red
Chard. Food Control 23:325-332.
cilantro chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2004 Foley, D., M. Euper, F. Caporaso, and A. Prakash. 2004. Irradiation and chlorination
effectively reduces Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated on cilantro (Coriandrum
sativum) without negatively affecting quality. J. Food Prot. 67:2092-2098.
cilantro chlorine Bacillus subtilis 2011 Hao, J., H. Liu, R. Liu, W. Dalai, R. Zhao, T. Chen, and L. Li. 2011. Efficacy of
slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
fresh-cut cilantro. J. Food Safety 31:28-34.
cilantro chlorine E. coli 2011 Hao, J., H. Liu, R. Liu, W. Dalai, R. Zhao, T. Chen, and L. Li. 2011. Efficacy of
slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
fresh-cut cilantro. J. Food Safety 31:28-34.
cilantro chlorine coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490.
coleslaw, dry (cabbage chlorine coliforms 2005 Cliffe-Byrnes, V. and D. O”Beirne. 2005. Effects of chlorine treatment and
and carrot) packaging on the quality and shelf-life of modified atmosphere (MA) packaged
coleslaw mix. Food Control 16:707-716.
coleslaw, dry shredded chlorine E. coli 2002 Francis, G.A. and D. O’Beirne. 2002. Effects of vegetable type and antimicrobial
(80% cabbage, 20% dipping on survival and growth of Listeria innocua and E. coli. Int. J. Food Sci.
carrot) Technol. 37:711-718.
coleslaw, dry shredded chlorine L. innocua 2002 Francis, G.A. and D. O’Beirne. 2002. Effects of vegetable type and antimicrobial
(80% cabbage, 20% dipping on survival and growth of Listeria innocua and E. coli. Int. J. Food Sci.
carrot) Technol. 37:711-718.
endive chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
endive chlorine L. innocua 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
endive chlorine Salmonella 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
Four seasons salad chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
(lettuce, cabbage neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
and carrot) minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
Four seasons salad chlorine L. innocua 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
(lettuce, cabbage neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
and carrot) minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
Four seasons salad chlorine Salmonella 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
(lettuce, cabbage neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
and carrot) minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
lettuce chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
lettuce chlorine L. innocua 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
Page 20
Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
lettuce chlorine Salmonella 2008 Abadias, M., J. Usall, M. Oliveira, I. Alegre, and I. Viñas. 2008. Efficacy of
neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on
minimally-processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 123:151-158.
lettuce chlorine calicivirus, feline 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce chlorine coliphage MS2, F-specific 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce chlorine E. coli 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce chlorine coliforms 2007 Amoah, P., P. Drechsel, R.C. Abaidoo, and A. Klutse. 2007. Effectiveness of
common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for
the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables. Trop. Med. Int.
Hlth. 12:40-50.
lettuce chlorine helminths 2007 Amoah, P., P. Drechsel, R.C. Abaidoo, and A. Klutse. 2007. Effectiveness of
common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for
the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables. Trop. Med. Int.
Hlth. 12:40-50.
lettuce chlorine E. coli 2010 Erkmen, O. 2010. Antimicrobial effects of hypochlorite on Escherichia coli in water
and selected vegetables. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:953-958.
lettuce chlorine Yersinia enterocolitica 1999 Escudero, M.E., L. Velázquez, M.A. Di Genaro, and A.M.S. de Guzmán. 1999.
Effectiveness of various disinfectants in the elimination of Yersinia enterocolitica on
fresh lettuce. J. Food Prot. 62:665-669.
lettuce chlorine coliforms 2001 Koseki, S., K. Yoshida, S. Isobe, and K. Itoh. 2001. Decontamination of lettuce using
acidic electrolyzed water. J. Food Prot. 64:652-658.
lettuce chlorine Enterobacteriaceae 2010 López-Gálvez, F., A. Allende, P. Truchado, A. Martínez-Sánchez, J.A. Tudela, M.V.
Selma, and M.I. Gil. 2010. Suitability of aqueous chlorine dioxide versus sodium
hypochlorite as an effective sanitizer for preserving quality of fresh-cut lettuce while
avoiding by-product formation. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 55:53-60.
lettuce chlorine microflora, mesophiles 2007 Lu, Z.-X., F.-X. Lu, L.-K. Zhang, X.-M. Bie, and X.-K. Zou. 2007. Predictive
modeling and growth models of aerobic mesophilic bacteria on fresh-cut lettuce by
hypochlorite washing. J. Food Safety 27:157-168.
lettuce chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2011 Luo, Y., X. Nou, Y. Yang, I. Alegre, E. Turner, H. Feng, M. Abadias, and W.
Conway. 2011. Determination of free chlorine concentrations needed to prevent
Escherichia coli O157:H7 cross-contamination during fresh-cut produce wash. J.
Food Prot. 74:352-358.
lettuce chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2011 Nou, X., Y. Lou, L. Hollar, Y. Yang, H. Feng, P. Millner, and D. Shelton. 2011.
Chlorine stabilizer T-128 enhances efficacy of chlorine against cross-
contamination by E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in fresh-cut lettuce processing.
J. Food Sci. 76:M218.
lettuce chlorine Salmonella 2011 Nou, X., Y. Lou, L. Hollar, Y. Yang, H. Feng, P. Millner, and D. Shelton. 2011.
Chlorine stabilizer T-128 enhances efficacy of chlorine against cross-
contamination by E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in fresh-cut lettuce processing.
J. Food Sci. 76:M218.
lettuce chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2007 Nthenge, A.K., J.S. Weese, M. Carter, C.-I. Wei, and T.-S. Huang. 2007. Efficacy of
gamma radiation and aqueous chlorine on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in
hydroponically grown lettuce plants. J. Food Prot. 70:748-752.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine Enterobacteriaceae 2007 Akbas, M.Y. and H. Ölmez. 2007. Effectiveness of organic acid, ozonated water and
chlorine dippings on microbial reduction and storage quality of fresh-cut iceberg
lettuce. J. Sci. Food Agric. 87:2609-2616.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli 2007 Akbas, M.Y. and H. Ölmez. 2007. Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria
monocytogenes on iceberg lettuce by dip wash treatments with organic acids. Lett.
Appl. Microbiol. 44:619-624.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine L. monocytogenes 2007 Akbas, M.Y. and H. Ölmez. 2007. Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria
monocytogenes on iceberg lettuce by dip wash treatments with organic acids. Lett.
Appl. Microbiol. 44:619-624.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine Enterobacteriaceae 2005 Baur, S., R. Klaiber, H. Wei, W.P. Hammes, and R. Carle. 2005. Effect of
temperature and chlorination of pre-washing water on shelf-life and physiological
properties of ready-to-use iceberg lettuce. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 6:171-
182.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine coliforms 2005 Beltran, D., M.V. Selma, A. Marín, and M.I. Gil. 2005. Ozonated water extends the
shelf life of fresh-cut lettuce. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:5654-5663.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine L. monocytogenes 2004 Beuchat, L.R., B.B. Adler, and M.M. Lang. 2004. Efficacy of chlorine and a
peroxyacetic acid sanitizer in killing Listeria monocytogenes on iceberg and romaine
lettuce using simulated commercial processing conditions. J. Food Prot. 67:1238-
1242.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli O157:H7 1998 Beuchat, L.R., B.V. Nail, B.B. Adler, and M.R.S. Clavero. 1998. Efficacy of spray
application of chlorinated water in killing pathogenic bacteria on raw apples,
tomatoes, and lettuce. J. Food Prot. 61:1305-1311.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine L. monocytogenes 1998 Beuchat, L.R., B.V. Nail, B.B. Adler, and M.R.S. Clavero. 1998. Efficacy of spray
application of chlorinated water in killing pathogenic bacteria on raw apples,
tomatoes, and lettuce. J. Food Prot. 61:1305-1311.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine Salmonella spp. 1998 Beuchat, L.R., B.V. Nail, B.B. Adler, and M.R.S. Clavero. 1998. Efficacy of spray
application of chlorinated water in killing pathogenic bacteria on raw apples,
tomatoes, and lettuce. J. Food Prot. 61:1305-1311.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine L. monocytogenes 2004 Burnett, A.B., M.H. Iturriaga, E.F. Escartin, C.A. Pettigrew, and L.R. Beuchat. 2004.
Influence of variations in methodology on populations of Listeria monocytogenes
recovered from lettuce treated with sanitizers. J. Food Prot. 67:742-750.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine virus, coliphage MS2 2008 Casteel, M.J., C.E. Schmidt, and M.D. Sobsey. 2008. Chlorine disinfection of
produce to inactivate hepatitis A virus and coliphage MS2. Int. J. Food Microbiol.
125:267-273.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine virus, hepatitis A 2008 Casteel, M.J., C.E. Schmidt, and M.D. Sobsey. 2008. Chlorine disinfection of
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Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
produce to inactivate hepatitis A virus and coliphage MS2. Int. J. Food Microbiol.
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lettuce, iceberg chlorine virus, bacteriophage MS2 2005 Dawson, D.J., A. Paish, L.M. Staffell, I.J. Seymour, and H. Appleton. 2005. Survival
of viruses on fresh produce, using MS2 as a surrogate for norovirus. J. Appl.
Microbiol. 98:203-209.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2009 Del Carmen Velázquez, L., N.B.Barbini, M.E. Escudero, C.L. Estrada, and A.M.S. de
Guzmán. 2009. Evaluation of chlorine, benzalkonium chloride and lactic acid as
sanitizers for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Yersinia enterocolitica on fresh
vegetables Food Control 20:262-268.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine Yersinia enterocolitica 2009 Del Carmen Velázquez, L., N.B.Barbini, M.E. Escudero, C.L. Estrada, and A.M.S. de
Guzmán. 2009. Evaluation of chlorine, benzalkonium chloride and lactic acid as
sanitizers for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Yersinia enterocolitica on fresh
vegetables Food Control 20:262-268.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2002 Delaquis, P., S. Stewart, S. Cazaux, and P. Toivonen. 2002. Survival and growth of
Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ready-to-eat iceberg lettuce
washed in warm chlorinated water. J. Food Prot. 65:459-464.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine L. monocytogenes 2002 Delaquis, P., S. Stewart, S. Cazaux, and P. Toivonen. 2002. Survival and growth of
Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ready-to-eat iceberg lettuce
washed in warm chlorinated water. J. Food Prot. 65:459-464.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli 2002 Francis, G.A. and D. O’Beirne. 2002. Effects of vegetable type and antimicrobial
dipping on survival and growth of Listeria innocua and E. coli. Int. J. Food Sci.
Technol. 37:711-718.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine L. innocua 2002 Francis, G.A. and D. O’Beirne. 2002. Effects of vegetable type and antimicrobial
dipping on survival and growth of Listeria innocua and E. coli. Int. J. Food Sci.
Technol. 37:711-718.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine Enterobacteriaceae 2010 Gopal, A., J. Coventry, J. Wan, H. Roginski, and S. Ajlouni. 2010. Alternative
disinfection techniques to extend the shelf life of minimally processed iceberg lettuce.
Food Microbiol. 27:210-219.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli 2012 Ha, J.-H., J.-Y. Lee, M.-S. Chung, J. Park, and S.-D. Ha. 2012. Synergism of
combined vitamin B1 and NaOCl treatment for the reduction of microbiological
contamination in head lettuce. J. Food Proc. Preserv.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli 2012 Ha, J.-H., J.-Y. Lee, M.-S. Chung, J. Park, and S.-D. Ha. 2012. Synergism of
combined vitamin B1 and NaOCl treatment for the reduction of microbiological
contamination in head lettuce. J. Food Proc. Preserv.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine Listeria monocytogenes 2006 Hellström, S., R. Kervinen, M. Lyly, R. Ahvenainen-Rantala, and H. Korkeala. 2006.
Efficacy of disinfectants to reduce Listeria monocytogenes on precut Iceberg lettuce.
J. Food Prot. 69:1565-1570.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine Enterobacter sakazakii 2006 Kim, H., J.-H. Ryu, and L.R. Beuchat. 2006. Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii on
fresh produce as affected by temperature, and effectiveness of sanitizers for its
elimination. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 111:134-143.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2006 Kondo, N., M. Murata, and K. Isshiki. 2006. Efficiency of sodium hypochlorite,
fumaric acid, and mild heat in killing native microflora and Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Staphylococcus aureus attached to
fresh-cut lettuce. J. Food Prot. 69:323-329.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine Salmonella Typhimurium 2006 Kondo, N., M. Murata, and K. Isshiki. 2006. Efficiency of sodium hypochlorite,
DT104 fumaric acid, and mild heat in killing native microflora and Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Staphylococcus aureus attached to
fresh-cut lettuce. J. Food Prot. 69:323-329.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine Staphylococcus aureus 2006 Kondo, N., M. Murata, and K. Isshiki. 2006. Efficiency of sodium hypochlorite,
fumaric acid, and mild heat in killing native microflora and Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Staphylococcus aureus attached to
fresh-cut lettuce. J. Food Prot. 69:323-329.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2001 Li, Y., R.E. Brackett, J.R. Chen, and L.R. Beuchat. 2001. Survival and growth of
Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated onto cut lettuce before or after heating in
chlorinated water, followed by storage at 5° or 15°C. J. Food Prot. 64:305-309.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli 2009 López-Gálvez, F., A. Allende, M.V. Selma, and M.I. Gil. 2009. Prevention of
Escherichia coli cross-contamination by different commercial sanitizers during
washing of fresh-cut lettuce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 133:167-171.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli 2010 López-Gálvez, F., M.I. Gil, P. Truchado, M.V. Selma, and A. Allende. 2010. Cross-
contamination of fresh-cut lettuce after a short-term exposure during pre-washing
cannot be controlled after subsequent washing with chlorine dioxide or sodium
hypochlorite. Food Microbiol. 27:199-204.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli 2003 Nascimento, M.S., N. Silva, M.P.L.M. Catanozi, and K.C. Silva. 2003. Effects of
different disinfection treatments on the natural microbiota of lettuce. J. Food Prot.
66:1697-1700.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli O157:H7 1999 Seo, K.H. and J.F. Frank. 1999. Attachment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to lettuce
leaf surface and bacterial viability in response to chlorine treatment as demonstrated
by using confocal scanning laser microscopy. J. Food Prot. 62:3-9.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2000 Takeuchi, K. and J.F. Frank. 2000. Penetration of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into
lettuce tissues as affected by inoculum size and temperature and the effect of chlorine
treatment on cell viability. J. Food Prot. 63:434-440.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2001 Takeuchi, K. and J.F. Frank. 2001. Quantitative determination of the role of lettuce
leaf structures in protecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 from chlorine disinfection. J.
Food Prot. 64:147-151.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine Salmonella baildon 2000 Weissinger, W.R., W. Chantarapanont, and L.R. Beuchat. 2000. Survival and growth
of Salmonella baildon in shredded lettuce and diced tomatoes and effectiveness of
chlorinated water as a sanitizer. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 62:123-131.
lettuce, iceberg chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2009 Zhang, G., L. Ma, V.H. Phelan, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Efficacy of antimicrobial
agents in lettuce leaf processing water for control of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J.
Food Prot. 72:1392-1397.
lettuce, romaine chlorine L. monocytogenes 2004 Beuchat, L.R., B.B. Adler, and M.M. Lang. 2004. Efficacy of chlorine and a
peroxyacetic acid sanitizer in killing Listeria monocytogenes on iceberg and romaine
lettuce using simulated commercial processing conditions. J. Food Prot. 67:1238-
1242.
lettuce, romaine chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2011 Luo, Y.G., X.W. Nou, Y. Yang, I. Alegre, E. Turner, H. Feng, M. Abadias, and W.
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Conway. 2011. Determination of free chlorine concentrations needed to prevent
Escherichia coli O157:H7 cross-contaminaiton during fresh-cut produce wash. J.
Food Prot. 74:352-358.
lettuce, romaine chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2010 Nou, X. and Y. Luo. 2010. Whole-leaf wash improves chlorine efficacy for microbial
reduction and prevents pathogen cross-contamination during fresh-cut lettuce
processing. J. Food Sci. 75:M283-M290.
lettuce, shredded chlorine L. monocytogenes 1996 Zhang, S. and J.M. Farber. 1996. The effects of various disinfectants against Listeria
monocytogenes on fresh-cut vegetables. Food Microbiol. 13:311-321.
mixed greens chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2008 Stopforth, J.D., T. Mai, B. Kottapalli, and M. Samadpour. 2008. Effect of acidified
sodium chlorite, chlorine, and acidic electrolyzed water on Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto leafy greens. J.
Food Prot. 71:625-628. (mixed greens include organic baby lettuces (red and green
romaine, red and green oak leaf, lollo rosa, tango), organic red and green chard,
organic mizuna, organic arugula, organic frisée, and organic radicchio)
mixed greens chlorine L. monocytogenes 2008 Stopforth, J.D., T. Mai, B. Kottapalli, and M. Samadpour. 2008. Effect of acidified
sodium chlorite, chlorine, and acidic electrolyzed water on Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto leafy greens. J.
Food Prot. 71:625-628. (mixed greens include organic baby lettuces (red and green
romaine, red and green oak leaf, lollo rosa, tango), organic red and green chard,
organic mizuna, organic arugula, organic frisée, and organic radicchio)
mixed greens chlorine Salmonella spp. 2008 Stopforth, J.D., T. Mai, B. Kottapalli, and M. Samadpour. 2008. Effect of acidified
sodium chlorite, chlorine, and acidic electrolyzed water on Escherichia coli
O157:H7, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto leafy greens. J.
Food Prot. 71:625-628. (mixed greens include organic baby lettuces (red and green
romaine, red and green oak leaf, lollo rosa, tango), organic red and green chard,
organic mizuna, organic arugula, organic frisée, and organic radicchio)
parsley chlorine E. coli 2010 Erkmen, O. 2010. Antimicrobial effects of hypochlorite on Escherichia coli in water
and selected vegetables. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:953-958.
parsley chlorine coliforms, fecal 2009 Samadi, N., N. Abadian, D. Bakhtiari, M.R. Fazell, and H. Jamalifar. 2009. Efficacy
of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with
mixed raw vegetables. J. Food Prot. 72:1486-1490.
parsley, curly leaf chlorine virus, bacteriophage MS2 2005 Dawson, D.J., A. Paish, L.M. Staffell, I.J. Seymour, and H. Appleton. 2005. Survival
of viruses on fresh produce, using MS2 as a surrogate for norovirus. J. Appl.
Microbiol. 98:203-209.
rocket leaves chlorine coliforms 2006 Martínez-Sánchez, A., A. Allende, R.N. Bennett, F. Ferreres, and M.I. Gil. 2006.
Microbial, nutritional and sensory quality of rocket leaves as affected by different
sanitizers. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 42:86-97.
spinach chlorine Clostridium perfringens 2011 Brown, A.L., J.C. Brooks, E. Karunasena, A. Echeverry, A. Laury, and M.M.
Brashears. 2011. Inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Clostridium
sporogenes in spinach packaged in modified atmospheres after treatment
combined with chlorine and lactic acid bacteria. J. Food Sci. 76:M427.
spinach chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2011 Brown, A.L., J.C. Brooks, E. Karunasena, A. Echeverry, A. Laury, and M.M.
Brashears. 2011. Inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Clostridium
sporogenes in spinach packaged in modified atmospheres after treatment
combined with chlorine and lactic acid bacteria. J. Food Sci. 76:M427.
spinach chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2010 Gragg, S.E. and M.M. Brashears. 2010. Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in
fresh spinach, using lactic acid bacteria and chlorine as a multihurdle intervention. J.
Food Prot. 73:358-361.
spinach chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2008 Nei, D., J.-W. Choi, M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, S. Kawamoto, and Y. Inatsu. 2008.
Efficacy of chlorine and acidified sodium chlorite on microbial population and
quality changes of spinach leaves. Foodborne Path. Dis. 6:541-546.
spinach chlorine Salmonella Hadar 2000 Pirovani, M.E., D.R. Güemes, J.H. Di Pentima, and M.A. Tessi. 2000. Survival of
Salmonella Hadar after washing disinfection of minimally processed spinach. Lett.
Appl. Microbiol. 31:143-148.
spinach chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2010 Rahman, S.M.E., T. Ding, and D.-H. Oh. 2010. Inactivation effect of newly
developed low concentration electrolyzed water and other sanitizers against
microorganisms on spinach. Food Control 21:1383-1387.
spinach chlorine L. monocytogenes 2010 Rahman, S.M.E., T. Ding, and D.-H. Oh. 2010. Inactivation effect of newly
developed low concentration electrolyzed water and other sanitizers against
microorganisms on spinach. Food Control 21:1383-1387.
spinach chlorine Salmonella 2012 Yossa, N., J. Patel, P. Millner, and Y.M. Lo. 2012. Essential oils reduce
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on spinach leaves. J. Food Prot.
75:488-496.
spinach chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2012 Yossa, N., J. Patel, P. Millner, and Y.M. Lo. 2012. Essential oils reduce
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on spinach leaves. J. Food Prot.
75:488-496.
spinach, baby chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2007 Niemira, B.A. 2007. Relative efficacy of sodium hypochlorite wash versus irradiation
to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 internalized in leaves of Romaine lettuce and
baby spinach. J. Food Prot. 70:2526-2532.
spinach, romaine chlorine E. coli O157:H7 2007 Niemira, B.A. 2007. Relative efficacy of sodium hypochlorite wash versus irradiation
to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 internalized in leaves of Romaine lettuce and
baby spinach. J. Food Prot. 70:2526-2532.
sprouts, alfalfa seed chlorine Salmonella spp. 2003 Kim, C., Y.-C. Hung, R.E. Brackett, and C.-S. Lin. 2003. Efficacy of electrolyzed
oxidizing water in inactivating Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. J. Food Prot.
66:208-214.
sprouts, mung bean chlorine L. monocytogenes 2002 Lee, S.-Y., K.-M. Yun, J. Fellman, and D.-H. Kang. 2002. Inhibition of Salmonella
Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in mung bean sprouts by chemical
treatment. J. Food Prot. 65:1088-1092.
sprouts, mung bean chlorine Salmonella Typhimurium 2002 Lee, S.-Y., K.-M. Yun, J. Fellman, and D.-H. Kang. 2002. Inhibition of Salmonella
Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in mung bean sprouts by chemical
treatment. J. Food Prot. 65:1088-1092.
sprouts, mung bean chlorine Listeria monocytogenes 2006 Muñoz, B. De Ancos, C. Sánchez-Moreno, and M.P. Cano. 2006. Evaluation of
chemical and physical (high-pressure and temperature) treatments to improve the
safety of minimally processed mung bean sprouts during refrigerated storage. J. Food
Prot. 69:2395-2402.
lettuce, leaf chlorinated trisodium E. coli O157:H7 2004 Rodgers, S.L., J.N. Cash, M. Siddiq, and E.T. Ryser. 2004. A comparison of different
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Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
phosphate chemical sanitizers for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria
monocytogenes in solution and on apples, lettuce, strawberries, and cantaloupe. J.
Food Prot. 67:721-731.
lettuce, leaf chlorinated trisodium L. monocytogenes 2004 Rodgers, S.L., J.N. Cash, M. Siddiq, and E.T. Ryser. 2004. A comparison of different
phosphate chemical sanitizers for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria
monocytogenes in solution and on apples, lettuce, strawberries, and cantaloupe. J.
Food Prot. 67:721-731.
lettuce, mixed chitosan with lactic microflora, psychrophiles 2004 Devlieghere, F., A. Vermeulen, and J. Debevere. 2004. Chitosan: antimicrobial
acid activity, interactions with food components and applicability as a coating on fruit and
vegetables. Food Microbiol. 21:703-714.
cabbage, Chinese chitosan E. coli 2005 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Effectiveness of some
natural antimicrobial compounds in controlling pathogen or spoilage bacteria in
lightly fermented Chinese cabbage. J. Food Sci. 70:M393-M397.
cabbage, Chinese chitosan L. monocytogenes 2005 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Effectiveness of some
natural antimicrobial compounds in controlling pathogen or spoilage bacteria in
lightly fermented Chinese cabbage. J. Food Sci. 70:M393-M397.
cabbage, Chinese chitosan Salmonella Enteritidis 2005 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Effectiveness of some
natural antimicrobial compounds in controlling pathogen or spoilage bacteria in
lightly fermented Chinese cabbage. J. Food Sci. 70:M393-M397.
cabbage, Chinese chitosan Staphylococcus aureus 2005 Inatsu, Y., M.L. Bari, S. Kawasaki, and S. Kawamoto. 2005. Effectiveness of some
natural antimicrobial compounds in controlling pathogen or spoilage bacteria in
lightly fermented Chinese cabbage. J. Food Sci. 70:M393-M397.
lettuce cetylpyridinium E. coli O157:H7 2003 Yang, H., Y. Cheng, B.L. Swem, and Y. Li. 2003. Efficacy of cetylpyridinium
chlorine chlorine on Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in immersion
spray treatment of fresh-cut lettuce. J. Food Sci. 68:1008-1012.
lettuce cetylpyridinium Salmonella Typhimurium 2003 Yang, H., Y. Cheng, B.L. Swem, and Y. Li. 2003. Efficacy of cetylpyridinium
chlorine chlorine on Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in immersion
spray treatment of fresh-cut lettuce. J. Food Sci. 68:1008-1012.
lettuce cetylpyridinium Salmonella Gaminara 2006 Osman, M., M.E. Janes, R. Story, R. Nannapaneni, and M.G. Johnston. 2006.
chloride Differential killing activity of cetylpyridinium chloride with or without bacto
neutralizing buffer quench against firmly adhered Salmonella Gaminara and Shigella
sonnei on cut lettuce stored at 4°C. J. Food Prot. 69:1286-1291.
lettuce cetylpyridinium Shigella sonnei 2006 Osman, M., M.E. Janes, R. Story, R. Nannapaneni, and M.G. Johnston. 2006.
chloride Differential killing activity of cetylpyridinium chloride with or without bacto
neutralizing buffer quench against firmly adhered Salmonella Gaminara and Shigella
sonnei on cut lettuce stored at 4°C. J. Food Prot. 69:1286-1291.
lettuce, leaf carvacrol E. coli O157:H7 2009 Obaidat, M.M. and J.F. Frank. 2009. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the
intact and damaged portions of lettuce and spinach leaves by using allyl
isothiocyanate, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde in vapor phase. J. Food Prot.
72:2046-2055.
sprouts, alfalfa carvacrol Salmonella spp. 2001 Weissinger, W.R., K.H. McWatters, and L.R. Beuchat. 2001. Evaluation of volatile
chemical treatments for lethality to Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. J. Food
Prot. 64:442-450.
lettuce, iceberg caraway essential oil Bacillus cereus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg caraway essential oil E. coli 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg caraway essential oil Enterobacter spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg caraway essential oil Listeria spp. 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg caraway essential oil Salmonella 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, iceberg caraway essential oil Staphylococcus aureus 2008 Gutierrez, J., G. Rodriguez, C. Barry-Ryan, and P. Bourke. 2008. Efficacy of plant
essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with
ready-to-eat vegetables: Antimicrobial and sensory screening. J. Food Prot. 71:1846-
1854.
lettuce, romaine caprylic acid, with and E. coli O157:H7 2009 Zhao, T., P. Zhao, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Inactivation of Salmonella and Escherichia
without SDS coli O157:H7 on lettuce and poultry skin by combinations of levulinic acid and
sodium dodecyl sulfate. J. Food Prot. 72:928-936.
lettuce, romaine caprylic acid, with and Salmonella spp. 2009 Zhao, T., P. Zhao, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Inactivation of Salmonella and Escherichia
without SDS coli O157:H7 on lettuce and poultry skin by combinations of levulinic acid and
sodium dodecyl sulfate. J. Food Prot. 72:928-936.
cabbage bicarbonate, sodium calicivirus, feline 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
cabbage bicarbonate, sodium coliphage MS2, F-specific 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
cabbage bicarbonate, sodium E. coli 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce bicarbonate, sodium calicivirus, feline 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce bicarbonate, sodium coliphage MS2, F-specific 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
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Type of leafy green Chemical agent Pathogen/Surrogate Year Reference
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce bicarbonate, sodium E. coli 2004 Allwood, P.B., Y.S. Malik, C.W. Hedberg, and S.M. Goyal. 2004. Effect of
temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and
F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J. Food Prot. 67:1451-1456.
lettuce, iceberg bicarbonate, sodium E. coli O157:H7 2001 Takeuchi, K. and J.F. Frank. 2001. Direct microscopic observation of lettuce leaf
decontamination with a prototype fruit and vegetable washing solution and 1% NaCl-
NaHCO3. J. Food Prot. 64:1235-1239.
cabbage bergamot essential oil Bacillus cereus 2006 Fisher, K. and C.A. Phillips. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange, and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and
Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:1232-
1240.
cabbage bergamot essential oil E. coli O157:H7 2006 Fisher, K. and C.A. Phillips. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange, and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and
Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:1232-
1240.
cabbage bergamot essential oil L. monocytogenes 2006 Fisher, K. and C.A. Phillips. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange, and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni,
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