ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

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Submitted By: M.Umair Sheikh (Umee)
Email: umair_sheikh2002@hotmail.com

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ORGANIZATION THEORY & BEHAVIOR FOUNDATION OF ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR DEFINITION OF AN ORGANIZATION DEFINITION OF ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR ASSUMPTIONS ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR EFFECTIVENESS TRENDS RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS ORGANIZATION??? DEFINITION OF ORGANIZATION • CONSCIOUSLY COORDINATED SOCIAL UNIT • COMPOSED OF 2 0R MORE PEOPLE • CONTINUITY • COMMON GOAL ENVIRONMENT HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN ORGANIZATION SETTINGS INDIVIDUAL ORGANIZATION INTERFACE ORGANIZATION ENVIRONMENT ORGANIZATIONAL PARTICIPANTS COGNITIVE REPRESENTATION OF REALITY HELPS GUIDE OB PARTICIPANTS CONTROL THEIR OWN BEHAVIOR TO THE EXTENT THAT THEY RELY ON COGNITIVE SUPPORTS & MANAGE RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL CUES & CONSEQUENCES ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MOST COMPLEX BEHAVIOR ACQUIRED BY DIRECTLY OBSERVING & IMITATING OTHERS IN SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS INDIVIDUAL TASKS TEAM ROLES ???? • Is ORGANIZATION nothing but an aggregate of individuals? • If so then – is ORGANIZATION behavior all about individual differences?- Differences in values, beliefs, perception, personality, motivation • What about differences in goals, strategies, systems , structure in an ORGANIZATION-do these bring about a distinctive ORGANIZATION behavior AN ORGANIZATION WOULD THEREFORE HAVE • • • • A GOAL-OBJECTIVE STRUCTURE-BOUNDARIES & ROLE STRATEGIES & SYSTEMS CULTURE, CUSTOMS, VALUESDETERMINING BEHAVIOR VISION -MISION GOAL FUNCTIONSTASKS/ACTIVITIESWHAT & WHY? STRATEGIES SYSTEMS STRUCTURE PROCEDURESHOW? ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES WHO? CORE VALUES CULTURE HOW ORGANIZATION ACHIEVES ITS GOAL? ORG GOAL ANNUAL PLAN ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES MANPOWER MACHINES MONEY MANAGEMENT FOR ORG EFFECTIVENESS • MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS- Planning, Organizing, Leading & Controlling • MANAGERIAL ROLES-Interpersonal , Information, Decisional • MANGERIAL SKILLS-Technical, Human & Conceptual Org Effectiveness OB Generalization of human behavior Certain consistencies in human behavior DEFINITION • ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR CAN BE DEFINED AS A FIELD OF STUDY THAT INVESTIGATES THE IMPACT THAT INDIVIDUALS , GROUPS AND STRUCTURE HAVE ON BEHAVIOR WITHIN ORGANISATION, TO ENABLE APPLYING THIS KNOWLEDGE TOWARDS IMPROVING ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS DEFINTION-OB • STUDY OF BEHAVIOR OF INDIVIDUALS WITHIN WORKGROUPS , INCLUDING AN ANALYSIS OF THE NATURE OF GROUPS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURES BETWEEN AND WITHIN WORKGROUPS AND THE PROCESS OF IMPLEMENTING CHANGE DETERMINANTS OF OB • INDIVIDUALS. • GROUPS. • STRUCTURE.  OB APPLIES KNOWLEDGE GAINED ABOUT INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS & THE EFFECT OF STRUCTURE ON BEHAVIOR TO MAKE THE ORGANIZATION MORE EFFECTIVE. SIGNIFICANCE OF OB • INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR & PERFORMANCE AT WORK • GROUP WORKING-NORMS & BEHAVIOR • STRUCTURE OF ORGANIZATION • ORGANIZATION DESIGN • MANAGING CHANGE OB EMPHASIS • BEHAVIOR AS RELATED TO  JOBS & COMPETENCIES  WORK –JOB DESIGN  PERFORMANCE & PRODUCTIVITY  ABSENTEEISM  EMPLOYMENT TURNOVER OB LINKAGES TO ORG GOAL • PERSONALITY, PERCEPTION, SKILL & ATTITUDE DEVELOPMENT • LEARNING • MOTIVATION • LEADER BEHAVIOR & POWER • INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION • GROUP STRUCTURE & PROCESSES • WORK DESIGN, CONFLICTS & STRESS • CHANGE PROCESSES OB & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE • OB concerned with a whole gamut of : – units ( individuals, roles, dyads, teams and org) – Interfaces ( interpersonal, inter team and org environment) Each deserve independent understanding and study and hence foundation of OB is multidisciplinary Behavioral Science Sources of OB Org unit INDIVIDUAL Topic Motivation, Perception Personality, Personal effectiveness Decision Making Inter Personal styles, Attitudes Role Effectiveness Leadership Work Motivation Role Stress and burnout Coping Team effectiveness Leadership, Conflict Management Consensus Building, Collaboration Org Culture, Org climate, Org Communication,Org Learning, Org Change, Org Dev, Power & Politics, Cross Cultural Org Societal culture, Values Positive Thinking, Learning Relevant Behavioral Science PSYCHOLOGY ROLE SOCIOLOGY & PSYCHOLOGY TEAMS & INTER TEAMS PSYCHOLOGY ORGANISATION PSYCHOLOGY POLITICAL SCIENCE ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY CONTEXT MANAGING FOR EFFECTIVENESS INDIVIDUAL LEVEL OUTCOMES PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE ABSENTEEISM TURNOVER ATTITUDES STRESS TEAM LEVEL OUTCOMES PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE NORMS COHESIVENESS ORG LEVEL OUTCOMES PRODUCTIVITY ABSENTEEISM TURNOVER FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE SURVIVAL CONSTITUENT SATISFACTION TRACING HISTORY OF ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH CONCEPT SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT HUMAN RELATIONS DECISION MAKING SOCIO-TECHNICAL PIONEERS FREDERICK TAYLOR (1911) HENRI FAYOL ( 1916-25) ELTON MAYO (1933) HERBERT SIMON (1947) E L TRIST & K W BAMFORTH (1951) DOUGLAS Mc GREGOR (1961) RENSIS LIKERT (19670 ALFRED CHANDLER (1962) PHILOSOPHY Time & Motion Studies. Finding most efficient way Management Principles Training in use of Principles Psychological factors-Job Satisfaction, Team work Bounded Rationality Optimization of Goals Social Systems view means that organization is an open system Individual needs & importance of participative management Establish Strategy , then Structure is established OB ATTRIBUTES Maximize Cost , Task specialization, maximize output Order, Equity, Division of work, Discipline Paying attention to worker needs & satisfaction Hierarchy o Goals , Effective use of resources Fit between social & technological factors Cohesiveness, Loyalty, commitment & Employer Management system Strategy/Structure fit need to adapt to environmental changes BEHAVIOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT TRACING HISTORY OF ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH-Contd CONCEPT CONTINGENCY PIONEERS P R LAWRENCE & J W LORSCH ( 1967) DEMING(1971) & JURAN ( 1974) 1984 PHILOSOPHY Structure firm to meet environmental demands How to detect & eliminate defects OB ATTRIBUTES Integration fit QUALITY Instill pride in quality’ Focus on customer satisfaction ENPOWERNMENT PROACTIVE PERFORMANCE 1987 Responsiveness to change , Need for Social Support EMERGING PERSPECTIVES IN OB • SYSTEMS APPROACH • CONTINGENCY PERSPECTIVE • INTERACTIONALISM SYSTEMS APPROACH • VIEWS ORGANIZATION AS A SET OF INTERRELATED ELEMENTS FUNCTIONING AS A WHOLE FEEDBACK TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INPUTSmaterial, human, financial, international OUTPUTS Product/Service Profit/Losses Employee behavior CONTINGENCY APPROACH • SUGGESTS THAT IN MOST ORGANIZATIONS SITUATIONS & OUTCOMES ARE CONTINGENT ON , OR INFLUENCED BY, OTHER VARIABLES ORG PROBLEMS/ SITUATIONS UNIVERSAL APPROACH CAUSE & EFFECT WAY OF RESPONDING CONTINGENCY APPROACH ORG PROBLEMS EVALUATE IN TERMS OF THE SITUATION, WHICH THEN SUGGEST CONTINGENT WAYS OF RESPONDING INTERACTIONALISM • INDIVIDUALS AND SITUATIONS INTERACT CONTINUOSLY TO DETERMINE INDIVIDUALS’ BEHAVIOR INDIVIDUALS BEHAVIOR SITUATIONS POPULAR PRESS • ARTICLES, RESEARCH WORKS & BOOKS GIVING NEW INSIGHTS. • THEORY Z, EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, REENGINEERING, CORPORAT E CULTURES, IN SEARCH OF EXCELLENCE ETC. Contribution of OB • Main contribution is in the understanding and using processes, which can also be defined as the underlying behavioral dimensions of any unit of the organisation PROCESS • The main processes concern the – – – – – – – – Individual( existential processes) Inter person (empathic processes) The role ( coping processes) The group ( collaboration processes) Organisation ( growth processes) Organisation interface ( influence processes) Community ( social awareness Society ( value processes) OB- CHALLENGES &TRENDS • Paradigm shift------? • • • • • GLOBALISATION- Creating a global village INFORMATION AGE-IT TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT DIVERSITY & CULTURAL ISSUES REENGINEERING OB- CHALLENGES &TRENDS • ENPOWERING EMPLOYEES- shift from • Management control • COPING WITH CHANGE & TEMPORARINESS-Stability of Flexibility • STIMULATING INNOVATIVENESS & CHANGE • CORPORATE VALUES & ETHICS OB- CHALLENGES &TRENDS • STIMULATING INNOVATIVENESS & CHANGE. • CORPORATE VALUES & ETHICS. • WORK FORCE DEMOGRAPHICS-Age, Gender, Ethnic Composition. • WORK PLACE ISSUES- Employee Privacy, Employee rights, Unionization. • Improving Employee Skills. OB MODELS COGNITIVE, BEHAVIORISTIC & SOCIAL LEARNING THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS USED TO DEVELOP OB MODEL AUTOCRATIC CUSTODIAL SUPPORTIVE SUPERLATIVE (COLLEGIAL) BASIS OF MODEL Managerial orientation Employee Orientation Employee psychological result Employee need met Performance result Power Authority Obedience Dependence on Boss Subsistence Minimum Economic Resources Money Security Benefits Dependence on Organization Security Passive cooperation Leadership Support Job Performance Participation Partnership Teamwork Responsible Behavior Self Discipline Self Actualization Moderate enthusiasm Status & Recognition Awakened drivers Basic framework for understanding organizational behavior INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES •Individual differences •Attitudes/Attitude formation •Learning /Reinforcement •Motivation ENHANCING INDIVIDUAL & INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES Goal setting/Rewards INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES Group Dynamics Inter group dynamics Job Designation/Participation Performance Appraisal Stress Decision Making/ Creativity Leadership/Influence Power/Politics/Conflict Interpersonal Communication INTEGRATING INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS & ORGANIZATIONS MANAGERIAL CONTEXT Managing People & Organizations •Change/development •International Issues •Career Dynamics ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES & CHARACTERISTICS Organization Structure Environment/technology Organization Design Organization Culture ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS

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