The Ojibwe People

							The Ojibwe People
History
   In the late 1600’s, Native
    Americans called the
    Ojibwe were being
    pushed westward by the
    Iroquois people who
    were also being forced to
    move west because of
    European settlers coming
    from North America’s
    eastern coast.
   The Ojibwe were moving
    into the northern and
    eastern lands of the
    Dakota people.
History Continued
   The Dakota agreed to let the
    Ojibwe remain if they allowed
    the European fur traders to travel
    through the Ojibwe lands to
    trade with the Dakota. The
    Ojibwe agreed.

   The pelts of otters, muskrat, and
    especially beavers were the furs
    most valued by the French.
    These animals grew their
    thickest furs in the cold north,
    where the Ojibwe had settled.
Westward Movement
   The Ojibwe people
    lived along the shores
    of Lake Superior for a
    long time.
   This area is in present-
    day Michigan, upper
    Wisconsin, Minnesota,
    and Ontario, Canada.
   They called Lake
    Superior Gichi Gami
    which means “the
    Great Lake.”
       Stop and Think

What influences affected where the Ojibwe
                   lived?
The Original People
   The Ojibwe are known by
    other names, including
    Chippewa and Anishinaabe.

   The European traders
    misheard the name Ojibwe
    and called them Chippewa
    instead. The Ojibwe do not
    prefer this name.

   In their own language, the
    Ojibwe call themselves and
    other native people the
    Anishinaabe, which means
    “original people.”
Ojibwe/Ojibway

The name
Ojibwe/Ojibway is an
Algonquin term that
refers to the unique
puckered seam on the
moccasins of the
Anishinaabe.
Bands

   The Ojibwe people shared many traditions,
    such as story-telling and tapping maple sap,
    but they did not have a common leader.
   They lived in separate groups called bands
    that were made up of 300-400 people.
   Each band had a chief and a council, which is
    a respected group of community members.
Chief and Council Roles
   The chief and council
    led the band in many
    ways
       Arguments among band
        members were settled
       Family rights to certain
        hunting and fishing
        areas were granted
       Punishments for those
        who had caused harm
        were determined
Bands and Clans
   Each Ojibwe also belonged to a clan.
   Each clan was made up of people who shared
    the same ancestors. An Ojibwe person
    belonged to the same clan of his or her father.
   Clan members were considered relatives.
   Members from each clan were spread out
    among the Ojibwe bands.
      Stop and Think
Compare and contrast bands and clans.
Changes With the Seasons
   The Ojibwe moved from place to
    place with the changes of the
    seasons.
   They lived in small villages or
    camps. They lived off what the
    land gave them.
   They built warm homes called
    wigwams. The frames were
    made with poles or sticks, and
    then the frames were often
    covered with a woven mat of
    birch bark.
   This mat could easily be rolled
    up and carried to the new camp
    with the change of the season.
Job Roles of the Ojibwe
   Women were
    responsible for running
    the household. To do
    this they:
       Took care of the children
       Planted and picked crops
       Gathered wild plants and
        berries
       Cleaned and cooked
       Wove fishing nets and made
        pottery
       Made clothing from animal
        skins
   Girls learned from the
    women in their village.
Job Roles of the Ojibwe
   Men were responsible
    for the following:
       Making canoes
       Crafting snowshoes and
        toboggans
       Making bows, arrows,
        spears, and hoes
       Fishing, hunting, and
        trapping
   Boys learned from the
    men in their village.
       Stop and Think
   Describe the style of home of the
                 Ojibwe.
Describe the roles of the Ojibwe people.
Effects of European Explorers

 As the French people
  began to trap animals,
  particularly beaver,
  many animals became
  scarce.
 The Ojibwe had
  depended on these
  animals for food and
  clothing, as other native
  people had.
Effects of European Explorers
Continued
 The French people
  began trading with the
  Ojibwe. The Ojibwe
  carried the furs in their
  canoes to the trading
  posts in Canada and
  the United States.
 The Ojibwe traded the
  furs for metal tools,
  guns, cloth, and other
  items.
 The Ojibwe grew used
  to using these tools.
Effects of European Explorers
Continued
 With the scarcity of
  animals to trap,
  neighboring people,
  such as the Iroquois,
  began moving into
  Ojibwe land forcing the
  Ojibwe into Dakota
  land.
 This started wars where
  many Ojibwe and
  others died.
Effects of European Explorers
Continued
 Between 1754 and 1763,
  France and England were
  fighting to control the trade
  routes in North America.
  This was called the French
  and Indian War.
 The Ojibwe fought for the
  French. The Iroquois fought
  for England.
 When England won control
  of the fur trade, the Ojibwe
  lost land.
Effects of European Explorers
Continued


 Many Ojibwe died
 during battle as well as
 from the diseases, like
 smallpox, the
 Europeans had brought
 with them.
      Stop and Think
What effects did the European explorers
have on the Ojibwe people?
          Changes for the Ojibwe
 Between 1812 and
  1814, the United States
  and England were
  fighting about land and
  trade.
 The United States won
  the War of 1812, thus
  the Ojibwe no longer
  dealt with the English.
              Changes for the Ojibwe
 The Ojibwe signed many
    treaties with the United States
    government between 1807 and
    1867.
   The Ojibwe got money, goods,
    and promises.
   The United States promised the
    Ojibwe they could hunt, fish,
    and gather food on all of the
    land.
   The Ojibwe kept some land,
    called reservations, for
    themselves.
   The promises from the treaties
    were frequently broken and
    more and more of their land was
    given to the settlers.
       Stop and Think
What effects did signing the treaties have on
               The Ojibwe?
              The Settlers?
The Ojibwe Today

 Today, there are at least
  190,000 Ojibwe. Some live
  on reservations and others
  live in cities and towns.
 Ojibwe people dress and live
  like their non-Ojibwe
  neighbors.
 There are seven
  reservations in Minnesota.
 Some reservations build
  casinos that bring in jobs to
  the community. The money
  from these casinos can be
  used by the Ojibwe for
  schools, roads, and health
  care.
                Changes in Minnesota

 Until about 1850, Dakota and Ojibwe
  made up most of the people living in
  Minnesota.
 Between 1849 and 1858, Minnesota was
  one of the most popular places of people
  moving west.
 By the 1860’s, white settlers were the
  majority.
Minnesota Becomes a Territory
In 1787, the Northwest Ordinance set the process for new public lands north of
the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to become territories and states.


Must have 5,000 adults living in         Minnesota has 4,535 adults in
it                                       1849.


A convention has to elect a              Sixty-one men met in Stillwater
legislature and a non-voting             in 1848 to elect Henry Sibley to
representative to the U.S.               represent them in Congress.
Congress.
U.S. Congress passes a law               Congress created Minnesota
creating the territory and               Territory on March 3, 1849.
authorizing its legislature to           Alexander Ramsey became first
make laws.                               governor of the territory.
Minnesota Becomes a State
In 1856, a group of Minnesotans decided they were ready for statehood and
petitioned Congress for admission to the United States as a state.
Congress must pass a law                In 1857, Congress passed the law
allowing the territory to proceed       allowing Minnesota to begin the
toward becoming a state.                process toward statehood.
A group of residents must               Minnesota’s constitution was
convene to write the state              written at a convention in
constitution.                           Stillwater in 1857.

Voters must approve the              Minnesotans approved the
constitution and elect officials and constitution by a vote of 30,055
legislators.                         to 571 and elected Henry Sibley
                                     as a governor.
Congress must pass a law                Congress admitted Minnesota into
admitting the state into the            the Union as the Thirty-second
Union.                                  state on May 11, 1858.
 Stop and Think
  Describe the process of
Minnesota becoming a state.
           Works Cited
 The Ojibwe and Their History by
  Natalie M. Rosinsky
 Ojibwe Indians by Suzanne Morgan
  Williams
 Northern Lights by Dave Kenney
 America the Beautiful. 2007. Grolier
  Online