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Psy 307
Final
Name ________________________________________________
60 total questions. Each question worth 4 points. For a total of 240 points for this section of the Exam.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
1) Compared to the original General Aggression Model by Anderson, what 1) _______
is the major addition to the revised General Aggression Model by
Anderson:
A) Affect B) Person inputs
C) Magnitude D) Situation inputs
2) According to the textbook, there are two types of person consistency: 2) _______
A) Individual, Biological
B) External, Situational
C) Consistency at birth and later development
D) Stability across time and across situations
3) If fear or anxiety inhibits aggression, then the implication is that 3) _______
individuals who are prone to such reactions will demonstrate reduced
aggression. The research shows that general anxiety has demonstrated
_____ with aggression, and ________ has demonstrated lower levels
with aggression.
A) no relationship; anxiety over social approval
B) lower levels; hostility combined with anxiety
C) higher levels; anxiety over social approval
D) no relationship; hostility combined with anxiety
4) Amanda is walking fast down the stairwell in King Hall because she is 4) _______
late for her PSY 307 class when suddenly she bumps into you causing
you to spill your books onto the floor. If you have the personality trait of
Hostile Attributional Bias you would most likely:
A) react with internal Locus of Control and have aggressive
tendencies
B) attribute her behavior as malicious and have aggressive tendencies
C) perceive the ambiguous behavior as unintentional and not have
aggressive tendencies
D) Both A and B
5) According to research reported in your textbook about the relationship 5) _______
between the Hostile Attributional Bias and aggression, the Hostile
Attributional bias is associated with:
A) Reactive aggression
B) Overreactive aggression
C) Proactive Aggression
D) both A and B
E) all of the above
6) Outcome efficacy beliefs associated with aggression concern the pe rson's
belief 6) __
that: __
__
_
A) They can successfully carry out aggressive acts
B) The acts will produce the desired outcomes
C) both A and B
7) Imagine you conduct a research study in which half of the participants 7) _______
are provided positive feedback about their performance on a complex
task, while the other half are given mild negative feedback about the
task. Which of the following people will show higher levels of
aggression by means of delivering an electric shock against another
person:
A) People with high Irritability
B) People with high Emotional Susceptibility
C) People with high Internal locus of Control
D) both A and B
E) All of the above
8) _______ Locus of Control is associated with ______ aggression; whereas 8) _______
______ Locus of Control is associated with _______ aggression.
A) Internal; instrumental External; hostile
B) Internal; higher External; lower
C) Internal; generalized External; higher
D) Internal; hostile External; instrumental
9) Imagine a student walked in late to class, and the class 'shamed' the 9) _______
student by watching in silence as the student took his seat, so he
covered or hid his face while he was finding his seat. The student's
attribution is _____ and that attribution is linked to _____ aggression.
A) negative evaluation of the class; increased
B) negative evaluation of specific instance; no link
C) negative evaluation of the self; increased
D) negative evaluation of the self; decreased
10) All of the following are characteristics of individuals with high 10) ______
self-esteem EXCEPT:
A) Holding conflicting internal standards
B) React poorly to criticism
C) Strong impulse to erase any threats
D) Feeling of group superiority
11) If an individual with high self-esteem failed a test or received negative 11) ______
evaluation of their performance, the tendency would be to:
A) Use low self-efficacy but not outcome efficacy beliefs
B) Irrationally raise their prediction of future performance
C) Engage in overcontrolled aggression
D) both A and B
12) All of the following are situations in which threatened egotism could 12) ______
lead to increased aggression, EXCEPT:
A) Self uncertainty
B) Alcohol
C) Stable self-esteem
D) both A and B
13) According to the textbook, in terms of the the typology of 13) ______
undercontrolled aggressors the "self-image promoters" are people who:
A) Attempt to defend their self-image against imaginary threats
B) Fear they are worthless and unimportant
C) Believe that others exist to serve their needs
D) Aggress out of intense fear that they will be victimized
14) According to the class discussion, the primary distinction between 14) ______
undercontrolled and overcontrolled aggressors is that overcontrolled
aggressors have high ____ and low _____.
A) inhibition; impulsivity B) impulsivity; inhibition
C) self-control; inhibition D) inhibition; self-control
15) Why does self-control fail? 15) ______
A) Lacking clear and consistent internal standards
B) Holding conflicting internal standards
C) Failing to adequately monitor actions
D) All of the above
16) Given all the ways in which gender could influence aggression, which of 16) ______
the following is NOT one of those ways?
A) Evolution B) Development
C) Social Roles D) Hormones
17) According to evolutionary theory, some psychologists argue that men 17) ______
are programmed to be aggressive. What is their explanation for this
claim?
A) Acts of aggression and violence are not attractive to many women
B) Aggression may help men perpetuate their genes
C) Men are socialized to be more aggressive
D) Men are stronger than women, thus more aggressive
18) According to the textbook on gender differences in aggression, males 18) ______
hold an ______ view of aggression whereas females report more _____
types of aggression.
A) instrumental and agentic; expressive and communal
B) expressive and communal; instrumental and agentic
C) neither A or B
19) In terms of gender differences, which of the following statements is 19) ______
false?
A) Females are more likely to employ indirect forms of aggression
and males are more likely to employ direct forms of aggression
B) When women commit acts of overt aggression, they are more
likely to feel guilt or shame over it than men do
C) Although gender differences exist in aggression in general, males
are less likely overall to be aggressive compared to women
20) In terms of behavioral genetics, the proportion of variability due to 20) ______
situational factors is called _____ while the proportion of variability due
to genetic factors is called _____.
A) Environmental; Heritability
B) Situational; Heritability
C) Environmental; Biological
21) In order to test whether situational or genetic factors influence 21) ______
aggressive responding, if genetic influences are stronger than situational
influences then ____ siblings and _____ twins should evidence similar
levels of aggression irrespective of situational influences.
A) monozygotic; dizygotic B) biological; adoptive
C) biological; monozygotic D) monozygotic; adoptive
22) In research testing the relative influence of situational and genetic 22) ______
influences, there is clear evidence of _____ and possible indirect effects
of _______
A) heritability of criminality; personality traits leading to aggression
B) heritability of aggression; personality traits leading to criminality
C) no heritability of aggression; personality traits leading to
criminality
D) no heritability of criminality; personality traits leading to
aggression
23) Given the hypotheses about how the Y-Chromosome and X-Chromosome 23) ______
are predicted to influence aggression, which of the following
chromosome abnormalities would be predicted to be more aggressive
based upon those hypotheses?
A) XXXY
B) XXYY
C) XYYY
D) All would have same level of aggression
24) Now, given the findings in regard to research on the Y-Chromosome 24) ______
and X-Chromosome, which of the following in fact are more aggressive?
A) XXXY
B) XXYY
C) XYYY
D) All would have same level of aggression
25) According to the discussion during class, higher levels of serotonin 25) ______
serve to ________ aggression because serotonin is associated with _____.
A) increase; serving as a widely distributed inhibitory transmitter
B) decrease; regulation of sleep and inhibitions
C) stabilize; contributing to modulation of mood and arousal
D) decrease; contributing to modulation of mood and arousal
26) Of the neurotransmitters involved in research on aggressive behavior, 26) ______
how many have shown a consistent relationship to influencing
aggression in humans?
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3
27) According to your textbook, researchers have tested the relationship 27) ______
between testosterone and aggression in three ways. Which one(s) of the
ways found a direct relationship to aggression?
A) Differences in testosterone levels in violent and nonviolent
criminal offenders
B) Testosterone levels in noncriminal populations and aggressive
behavior
C) Examining drug treatments that increase/decrease levels of
hormones
D) none of the above
28) According to the discussion during class, of the two hormones tested to 28) ______
influence aggression, which one(s) have found indirect
relationships to aggression?
A) Testosterone
B) Premenstrual Syndrome
C) all of the above
D) none of the above
29) In a research study reported in your textbook, investigators measured 29) ______
testosterone levels after participants won or lost either a tennis match or
a lottery. The results were that testosterone _____ .
A) did not change after winning either the tennis match or lottery
B) increased after winning the tennis match due to their individual
effort
C) decreased after winning the tennis match due to their individual
effort
D) decreased after losing either the lottery or tennis match when
losing was not due to their individual effort
30) In a "natural experiment" studying the level of aggressiveness in people 30) ______
undergoing a sex change, researchers found that women who became
men became more aggressive. One likely causal explanation is they
A) are receiving testosterone which can increase dominance and
status seeking
B) have larger amygdalas
C) have more activation in the hypothalmus
D) were more aggressive to start with
31) Recent research testing the relationship between the menstrual cycle 31) ______
and attitudes toward out-group members found that:
A) Women tend to more racially biased toward out-group members
when they are most likely to conceive.
B) There is inconclusive evidence about the relationship between
menstrual cycle and attitudes toward out-group members
C) Women tend to be more racially biased toward the in-group when
they are least likely to conceive.
D) Women tend to be less racially biased toward out-group members
when they are most likely to conceive.
32) All of the following are mechanisms for studying the role of brain 32) ______
structures in influencing aggression, EXCEPT:
A) Physiological reactivity B) Direct Stimulation
C) Brain Damage D) Impaired Neuro-Behaviors
33) Looking at all of the biological determinants of aggression examined 33) ______
during class, _____ show a direct relationship to aggression, and _____
show indirect relationship to aggression.
A) serotonin; testosterone, premenstrual syndrome, amygdala
B) testosterone; serotonin, premenstrual syndrome
C) none; serotonin, genetics, testosterone, premenstrual syndrome
34) A little girl watches a television cartoon in which a woman yanks a child 34) ______
by the hair and screams at her. According to Social Learning Theory as
we discussed during class, after seeing the cartoon the little girl acts out
this same interaction with her doll because
A) Biological factors or mechanisms
B) Learning from witnessing others
C) both A and B
D) neither A or B
35) The main difference(s) between the three types of ways in which 35) ______
aggression is regulated according to Social Learning Theory is:
A) Whether the rewards and punishment are administered to you or
another person
B) Who is the person administering the rewards and punishments,
you or another person
C) both A and B
36) Given the different types of rewards and punishments, medals given for 36) ______
high achievement in war would be considered _____ whereas money
achieved from successfully perpetrating a violent crime would be
______.
A) Social rewards and approval; tangible rewards
B) Tangible rewards; reduction in pain/mistreatment
C) Emotions like pride; social rewards and approval
D) Reduction in pain/mistreatment; tangible rewards
37) Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which aggression is 37) ______
regulated according to the Social Learning Theory:
A) Self B) Vicarious C) External D) Reactive
38) Within the family there are three main sources of social learning. Which 38) ______
of the following is NOT one of those sources?
A) Parent-Child B) Sibling
C) Monitoring D) Family-level
39) A research study discussed in the textbook manipulated whether 39) ______
preschoolers overheard angry verbal exchanges between adults or
affectionate verbal exchanges. The results of the study suggested that:
A) Extent to which a child is exposed to hostility increases aggressive
social learning
B) Parents' responses to their child's behavior impact family harmony
C) The number of parents in the household will impact social
learning
D) Negative parent-child interactions lead to poor family
relationships
40) Based on social learning theory, what is one reason why parents who 40) ______
were abused as children are more likely to abuse their own children in
turn?
A) Aggression is inherited
B) They learned the violence is acceptable
C) They are pressured by the grand parents to use an iron fist
D) They are usually uneducated
41) Parental mediation between aggressive siblings was found to ____ 41) ______
aggression because ______.
A) encourage aggression; younger children can expect parental
intervention so they instigate aggression with older siblings
B) discourage aggression; older children learn not to engage in
aggression with younger siblings
C) modify the level of aggression; social learning can not be changed
after it develops
D) both A and C
42) According to the textbook and class, peers are one way in which Social 42) ______
Learning influences aggression because if you are a ______ victim of
aggression you are _____ likely to be aggressive later in life.
A) provocative; less B) reactive; more
C) provocative; more D) passive; equally
43) Based upon the relationship between level of punishment and social 43) ______
learning of aggression, which of the following strategies would produce
the most aggression in the child?
A) Providing high level of punishment
B) Providing medium level of punishment
C) Providing little to no punishment
D) both A and C
44) During the class discussion on the effectiveness of punishment we 44) ______
discussed three variables that may interfere with the effectiveness of
punishment. Which of the following is NOT one of those variables?
A) Focusing on the arousal instead of the message intended by the
punishment
B) Generalizing beyond the immediate situation to non-punishment
situations
C) Not internalizing the standards the parent is trying to teach by
using punishment
D) Learning that aggression is cultural approved or accepted under
the circumstances
45) According to research reported in your textbook, effective family and avior
management variable(s) that are associated with childhood delinquency beh are:
45) ______
A) Lack of parental follow-up on commands and inconsistency in
discipline style
B) Lack of parental monitoring or supervision
C) Tit-for-tat responding to the child's actions
D) both A and B
46) Psychological research has revealed that peers often learn the 46) ______
particulars of how to aggress when they watch other peers engage in
aggressive behavior. If Andy is one such person, what is he likely to
think when he watches an aggressive encounter between his friends?
A) "I guess it's the urge to aggress that I'm feeling."
B) "So that's how it's done."
C) "If they can to it, i don't have to."
D) all of the above
47) In Bandura's famous "Bobo" doll study, he had some children watch a 47) ______
woman aggress against an inflated doll, while other children did not
watch an aggressive act. Bandura found that the children who watched
someone beat up the doll were later:
A) likely to behave more aggressively in general
B) just as likely as the control group children to aggress against a
similar doll
C) more likely than control group children to behave aggressively
against a similar doll
D) less likely than control group children to behave aggressively
against a similar doll
48) All of the following support the contention that watching media 48) ______
violence is associated with increased aggression in children, EXCEPT:
A) Bobo Doll studies B) Longitudinal studies
C) Laboratory experiments D) Third-variable studies
49) According to the class discussion, what was/were the problems 49) ______
associated with laboratory experiments conducted on the relationship
between media violence and aggression?
A) Laboratory experiments only tested isolated incidents and not
real-world aggression
B) Participants may have believed that the experimenters approved
of aggressive responding
C) both A and B
50) A number of long-term longitudinal studies that monitor what children 50) ______
actually watch on television have found that the frequency of violent TV
viewing early in life:
A) is associated with seriousness of criminal activity later in life
B) predicts children who prefer violent TV shows
C) increase criminal activity for boys, but not for girls.
D) all of the above
51) Which of the following is false? 51) ______
A) watching television violence makes people think that the world is
a dangerous and hostile place
B) watching television violence can increase people's inhibitions
against violent behavior
C) watching television violence can provide new information about
different ways to be aggressive
D) watching television violence reduces people's sympathy for the
victims of violence
52) In terms of using Social Learning, the four steps needed to be able to use 52) ______
what you have learned is "Attention - Retention - Motor Reproduction -
Motivation"
A) True
B) False
C) I am so confused right now
53) Teresa punches a pillow every time she feels aggression building up 53) ______
toward her younger brother, and this makes her feel relieved and more
relaxed. Such an outcome supports the notion of________
A) behavioral catharsis B) emotional catharsis
C) cognitive catharsis D) instrumental catharsis
54) Based on research involving catharsis, what is the bottom line: does 54) ______
catharsis work to reduce aggression?
A) Yes, it can reduce aggression
B) No, it actually makes people more aggressive
C) Yes, it is the most effective means of reducing aggression
D) No, it does not reduce aggression in children, only adults
55) The phenomenon of "road rage" has been given increasing attention by 55) ______
the print and electronic media. You're designing next year's model cars
as the expert on how to prevent or control aggression. What new design
feature might you suggest?
A) bullet proof glass on all new model cars
B) a second horn that makes a louder, more threatening sound that
communicates, "I'm really angry now!"
C) a second horn that makes a funny "I'm sorry" noise
D) a louder, more powerful stereo system to distract driver
56) Mitigating circumstances such as apologies can be effective as 56) ______
preventing or control aggressive responses if they are:
A) sincere
B) convincing
C) external events beyond the person's control
D) all of the above
57) A teacher at a preschool tries to show some rowdy children how to 57) ______
"play nice." She shows them a doll hitting her, and her hugging the doll
in response. The teacher's behavior is an example of
A) building empathy in the children
B) training good communication skills
C) modeling nonaggressive behavior
D) teaching the children how to solve problems more effectively
58) Imagine a field experiment which studies drivers' responses to a car that 58) ______
hesitated when a stoplight turned green. If a confederate hobbled across
the street on crutches in front of the lead car in the intersection, fewer
drivers behind the lead car honked their horns. The implication is that
the drivers at the rear:
A) forgot all about their own troubles
B) were distracted by the sight of a person on crutches
C) were given a personality attribution for the lead driver's hesitation
D) felt empathy for the confederate, which inhibited their aggression.
59) According to our online survey, the class thought the least effective 59) ______
prevention strategy was:
A) Humor B) medication
C) sexual arousal D) punishment
60) According to your textbook, most psychologists agree that aggression is 60) ______
a(n) ________ strategy.
A) inflexible B) uncontrollable
C) inherited D) optional
1) B
2) D
3) A
4) B
5) D
6) B
7) E
8) B
9) C
10) A
11) B
12) C
13) B
14) A
15) D
16) B
17) B
18) A
19) C
20) A
21) C
22) A
23) C
24) D
25) B
26) B
27) D
28) C
29) B
30) A
31) A
32) D
33) C
34) C
35) C
36) A
37) D
38) C
39) A
40) B
41) A
42) C
43) D
44) B
45) D
46) B
47) C
48) D
49) C
50) A
51) B
52) A
53) B
54) B
55) C
56) D
57) C
58) D
59) C
60) D
