Bangladeshshirleyeducation2

							Adult Education
  approaches

   Dhaka, 2008
             Millenium Goals
        189 UN member states signed
            www.gapminder.org
1.   Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
2.    Achieve Universal Primary Education
3.   Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
4.   Reduce Child Mortality
5.   Improve Maternal Health
6.    Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases
7.    Ensure Environmental Sustainability
8.   Develop a Global Partnership for Development
Carbon dioxide tonnes per person, 2002
Girls/boy ratio in school compared
              to GNP
Graph 2: Fertility rate versus GNP
                          Goal 7: “Ensure
                    Environmental Sustainability”
Targets for 2015
 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into
  country policies and programmes; reverse loss of
  environmental resources.
 Reduce by half the proportion of people without

  sustainable access to safe drinking water.
 Achieve significant improvement in lives of at least 100
  million slum dwellers, by 2020.

Progress towards 8 goals is tracked using observed data and indicators:
http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal7.cfm
Child under five nutrition,
          2004
Children’s Nutrition, 1990
% Women in parliament
% Women in parliament, 2006
              Strategic analysis
   A SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning tool
    used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses,
    Opportunities, and Threats involved in a
    project or in a business venture or in any other
    situation requiring a decision.
   Involves monitoring the internal and external
    potential factors to a project.
         Performing the Analysis
   1st step -- definition of the desired end state or
    objective in need of analysis. Make it explicit
    – e.g., Microenterprise as a strategy for gender
    equity/women’s empowerment.
       Identify and List SWOTs
Second Step: Identify and List SWOTs
 Strengths: helpful aspects for achieving the
  objective within organization (e.g.,
  microenterprise).
 Weaknesses: harmful aspects to achieving the
  objective within organiization (e.g.,
  microenterprise).
 Opportunities: external conditions helpful to
  achieving the objective.
 Threats: external conditions harmful to achieving
  the objective.
    Creative Generation of Possible
              Strategies
The SWOTs are used as inputs to the creative
  generation of possible strategies, by asking and
  answering the following four questions:
 1. How can we use each Strength?

 2. How can we stop each Weakness?

 3. How can we exploit each Opportunity?

 4. How can we defend against each Threat?
Internal versus External Factors
SWOT groups key pieces of information into two main
  categories:
 Internal factors - The 'strengths' and 'weaknesses'
  internal to the organization, i.e., its strategies,
  personnel, finance, capabilities.
 External factors - The 'opportunities' and 'threats'

  presented by the external environment (PEST --
  political, economic, social and technological).
                        References
Adams, J. (2005) Analyze Your Company Using SWOTs, Supply House
   Times, Vol. 48 Issue 7, pp. 26-28.
De Witt, B. and Meyer, R. (1998) Strategy: Process, Content, Context, 2nd
   ed., Oxford: International Thompson Business Press.
Hill, T. and Westbrook, R. (1997) SWOT Analysis: It's Time for a Product
   Recall, Long Range Planning, Vol. 30 Issue 1, pp.13-16.
Markides, C. (1999) Six Principles of Breakthrough Strategy, Business
   Strategy Review, July-August, pp.30-34.
Mintzberg, H. (1990) The Design School: Reconsidering the Basic Premises
   of Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 11
   pp.171-195.
Thompson, J. (2002) Strategic Management, 4th Edition, London:
   Thomson.
Weihrich, H. (1982) The TOWS matrix: a tool for situational analysis,
   Journal of Long Range Planning, Vol. 15 Issue 2, pp.12-14.
          Women in Microcredit Groups

        Access to financial services for women including training.


 Increase & diversify incomes – purdah to respect for capability & assets
Build assets, Increase decision-making power in family and public life with
                           more women elected.


                Mitigate risk/less hazard, Plan for the future
                 Lesser population growth, More mobility



     Increase food consumption, Invest in education & health, housing,
         water, sanitation, Greater control of women over resources
           Research by Donor Information Resource Center.
        www.microfinancegateway.org, Karim 2004, Littlefield 2004
    Grameen Bank Microenterprise
          women focused
   97 per cent Women
   No Collateral, No Legal Instrument, No
    Group-Guarantee or Joint Liability
   Recovery Rate 98 per cent
   Scholarships and Education Loans
        Scholarships are given, every year, to
         the high performing children of
         Grameen borrowers, with priority on
         girl children, to encourage them to
         stay ahead to their classes.
             Key Features of BRAC
   Primary target group is women.
       BRAC recognized women as the primary
        caregivers who would ensure the education of
        their children and the subsequent inter-
        generational sustainability of their families and
        households.
   Microfinance under BRAC's Economic Development
    programme with Health, Education and other Social
    Development programmes, linking all the programmes
    strategically to counter poverty.
Strengths: Women’s saving groups:
   BRAC members of 4 years increased household
    expenses by 28% and assets by 112%.
   Grameen members enjoy 28% higher income than
    that of the members of non-participants.
   Fewer BRAC clients suffered severe nutrition than
    non-BRAC clients.
   5% of total borrowers of BRAC graduate and find
    permanent exit from poverty each year.
 appear to have better nutrition, health
  practices, and health outcomes compare to
  control group.
                Source: Littlefield et al. 2003 20
 Higher rate of contraceptive use
   Strengths: Enhancing children’s education
      Children of microfinance clients are more likely
       to go to school due to awareness and access
       provided by the NGOs
      A longitudinal study shows that BRAC is able to
       increase the basic competency in reading,
       writing, and arithmetic among children from
       12% in 1992 to 24% in 1995 (within 3 years)
   Improving health outcomes for women and
    children
      Households of microfinance clients appear to
       have better nutrition, health practices, and
       health outcomes compare to any control group
       without microfinance
                    Source: Littlefield   et al. 2003   21
                 Weaknesses
   Loan proxy (men often control loans)
   High interest rates (15% charged on full loan
    rate all year, even though paying back
    principal weekly – actual interest 30%)
   Indebtedness can cause stress and violence
   Women often have to make secondary loans to
    pay back first loan
   Increasing need for dowry
               Opportunities
   External development agencies could focus $
    and spending on women or family to open up
    markets for women’s products (seldom done
    presently).
   Could combine with goals of sustainable
    development to ensure long term prosperity.
                    Threats
   Microenterprise activities unsustainable
   Interest rates increase – creating more
    indebtedness.
                Body Mapping
   1. How many years of teaching do you have? (0-50
    years)
   2. How much time is spent in lecturing in your
    classes? (0% to 100%)
   3. How importance is it for Bangladesh to achieve
    sustainable development? (not at all to very
    important)
   4. How important is it for Bangladesh to achieve
    gender equity? (not at all to very important)
   5. How important is gender equity for sustainable
    development? (not at all to very important)