Animal relationships

							           ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS
Slide 2              Groupings
Slide 3              Cooperative Behaviour
Slide 4              Altruism
Slide 5              Breeding
Slide 6              Mating Systems
Slide 7              Parental Care
Slide 8              Communication
Slide 9              Intraspecific Competition
Slide 10             Other grouping aspects
Slide 11             Predator Avoidance
Slide 12             Mimicry
Slide 13             Predation Tools
                       GROUPINGS
Many animals live in groups. Examples?
There must be some sort of survival advantage from doing this.

Advantages:                        Disadvantages:

Improving young rearing            Disease
Protection from predation          Competition
Effective migration                Predators attracted
Shared learning
Breeding success
Division of labour
Environmental manipulation
Shared Feeding
           COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOUR
Cooperative behaviour is generally innate, but can be modified.
It involves members of the same species living together for
mutual benefit. There are various types…
Clumping is simple; short term,   Social behaviour involves a
and completely innate - e.g.      closed group working together.
              ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOUR
Altruistic behaviour is where a member of a group reduces their
chance of reproduction in favour of another member of their
group.

       Many Pukekos will not
       breed as they do not have
       dominance in the group.
       Even so they will help
       gather food, rear others
       young and protect the
       territory.


             Whoa...does this make sense
             evolutionarily?

This is called kin selection.          Lab Manual pg 205/6, 225
                             BREEDING
    Most animals synchronise their breeding with courtship rituals.
    This may involve a combination of…
    Bringing gifts,
                                Some may
    physical stimulation,       do all of
    synchronised movement,      these
                                things…
    visual cues and
 Voice.
Why do this?
•       ensures that the individuals are the same
        species
•       suppresses aggressive behaviour
•       develops pair bond
•       ensures readiness for breeding
                    MATING SYSTEMS
External fertilization
    (usually response to environmental cues) e.g. fish
Monogamy
    e.g. most birds (and people)
Polygamy
•   Polygyny - 1 male has breeding rights with many females
    e.g. Lions, Baboons
•   Polyandry - 1 female has rights over males
    e.g. Bees. This is much less common... Why?
•   Polygynandry
    e.g. Pukekos, Bonobos
                     PARENTAL CARE
This is an energy cost for the parent, and limits the number of
offspring but results in improved survival rates.

The more time you spend
looking after your offspring, the
fewer you can have.




                                            Lab Manual pg 226-229
                     COMMUNICATION
Important for maintaining any social system. Could be:
•   Aural (whale song),
•   visual (peacock),
•   chemical (cats), etc...
           INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION
Agonistic behaviour within the species -
threats and submission to establish dominance
(no physical harm - usually).




                           Aggressive behaviour - harming or
                           killing a competitor (not just predation).



Hierarchy - a complex dominance
order. A simple linear one is called a
pecking order.
           OTHER GROUPING ASPECTS
Sexual dimorphism - results from selection pressures such as
males bigger/stronger to defend territory, or sexual selection.




Other terms you need to know:
Territory - defended area.
Home range - roaming area used to gather resources, may
overlap with other groups.

                             Lab Manual pg 215/6, 219/20 look at
                             223-224 or Pukeko vid
          INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS
Also remember some of the stuff from 2A...


You already know about:
        Predation                 Parasitism     Herbivory
        Mutualism                 Commensalism   Competition
Stuff you maybe haven't seen yet...
Predation avoidance:

Prey species may try to deter
predators using:
• A startle display – to look as big
as possible
• Poison (and warning colours)
                              MIMICRY
This is another predator
avoidance strategy.

                                  A
                              caterpillar
                                                  A moth


                                            Bee    Hoverfly
  Batesian mimicry:
  one poisonous - the other is
  harmless

  Mullerian mimicry:
  both species share the same
  warning
What does a monarch taste like?
                   PREDATION TOOLS
Predators use a variety of strategies to get prey.
 Concealment                            Traps




 Tools



                                Lab Manual pg 211/2, 213/4, 217/8
                              Check out the Pukeko video. Stunning!