Module12 Mar24 2012 Part02

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Module 12 continued

Energy Implications of Development
Options in Sri Lanka

Energy sources
Energy technologies
Energy sufficiency (conservation)
Energy efficiency
Energy security
Sustainability issues
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
Petroleum in Sri Lanka
- Off-shore exploration of petroleum in Mannar basin is being
considered.

- At present, crude oil is imported and refined at the
Sapugaskanda Refinery of the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
(CPC).

- CPC and Lanka Indian Oil Company (LIOC) are responsible for
the total supply of petroleum.

- LPG supply is carried out by Shell Gas (Lanka) Pvt Ltd.
and Lanka Auto Gas Filling Stations (LAUGFS). Pvt. Ltd.

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012 http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/elibrary.html
Crude oil refined at Sapugaskanda Refinery
Flue Gas

LPG

other refinery plants
Crude Distiller and Naptha
Imported
Crude oil Gasoline

Kerosene

Auto/Super Diesel

Fuel oil
Heavy fuel oil

Prof. R. Shanthini
Brown Asphalt
March 24, 2012 http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/elibrary.html
Sectoral Energy Consumption (thousand TOE)

10,000
9,000 Industry

8,000
Transport
Household, Commercial & Others
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012 Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2010
Energy Consumption: Industrial Sector (thousand TOE)

5,000
4,500 Electricity
4,000
Petroleum
3,500
Biomass
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012 Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2010
Energy Consumption: Transport Sector (thousand TOE)

5,000
4,500 Petroleum
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012 Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2010
Energy Consumption: Household, Commercial and Others
(thousand TOE)
5,000
4,500 Electricity
Petroleum
4,000
Biomass
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012 Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2010
Secondary Energy Consumption in Sri Lanka (thousand TOE)

10,000
9,000 Electricity
8,000 Petroleum
7,000
Biomass
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012 Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2010
Secondary Energy Consumption in Sri Lanka (in %) in 2010

Biomass
57.48% Petroleum
33.51%

Electricity
9.01%

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012 Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2010
Biomass Energy
Dendro power generation
Grow fast growing tree species, having high energy yield.
Eg: Gliricidia Sepium tree
Harvest biomass from the forest using coppicing techniques
(the tree as a whole is not cut down, but pruned
systematically)
Transport biomass to the power plant
Fed into the furnace of the conventional steam turbine /
electrical generator system
Or, fed into a gasifier to produce a combustible gas that
could be burnt in a diesel engine coupled to an electrical
generator.
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012 Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3
Biomass Energy
Dendro power generation
Every MW of dendro power installed creates employment for
300 people in rural communities.
Unused land and agricultural smallholds are ideal locations
for the establishment of biomass plantations and people can
enhance their earnings by selling fuel wood to dendro plants.
Employment opportunities are also generated out of the need
to establish and manage fuel wood plantations and for plant
construction and maintenance work.

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012 Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3
Biomass Energy
Dendro power generation
Biomass is a renewable energy source which is almost
carbon neutral as the carbon emissions released during
combustion are recaptured during re-growth.
However in practice not all biomass generation will be
carbon neutral as transportation to the generation plant will
generate carbon emissions.
The leaves of the Gliricidia Sepium tree can also be used as
cattle feed or as a substitute for urea as a soil nutrient.

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012 Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3
Energy Conservation
The energy conservation fund was established in the mid
1980s to coordinate activities in this area, and later, in the
early 1990s, a separate unit for demand side management
was established in the CEB, mainly to focus on energy
conservation activities in the electricity sector.

This unit has been pursuing several utility sponsored DSM
programmes, such as popularisation of compact ﬂuorescent
lamps (CFLs), development of an energy efficient building
code and energy labelling of electric appliances. Several
private, and non-governmental organisations too, pursue
energy conservation and management activities by offering
expert services and training programmes.

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
P.D.C. Wijayatunga et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 3247–3265
25000
23000
E nerg y C ons umption - G Wh

21000
19000
17000
15000
13000
11000
9000
7000
5000
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020
Forecast Forecast with DS M activities

Years

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
F orc es W ater
4% Textile
1%
2%
Garments
10%
R ic e
0.2%
R ubber
Others 7%
42%
S teel
4%
C omunic ation
Ic e Making 1%
1% Hotels
F ood & B ev 4%
3% Hospitals
3%

B uildings
C ement
Tea 7%
3% P ac kagingC eramic
2% 2% 4%
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
Sector GWh/year kWh/Month

Forces 31.3 2607950
Water 133.3 11106772
Textile 61.6 5130054
Garments 310.1 25842745
Rice 7.0 582279
Rubber 241.1 20091750
Steel 140.4 11698280
Comunication 37.7 3138110
Hotels 130.7 10889828
Hospitals 87.5 7293099

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
Sector GWh/year kWh/Month

Ice Making 17.0 1419058
Buildings 239.0 19915546
Tea 119.2 9931076
Ceramic 65.3 5439253
Food & Bev 113.8 9484966
Packaging 50.3 4189149
Cement 108.4 9032761
Others 1367.5

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
S tre e t L ig ht
2%

L arg e &
Dom e s tic m e dium
38% (Indus try &
C om m e rc ial)
44%

S m all
R e lig ious (Indus try &
1% C om m e rc ial)
15%
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
Environment related issues
Energy sector emissions:

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) consists mainly of
ash with minute quantities of unburned carbon particles.

Gaseous emissions released as a result of fossil fuel
Burning are carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2)
and oxides of nitrogen (NOx).

In Sri Lanka, it is mandatory for new thermal power projects
exceeding 25 MW and new hydropower projects exceeding 50 MW
in capacity to get environmental clearance from the relevant Project
Approving Authority by conducting an environmental impact
assessment (EIA)prior to commencement of the project.
Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
P.D.C. Wijayatunga et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 3247–3265
Emission standards
Emission standards (mg/MJ)
Pollutant
Sri Lanka World Bank European
(proposed) (proposed) commission
Nitrogen oxides 300 260 225

Sulphur dioxide 520 700 140

Suspended 40 17 17
particulate

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
P.D.C. Wijayatunga et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 3247–3265
Ambient air quality standards (24 h)
Ambient air quality standards (mg/m3)
Pollutant
Sri Lanka World Bank World Health
(proposed) Organization
Nitrogen oxides 0.10 0.125 0.15

Sulphur dioxide 0.08 0.15 0.09

Suspended 0.30 0.11 0.15
particulate

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
P.D.C. Wijayatunga et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 3247–3265
Ambient air quality standards (1 h)
Ambient air quality standards (mg/m3)
Pollutant
Sri Lanka World Bank World Health
(proposed) Organization
Nitrogen oxides 0.25 0.35 0.32

Sulphur dioxide 0.20 0.40 0.35

Suspended 0.50 - -
particulate

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
P.D.C. Wijayatunga et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 3247–3265
Environment related issues
Energy sector emissions:

Warm water discharges

Inundation of land (in case of large hydro reservoirs)

Land use pattern changes

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012
P.D.C. Wijayatunga et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 3247–3265
Sustainability Issues

Prof. R. Shanthini
March 24, 2012