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Name: Date: Class:
CELLS: Structure and Function
• Cell theory • Manufactures ribosomes where they then migrate
to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
• Make up all living things
• Coded instructions for making proteins and other
• Basic units of structure and function in living things
important molecules
• Produced from existing cells
• Cytoplasm
• Two characteristics of all cells
• Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma
• Cell membrane surrounds the cell membrane
• Contain DNA • Most cellular activities occur here
• DNA is the molecule that carries biological
• Contains:
information.
• Two broad groups of cells • Cytosol
• Prokaryotes • Fluid that suspends other elements
• Do not have a nucleus • Organelles
• Have genetic material not contained in a nucleus • Metabolic machinery of the cell
• Example: bacteria • Inclusions
• Eukaryotes • Non-functioning units
• Have a nucleus in which their genetic material is
• Cytoplasmic Organelles
separated from the rest of the cell
• Ribosomes
• Examples: plants, animals, fungi, and protists
• Made of protein and RNA
• Eukaryotic Cell Structure
• Sites of protein synthesis
• Cells are organized into three main regions
• Found at two locations
• Nucleus
• Free in the cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm- part of the cell outside the nucleus
• Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Plasma Membrane
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• The Nucleus
• Internal membrane system
• Control center of the cell
• Responsible for production of protein and
• Three regions
lipids
• Nuclear envelope
• Rough ER
• Surrounds nucleus
• Ribosomes on its surface
• Contains large pores through which materials pass
• Involved in the protein synthesis
back and forth
• Smooth ER
• Chromatin
• Does not have ribosomes on its surface
• Granular material inside the nucleus
• Helps make lipids
• DNA bound to histone proteins
• Vesicles full of newly synthesized proteins
• Condenses into chromosomes when cell divides
bud off
• Nucleolus
• Golgi apparatus
• A ‘knot’ of chromatin
• Closely grouped membranes
Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function 1
• Modifies, sorts, and packages cellular • Protects and supports the cell
macromolecules • Cell Membrane: The Phospholipid Bilayer
• Example: Processes the proteins synthesized in • Double phospholipid layer
the ER
• Hydrophilic heads
• Package proteins for storage in the cell or
secretion outside the cell • Hydrophobic tails
• Lysosomes • Also contains protein, cholesterol, and
glycoproteins
• Small organelles filled with enzymes
• Digest nonusable materials within the cell such
• Cell Membrane: Specializations
as lipids, carbohydrates and proteins
• Microvilli
• Vacuoles
• Finger-like projections that increase surface area
• Saclike structures used to store materials for absorption
• Mitochondria • Cilia
• “Powerhouse” of the cell • Moves materials across the cell surface
• Generates most of the cell's supply of ATP - • Flagellum
used as a source of chemical energy
• Propels the cell
• Also signals, aids in cellular differentiation,
• Membrane Junctions
cell death, cell cycle, and cell growth
• Tight Junctions
• Centrioles
• Desmosomes
• Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
• Gap Junctions
• Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell
division • Cell wall
• Chloroplasts • Found in plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes
• Found in plants and some other organisms • Strong supporting layer surrounding the cell
membrane.
• Convert the energy in sunlight into chemical
• Supports and protects the cell
energy
• Cytoskeleton
• Network of protein structures that extend
throughout the cytoplasm
• Provides the cell with an internal framework
• Three different types of protein structures:
• Microfilaments
• Intermediate filaments
• Microtubules
• Cell membrane
• Thin, flexible barrier
• Made of a lipid bilayer
• Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function 2
Name: Date: Class:
CELLS: Structure and Function
• Cell ________________ • Manufactures ribosomes where they then migrate
to the ________________ through nuclear pores
• Make up all ________________ things
• Coded instructions for making proteins and other
• Basic units of structure and function in living things
important molecules
• Produced from existing cells
• ________________
• Two characteristics of all cells
• Material ________________ the nucleus and
• Cell ________________ surrounds the cell ________________ the plasma membrane
• Contain DNA • Most cellular activities occur here
• DNA is the molecule that carries
• Contains:
________________ information.
• Two broad groups of cells • ________________
• ________________ • Fluid that suspends other elements
• Do not have a nucleus • ________________
• Have genetic material not contained in a nucleus • Metabolic ________________ of the cell
• Example: ________________ • Inclusions
• ________________ • ________________ units
• Have a nucleus in which their genetic material is
• Cytoplasmic Organelles
separated from the rest of the cell
• ________________
• Examples: plants, animals, fungi, and protists
• Made of ________________ and
• ________________Cell Structure
________________
• Cells are organized into three main regions
• Sites of protein ________________
• ________________
• Found at two locations
• ________________ - part of the cell outside the
• ________________ in the cytoplasm
nucleus
• Attached to rough ________________
• ________________
________________
• The Nucleus
• ________________ ________________ (ER)
• ________________ center of the cell
• Internal membrane system
• Three regions
• Responsible for production of
• ________________ ________________ and ________________
• Surrounds nucleus • ________________ ER
• Contains large ________________ through which • ________________ on its surface
materials pass back and forth
• Involved in the protein synthesis
• ________________
• ________________ ER
• Granular material inside the nucleus
• Does not have ribosomes on its surface
• DNA bound to histone ________________
• Helps make lipids
• Condenses into ________________ when cell
• Vesicles full of newly synthesized proteins
divides
bud off
• ________________
• ________________ ________________
• A ‘knot’ of chromatin
Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function 3
• Closely grouped membranes • Cell ________________
• ________________, sorts, and packages • Thin, ________________ barrier
cellular ________________ • Made of a lipid ________________
• Example: ________________ the • Controls what enters and leaves the cell
________________ synthesized in the ER
• ________________ and supports the cell
• Package ________________ for storage in the
cell or secretion outside the cell • Cell Membrane: The ________________ Bilayer
• ________________ • ________________ phospholipid layer
• Small organelles filled with • ________________ heads
________________ • ________________ tails
• Digest ________________ materials within • Also contains protein, ________________, and
the cell such as lipids, carbohydrates and ________________
proteins • Cell Membrane: Specializations
• ________________ • ________________
• Saclike structures used to ________________ • Finger-like projections that ________________
materials surface area for absorption
• ________________ • ________________
• “________________” of the cell • Moves materials across the cell ______________
• Generates most of the cell's supply of ______- • ________________
used as a source of ________________ energy
• ________________ the cell
• Also signals, aids in cellular differentiation,
• Membrane Junctions
cell death, cell cycle, and cell growth
• ________________ Junctions
• ________________
• ________________
• Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
• ________________Junctions
• Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell
division • Cell ________________
• Chloroplasts • Found in ________________, algae, fungi, and
many prokaryotes
• Found in plants and some other organisms
• ________________ supporting layer surrounding the
• Convert the energy in ________________ into cell membrane.
chemical energy • ________________ and protects the cell
• ________________
• Network of ________________ structures that
extend throughout the cytoplasm
• Provides the cell with an internal
________________
• Three different types of protein structures:
• ________________
• Intermediate filaments
• ________________
Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function 2
