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UNCLASSIFIED
The Sensitivity
of High Explosives.
by Dave Everest.
Abstract: The Sensitivities of High Explosives depend on a number
of factors. These factors are examined.
Issue 1. Dated: 11th January 2008
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The right of David Everest to be identified as the author of this work has been
asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1998.
Suggestions, information, constructive criticism and corrections are welcome.
Please e-mail them to me at: davidreverest@ntlworld.com
Contents
Amendment List.
1. Introduction………………………………………………………….…. 4
2. Factors that have an effect on the Sensitivity of a given High Explosive……4
3. The effects of the factors on the Sensitivity of a given High Explosive.4
4. Controlling the Sensitivity of High Explosives………………….……..14
5. Acknowledgements……………………………………………….……15
6. References. ………………………………………………………….…15
7. Index. ……………………………………………………………15,16,17
Tables
Table 3.1.1. Figures of Insensitivity (by Heat) for a number of Explosives…….. 5
Table 3.2.1. Shock Sensitivity test – drop distance in cm for a 2 kg weight……...6
Table 3.2.2. Figures of Insensitivity (by Impact) for a number of Explosives…....7
Table 3.3.1. Explosion Efficiency for PETN in the presence of grit……………..8
Table 3.3.2. Impact Sensitivity of Mercury Fulminate and Tetrazene in the presence
of grit………………………………………………………………………….10
Table 3.4.1. Figures of Insensitivity (by Friction) for a number of Explosives…..11
Table 3.5.1. Figures of Insensitivity (by Grazing Friction) for a number
of Explosives…………………………………………………………….……11
Table 3.8.1. The height of fall for reliable ignition of the explosive………12
Table 3.9.1. Increasing sensitivity to High Velocity Fragments…………...13
Table 3.10.1. TNT Acceptor Sensitivity in the Air Gap Test………….......13
Table 3.10.2. Acceptor Sensitivity in the Air Gap Test using Tetryl Initiating
Charges……………………………………………………………………..14
Figures
Figure 3.3.1.1. The Effect of Grit Melting Point on the Friction Explosive
Sensitivity of PETN……………………………………………………..………9
Figure 3.3.1.2. The Effect of Grit Melting Point on the Impact Explosive
Sensitivity of PETN. ……………………………………………………………9
Figure 3.3.2.1. Impact Sensitivity of Mercury Fulminate in the presence of grit….10
Figure 3.3.2.2. Impact Sensitivity of Tetrazene in the presence of grit……………10
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Amendment List
Amendment Affecting paragraph numbers / page numbers Date of
number amendment
Draft issue 11 Jan 2008
1 Addition of CAS numbers 19 July 2008
2 Addition of Abstract on Title page 11 Sept 2008
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1. Introduction.
A sufficiently powerful impact will initiate any given High Explosive. Smaller
impacts may or may not cause initiation, depending on the sensitivity of the
given explosive to the impact.
The Sensitivity of a High Explosive is defined as the response of the explosive
to a relatively small initiating stimulus; some measure of comparison of the
probability of initiation of explosives is required so as to determine safety
procedures. These procedures are of practical importance during the
manufacture, filling, transporting, handling and use of explosives.
In addition, the minimum initiation that is required by a given explosive to
cause efficient detonation must also be established.
A Figure of Insensitivity (F.I.) can be quoted for the explosive; the higher the
Figure of Insensitivity, the less sensitive is the explosive.
2. Factors that have an effect on the Sensitivity of a given High Explosive.
2.1. The effect of heat on the sensitivity of the explosive.
2.2. The effect of impact on the sensitivity of the explosive.
2.3. The effect of grit on the sensitivity of the explosive.
2.4. The effect of friction on the sensitivity of the explosive.
2.5. The effect of grazing friction on the sensitivity of the explosive.
2.6. The sensitivity of explosives to ignition by flame or flash.
2.7. The sensitivity of explosives to electrostatic sparks.
2.8. The sensitivity of explosives due to adiabatic compression.
2.9. The sensitivity of explosives due to rifle bullets, high velocity fragments
and shaped charge projectiles.
2.10. The sensitivity of explosives due to initiation by shock waves.
3.The effects of the factors on the Sensitivity of a given High Explosive.
3.1.The effect of heat on the sensitivity.
3.1.1. All High Explosives liberate large quantities of heat during decomposition.
Thus heating can set up local decomposition, leading to self-heating, and finally to
explosion.
Heating tests, to determine the sensitivity, are as follows:
3.1.1.1. The rate of temperature rise. (Typically 2 to 5 degrees per minute)
3.1.1.2. The quantity of explosive.
3.1.1.3. Whether the explosive is open or enclosed. Open containers are less liable to
promote explosion than closed containers.
3.1.1.4. The purity of the explosive. Impurities such as iron oxide are often found in
practice.
3.1.2. Comparative ignition temperatures give information about the relative
sensitivity of the explosives.
Table 3.1.1 gives some values of the Ignition temperatures for a variety of explosives.
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Table 3.1.1. Figures of Insensitivity (by Heat) for a number of Explosives.
Explosive Abbreviation CAS# Ignition
Temperature (° C)
Ammonium Nitrate AN 6484-52-2 243 - 361
Ammonium Picrate AP 131-74-8 275
Barium Azide - 18810-58-7 152
Cadmium Azide - - 291
Cadmium Fulminate - - 215
Calcium Azide - - 158
Cobalt Azide - - 148
Copper Fulminate - - 205
Cuprous Azide - - 174
Cyclotrimethylene RDX 121-82-4 190 – 261
Trinitramine
Ethylene Dinitramine EDNA 505-71-5 184 –254
Ethyl Nitrate EN 625-58-1 180 – 215
Ethylene Diamine Dinitrate EDDN 20829-66-7 230 - 357
Lead Azide - 13424-46-9 327 - 335
Lead Styphnate LTNR/ 15245-44-0 250
TNRS
Lithium Azide (LiN3) - - 245
Manganese Azide - - 203
Mercurous Azide - - 281
Mercury Fulminate - 628-86-4 145 - 215
Methyl Nitrate - 598-58-3 210 – 240
Nickel Azide - - 200
Nitrocellulose NC - 90 – 155
Nitroglycerine NG 55-63-0 90 - 200
Nitroguanidine NQ 556-88-7 167 - 285
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate PETN 78-11-5 140 – 220
Potassium Fulminate - - 225
Silver Fulminate - 5610-59-3 170
Silver Azide - 13863-88-2 297
Sodium Fulminate - - 215
Strontium Azide - - 169
Tetrazene - 31330-63-9 160
Tetryl CE 479-45-8 140 – 170
Thallium Fulminate - - 120
Trinitrotoluene TNT 118-96-7 275
Zinc Azide - - 289
α dimethylol nitroethane dinitrate SW1 - 134 - 208
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The higher the value in Table 3.1.1., the higher the Figure of Insensitivity.
3.2. The effect of impact on the sensitivity.
3.2.1. Sensitivity to direct impact is measured by a weight falling on to a thin layer of
the chosen explosive. The height necessary to cause 50% of explosions is found by
experiment. The ratio of this height to the height required to explode Picric Acid
under the same conditions, multiplied by 100, is given as the Figure of Insensitivity of
the explosive.
Table 3.2.1. gives the drop distances in centimetres of a 2 kilogram weight for 50% of
explosions to occur.
Table 3.2.1. Shock Sensitivity test – drop distance in cm for a 2 kg weight
Explosive Abbreviation CAS# Drop distance (cm)
Mercury Fulminate - 628-86-4 2
Nitroglycerine NG 55-63-0 4
Dry guncotton NC - 5-10
Lead Picrate - 25721-38-4 5
Guhr Dynamite - - 7
Blasting Gelatine - - 12
Gelatine Dynamite - - 17
Smokeless Powder - - 30-54
Picric Acid TNPh/TNF 88-89-1 35-95
/PA
Zinc Picrate - - 60
Trinitrotoluene TNT 118-96-7 57-90
Black Powder - - 85-100
Dinitrobenzene DNB 99-65-0 120
Nitrocotton (>20% - - >180
water)
Ammonium Nitrate AN 6484-52-2 >180
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Table 3.2.2 gives some values of the Figure of Insensitivity for a variety of explosives.
Table 3.2.2. Figures of Insensitivity (by Impact) for a number of Explosives.
Explosive Abbreviation CAS# Density Figure of
(grams/cc) Insensitivity
Picric Acid =
100
Amatol 40/60 - - 1.70 115
Amatol 80/20 - 1.71 120
Ammon Gelignite - - 30 - 40
Ballistite - - 15
Cordite M.D. and M.C. - 1.58 56
Cordite Mk1 - 1.57 94
Cordite R.D.B. - 1.54 61
Dichlorodinitrobenzene - - 127
Dinitroaniline DNA 97-02-9 - >120
Dinitrobenzene DNB 99-65-0 - 120
Dinitrophenol DNPh 51-28-5 1.67 >120
Dry Guncotton NC - 1.67 23
Gelignite - 5-10
Gunpowder - 65
Lead Azide - 13424-46-9 4.8 20
Mercury Fulminate - 628-86-4 4.43 10
Nitroglycerine NG/RNG 55-63-0 1.6 13
Nitroglycerine powder - 20 - 30
Pentanitroaniline PNA 21985-87-5 - 36
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate PETN 78-11-5 - 60 - 80
Picric Acid TNPh /PA 88-89-1 1.77 100
Picric Powder - - - 87
Cyclotrimethylene RDX 121-82-4 - 25 - 30
Trinitramine
RDX/TNT - - - 80 - 100
Tetranitroaniline TeTNA 3698-54-2 - 86
Tetranitrobenzene - -- - 30
Tetryl CE 479-45-8 1.77 70
Trinitrotoluene TNT 118-96-7 1.68 115
TNT powder - - - 160 - 200
Trinitroaniline TNA 489-98-5 - 122
Trinitrobenzene TNB 99-35-4 - 109
Trinitroxylene TNX/ TNP 38677-56-4 - >120
Wet Guncotton (13% - - 1.54 120
water)
The higher the value in Table 3.2.1., the higher the Figure of Insensitivity.
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3.3. The effect of grit on the sensitivity.
3.3.1. The falling weight test, as used for impact testing, is used for testing the
enhanced sensitisation of an explosive, due to contamination by grit. The friction
sensitivity test is also used. The explosive is mixed with specific amounts of
carborundum, whose melting point is 2730°C. It appears that the grit provides a local
hot spot, which leads to self-heating. Some results for PETN are shown in Table 3.3.1
below with a number of different grits. It is found that all grits with a melting point of
less than about 400 °C are ineffective in causing an explosion, but grits with a melting
point of 430°C or greater are effective in causing an explosion. The effect of grit
hardness is not a factor.
The explosion efficiency is defined as:
(The number of explosions / The number of impacts) * 100
Table 3.3.1. Explosion Efficiency for PETN in the presence of grit.
Grit added Hardness Melting Friction Impact
(Mohs point (°C) explosion explosion
scale) efficiency efficiency
(%) (%)
Nil (pure PETN) 1.8 141 0 2
Ammonium Nitrate 2 -3 169 0 3
Potassium Bisulphate 3 210 0 3
Silver Nitrate 2 -3 212 0 2
Sodium Dichromate 2 -3 320 0 0
Sodium Acetate 1-5 324 0 0
Potassium Nitrate 2 -3 334 0 0
Potassium 2 -3 398 0 0
Dichromate
Silver Bromide 2-3 434 50 6
Lead Chloride 2–3 501 60 27
Silver Iodide 2-3 550 100 -
Borax 3–4 560 100 30
Bismuthinite 2 – 2.5 685 100 42
Glass 7 800 100 100
Rock Salt 2 – 2.5 804 50 6
Chalcocite 3 – 3.5 1100 100 50
Galena 2.5 – 2.7 1114 100 60
Calcite 3 1339 100 43
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Figure 3.3.1.1.The Effect of Grit Melting Point on
the Friction Explosive Sensitivity of PETN
Explosion Efficiency
100
80
60
(%)
40
20
0
0 500 1000 1500
Grit Melting Point ( degrees C)
Figure 3.3.1.2. The Effect of Grit Melting point on
the Impact Explosive Sensitivity of PETN
Explosion Efficiency
100
80
60
(%)
40
20
0
0 500 1000 1500
Melting Point (degrees C)
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Table 3.3.2. Impact Sensitivity of Mercury Fulminate and Tetrazene in the presence
of grit.
Grit added Hardness Melting Mercury Tetrazene
(Mohs scale) point (°C) Fulminate
Nil - - 0 0
Silver Nitrate 2 -3 212 0 0
Potassium Nitrate 2 -3 334 - 3
Potassium 2 -3 398 - 0
Dichromate
Silver Bromide 2-3 434 0 31
Lead Chloride 2-3 501 0 30
Silver Iodide 2-3 550 70 80
Borax 3–4 560 100 100
Bismuthinite 2 – 2.5 685 100 100
Chalcocite 3 – 3.5 1100 100 38
Galena 2.5 – 2.7 1114 100 100
Calcite 3 1339 100 38
Figure 3.3.2.1. Impact Sensitivity of Mercury
Fulminate in the presence of grit.
Explosion Efficiency
100
80
60
(%)
40
20
0
0 500 1000 1500
Grit Melting Point (degrees C)
Figure 3.3.2.2. Impact Sensitivity of Tetrazene in
the presence of grit.
100
Explosive Efficiency
80
60
(%)
40
20
0
0 500 1000 1500
Grit Melting Point (degreesC)
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3.4. The effect of friction on the sensitivity.
3.4.1. The explosive is spread on to the surface of a horizontal disc. A rod that can be
weighted with a variety of weights rests on the disc, which is rotated at a constant
speed until the explosive initiates.
Table 3.4.1 gives some values of the Figure of Insensitivity for a variety of explosives.
Table 3.4.1. Figures of Insensitivity (by Friction) for a number of Explosives.
Explosive Abbreviation CAS# kg (at 0.5 m/sec)
Ammon Gelignite 30
Gelignite 4
Nitroglycerine >50
powder
Pentaerythritol PETN 78-11-5 10
Tetranitrate
Trinitrotoluene TNT 118-96-7 >50
TNT powder >50
The higher the value in Table 3.4.1., the higher the Figure of Insensitivity.
3.5. The effect of grazing friction on the sensitivity.
3.5.1. A glancing blow that combines friction and impact is given by a
"torpedo", typically weighing one kilogram sliding down a plane, inclined at
80° to the horizontal. This strikes the explosive resting on an anvil. The height in
centimetres relates to the sensitivity of the explosive.
Table 3.5.1. Figures of Insensitivity (by Grazing Friction) for a number of Explosives.
Explosive Abbreviation CAS# cm ( for 1 kg at
80° )
Ammon Gelignite 40 - 60
Gelignite 40 - 60
Nitroglycerine >150
powder
Pentaerythritol PETN 78-11-5 35 - 40
Tetranitrate
Cyclotrimethylene RDX 121-82-4 10 - 20
Trinitramine
RDX/TNT 40 - 45
Trinitrotoluene TNT 118-96-7 80 - 120
TNT powder 10 - 120
The higher the value in Table 3.5.1., the higher the Figure of Insensitivity.
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3.6. The sensitivity to ignition by flame or flash.
3.6.1. When a naked flame plays on an explosive, not only is there a
temperature rise, but free radicals in the flame bombard the surface of the
explosive. A "flame pendulum" is used to swing backwards and forwards
exposing the explosive to the flame at regular intervals. The number of swings
before ignition occurs gives a measure of the sensitivity to flame. There is no
correlation between this measure of sensitivity and the ignition temperature.
However, there is a correlation with the friction sensitivity.
3.6.2. The explosive in question is subjected to the flash from a measured
quantity of gunpowder at decreasing distances until the explosive probability
of ignition reaches 50%. The distances for various explosives are a measure of
the sensitivity to flash ignition.
3.7. The sensitivity to electrostatic sparks.
3.7.1. Static electricity is easily generated in a variety of operations on
explosives. Tests on the ignition of explosives are conducted by discharging a
capacitor across a spark gap in which the explosive is placed. The ignition
depends on the spark energy. Most High Explosives require a spark energy
above 0.02 Joules to be initiated. However, most initiators can be ignited by
energies below this limit. The maximum energy of a spark from static
electricity generated by a human being in the British climate is of the order of
0.02 Joules.
3.8. The sensitivity due to adiabatic compression.
3.8.1. Particles of explosive are surrounded by gas, and if this gas is suddenly
compressed, the gas temperature will rise to the possible ignition point of the
explosive. Table 3.8.1. shows the height of fall of an 226.8 gram (eight-ounce)
weight needed to reliably ignite the explosive.
Table 3.8.1. The height of fall for reliable ignition of the explosive.
Explosive Abbreviation CAS# Height of fall
(cm)
Gunpowder - - 30.5
Lead Styphnate LTNR/ 15245-44-0 25.4
TNRS
Picric Acid TNPh/TNF 88-89-1 63.5
/PA
Tetryl CE 479-45-8 50.8
Trinitrotoluene TNT 118-96-7 76.2
The higher the value in Table 3.8.1., the higher the Figure of Insensitivity.
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3.9. The sensitivity due to rifle bullets, high velocity fragments and
shaped charge projectiles.
3.9.1. The physical state of the explosive determines the probability of
explosion due to the impact of high velocity fragments. Crystalline explosives
are more likely to be initiated than cast explosives.
3.9.2. There are a number of different potential types of initiation. First, due to
the initial impact on the external casing (Impact Shock), next the generation of
heat as the fragment traverses the explosive (Bow Wave Shock) and finally
the fragment could induce adiabatic compression as it strikes the far side of
the casing (Terminal Shock).
3.9.3. Table 3.9.1. shows increasing sensitivity to High Velocity Fragments.
Table 3.9.1. Increasing sensitivity to High Velocity Fragments.
Explosive Abbreviation CAS#
Ammonal - -
Cast TNT TNT 118-96-7
Cast Tetryl CE 479-45-8
PETN/oil - -
RDX/oil - -
3.10. The sensitivity due to initiation by shock waves.
3.10.1. A given explosive (the Acceptor Charge) is subjected to a shock wave
from a charge of explosive (the Initiating Charge), with an air gap between the
two charges. The Acceptor charge may or may not detonate, and the gap for
50% detonations is calculated.
3.10.2. One problem is that the detonation of the Initiating Charge projects a
shock wave, a flame and particles into the Acceptor Charge.
3.10.3. Table 3.10.1. shows the air gap for 50% detonations of a 75 gram,
3.175 cm diameter, TNT Acceptor Charge pressed to a density of 1.54
grams/cc, for a variety of Initiating Charges. Each Initiating Charge weighed
75 grams and was also 3.175 cm diameter.
Table 3.10.1. TNT Acceptor Sensitivity in the Air Gap Test.
Initiating Charge Abbreviation CAS# Density Gap for 50%
Explosive (grams/cc) Initiation(cm)
Trinitrotoluene TNT 118-96-7 1.54 3.18 – 3.81
Tetryl CE 479-45-8 1.58 5.18 – 6.35
Cyclotrimethylene RDX 121-82-4 1.56 10.16 – 10.48
Trinitramine
Pentaerythritol PETN 78-11-5 1.56 11.43 – 11.75
Tetranitrate
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3.10.4. Table 3.10.2. shows the air gap for three successive detonations
using a 113 gram, 3.175 cm diameter Tetryl Initiating Charge on 113 gram
3.175 cm diameter Acceptor Charges of a variety of explosives.
Table 3.10.2. Acceptor Explosive Sensitivity in the Air Gap Test
Acceptor CAS# Density Air Gap (cm)
Explosive (grams/cc)
Cast TNT 118-96-7 1.6 0.13
Cast TNT/Tetryl - 1.6 1.27
Cast Picric Acid 88-89-1 1.7 1.91
Pressed TNT 118-96-7 1.5 3.18
Pressed Tetryl 479-45-8 1.5 4.44
Crystalline TNT 118-96-7 0.97 6.99
Crystalline Picric 88-89-1 1.06 10.16
Acid
Crystallised 479-45-8 0.95 13.02
Tetryl
The larger the Air Gap, the more sensitive the explosive.
4. Controlling the Sensitivity of High Explosives.
4.1. It may be necessary to make a High Explosive less hazardous by
desensitisation. Alternatively, it might become necessary to increase the
sensitivity to allow an explosive to become more easily initiated.
4.2.1. The classic case of desensitising of a High Explosive is the production
of dynamite by the absorption of nitroglycerine into kieselguhr - a diatomous
earth. Nobel discovered in 1866 that a 75/25 mixture of nitroglycerine in
kieselguhr to make Dynamite No 1 produced a much less sensitive explosive.
Pure nitroglycerine has an Impact Figure of Insensitivity of 13 (see Table
3.2.1), whereas the equivalent Figure of Insensitivity of Dynamite No 1 is
about 23. Later, a 93/7 nitroglycerine /collodion cotton mixture was
manufactured to make Blasting Gelatine, which has an Impact Figure of
Insensitivity of about 39.
4.2.2. Desensitisation can be mechanical, physical or chemical.
In mechanical desensitisation, a lubricant is incorporated, such as wax into
PETN. This allows the heat, which would otherwise be developed in the slip
planes of the explosive crystals during impact, to be largely nullified.
Physical desensitisation allows the heat developed in hot spots around grit
particles to be absorbed by melting layers of wax in the explosive.
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Chemical desensitisation adds compounds that are used to destroy the auto-
catalysts that occur in the intermediate products of decomposition. This has
not been used extensively as this phenomenon occurs infrequently.
4.3. Increasing the sensitiveness is of practical importance in initiator
compositions. Mixing a grit in the explosive, for instance glass powder in
antimony sulphide/potassium chlorate mixture, increases the sensitivity of cap
compositions.
5. Acknowledgements.
5.1. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the authors of the publications in
the references, below, from which the data for this paper has been abstracted.
6. References.
6.1. "Science of Explosives" by C.E.H Bawn and G. Rotter.
6.2. "Textbook of Explosives used in the Service". No Author.
6.3. "High Explosives and Propellants" by S.Fordham.
7. Index.
A C
α dimethylol nitroethane dinitrate Cadmium Azide .............................. 5
(SW1)......................................... 5 Cadmium Fulminate ........................ 5
Acceptor Charge ......................... 13 Calcite....................................... 8, 10
adiabatic compression ................. 12 Calcium Azide................................. 5
Air Gap Test ................................ 14 Chalcocite ................................. 8, 10
Amatol 40/60 .................................. 7 Chemical desensitisation ............. 14
Amatol 80/20 .................................. 7 Cobalt Azide ................................... 5
Ammon Gelignite...................... 7, 11 Copper Fulminate ............................ 5
Ammonal..................................... 13 Cordite M.D. and M.C. .................... 7
Ammonium Nitrate ................. 5, 6, 8 Cordite Mk1 .................................... 7
Ammonium Picrate ......................... 5 Cordite R.D.B.................................. 7
antimony sulphide ....................... 15 Cuprous Azide................................. 5
B Cyclonite (RDX) ............................. 5
Ballistite.......................................... 7 D
Barium Azide.................................. 5 desensitising ................................ 14
Bismuthinite.............................. 8, 10 Dichlorodinitrobenzene .................... 7
Black Powder.................................. 6 Dinitroaniline................................... 7
Blasting Gelatine ....................... 6, 14 Dinitrobenzene ............................ 6, 7
Borax........................................ 8, 10 Dinitrophenol .................................. 7
Bow Wave Shock ........................ 13 Dry Guncotton................................. 7
Dynamite No 1 ............................ 14
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E Mercurous Azide ............................. 5
EDNA ............................................ 5 Mercury Fulminate ........ 2, 5, 6, 7, 10
electrostatic sparks ...................... 12 Methyl Nitrate ................................. 5
Ethyl Nitrate.................................... 5 N
Ethylene Diamine Dinitrate .............. 5 Nickel Azide ................................... 5
explosion efficiency ......................... 8 Nitrocellulose .................................. 5
F Nitrocotton ...................................... 6
falling weight test ............................ 8 Nitroglycerine.................... 5, 6, 7, 11
flame or flash ................................ 12 Nitroguanidine................................. 5
friction .......................................... 11 P
G PETN................ 2, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14
Galena ...................................... 8, 10 Physical desensitisation ............... 14
Gelatine Dynamite........................... 6 Picric Acid ...................... 6, 7, 12, 14
Gelignite ................................... 7, 11 Picric Powder .................................. 7
Glass .............................................. 8 Potassium Bisulphate ....................... 8
grazing friction .............................. 11 potassium chlorate ....................... 15
grit.................................................. 8 Potassium Dichromate ............... 8, 10
Guhr Dynamite ............................... 6 Potassium Fulminate ........................ 5
Gunpowder ............................... 7, 12 Potassium Nitrate....................... 8, 10
H R
Heating tests.................................... 4 RDX ............................... 5, 7, 11, 13
high velocity fragments .............. 13 rifle bullets................................... 13
Rock Salt......................................... 8
I
S
impact............................................. 6
Impact Shock .............................. 13 shaped charge projectiles ............ 13
Initiating Charge ................... 13, 14 shock waves................................. 13
Silver Azide..................................... 5
K Silver Bromide .......................... 8, 10
kieselguhr .................................... 14 Silver Fulminate .............................. 5
Silver Iodide .............................. 8, 10
L
Silver Nitrate ............................. 8, 10
Lead Azide ................................. 5, 7 Smokeless Powder ........................... 6
Lead Chloride ........................... 8, 10 Sodium Acetate ............................... 8
Lead Picrate .................................... 6 Sodium Dichromate ......................... 8
Lead Styphnate.......................... 5, 12 Sodium Fulminate............................ 5
Lithium Azide ................................. 5 Strontium Azide............................... 5
M T
Manganese Azide ............................ 5 Terminal Shock). ......................... 13
mechanical desensitisation .......... 14 Tetranitrobenzene ............................ 7
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Tetranitroaniline .............................. 7 Trinitroxylene .................................. 7
Tetrazene .............................. 2, 5, 10 W
Tetryl ................... 2, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14
Tetryl (CE)..................................... 5 Wet Guncotton ................................ 7
Tetryl (CE)...................................... 7 Z
Thallium Fulminate ......................... 5
Zinc Azide....................................... 5
TNT ........... 2, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14
Zinc Picrate ..................................... 6
Trinitroaniline ................................. 7
Trinitrobenzene ............................... 7
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