Sequence of Civilizations & Events ≈1450 B.C.E. Moses receives Ten Commandments ≈400 B.C.E – Ancient Greece: direct democracy develops ≈400 B.C. E – Roman Republic: representative democracy ≈30 C.E. – Christianity spreads (New Testament) ≈622 C.E. – Islam founded; Muhammad the Prophet ≈1200 Thomas Aquinas advances scholasticism 1215 The Magna Carta is signed in England ≈1350-1700 Renaissance
≈1521 Martin Luther breaks from Catholic Church (Protestantism born)
1534 Henry VIII forms the Church of England 1607 Jamestown established as first English colony 1620-1640 Puritans establish colonies in North America 1688 Glorious Revolution in England 1689 English Bill of Rights signed 1690 John Locke publishes Two Treatises of Civil Government
Group Greeks
Idea philosophy direct democracy republic rule of law Ten Commandments covenant love forgiveness values saved ancient learning mathematics medicine
Romans
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
A Catholic priest who wrote about the government & theology Also wrote about natural law & the idea that people have certain rights that should not be taken
away by government
Thomas Aquinas
Magna Carta (1215)
The Renaissance
A period of intellectual and artistic creativity in Europe from 1350 to around 1600 The word is French for “rebirth” A renewed interest in classical Greek & Roman learning
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
German monk who criticized the authority of the teachings
& practices of the Roman
Catholic Church His protests were the start of a new form of Christianity
known as Protestantism
Martin Luther
selling indulgences
John Calvin (1509-1564)
A French religious thinker inspired by Martin Luther Also rejected the Catholic Church’s teachings Founded Calvinism whose followers worked hard, behaved well, and obeyed laws
John Calvin
Puritans
English Protestants who wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church of its remaining Catholic beliefs & rituals They were persecuted in England (jailed leaders & shut down churches) They moved to America to practice their religion freely; founded colonies that became MA, CT, NH, and RI
"The Glorious Revolution"
1688 the English Parliament forced King James II off the throne Replaced with his daughter Mary & her husband, William of Orange; forced to sign an English Bill of Rights (1689) Showed power of the elected representative over the monarch
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
Wrote a book called “Leviathan” Argued in favor of absolute monarchy as the best form of government Humans were naturally selfish and violent and couldn’t be trusted to make their own decisions Only a strong ruler (king)
could give people direction
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke (1632-1704)
Wrote a book called Two Treatises of Civil Government He argued that government should be based on natural law (right to life, liberty, & property)
All governments were based
on a social contract: to protect peoples’ natural rights
John Locke
17 th – 18 th Century Europe A movement promoting Reason as the primary source and basis of authority in cultural life. A critical questioning of traditional institutions customs, and morals – more a set of attitudes than a set of ideas. Inspired the signers of the Declaration of Independence & U.S. Bill of Rights.
Changes
Politics
natural law, universal human rights, limited government, separation of powers Protestantism Calvinism Puritanism scientific method reason orderly way of analyzing evidence refuted superstitious or unreasoned beliefs
Religion
Sciences
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Published: On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres First astronomer to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology Starting point of modern astronomy & begins the scientific revolution
Galileo (1564-1642)
Played a major role in the Scientific Revolution Father of modern astronomy, physics, and science Supported the Heliocentric Theory (suncentered solar system)
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Developed the scientific method an orderly way of collecting &
analyzing evidence
Francis Bacon
Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
Further claimed the universe followed
natural laws
Believed the force of gravity held the entire solar system together
Voltaire (1694-1778)
Blamed Catholic Church leaders for keeping
knowledge from people
in order to maintain the Church’s power He thought people
should be free to choose
their own beliefs
Voltaire
Denis Diderot
Denis Diderot (1713-1784)
French philosophe who did the most to spread
Enlightenment ideas &
fight traditional ways Published a 28 volume encyclopedia which took
20 years to complete
Included topics such as science, religion, government, & the arts
Baron Montesquieu (1689-1755)
Wrote Spirit of the Laws which said that England’s government
was the best because it had a
separation of powers Powers should be divided equally among the branches of
govt.
Charles de Montesquieu
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Criticized Enlightenment ideas; claimed supporters relied too much on reason He felt people could improve themselves by living simpler lives closer to nature
Published the Social Contract which said a workable govt. should be based on a social contract – what society wants as a whole
Jean-Jacques Rousseau