Schoolwires

							Unit 3 Breaking and Making
Bonds p. 218
CRUDE OIL
PLASTICS
PRODUCTS
NYLON
FUEL
In 30 seconds, can you list
 ten personally important possessions
made from petroleum?



 Suppose there were a severe petroleum
 shortage, which five would you be most
 willing to do without?

 Which five would you be least willing to do
 without?
Petroleum is a non-renewable
resource and the world is rapidly using
up it’s limited supply




      Have you considered whether petroleum
       supplies will be able to meet the worlds’
       demands throughout your lifetime?
      How might we conserve petroleum?
      What options do we have?
      What is being done, right now?
One minute pretest:

1. What is petroleum?
2. Where does it come from?
3. What is it made of?
What is Petroleum?

   In it’s natural state, it is a complex mixture of
    hydrocarbons and other substances, such as water,
    sulfides, metals and salts.
   Pumped from the ground
   Called crude oil
   A greenish-brown liquid
   As fluid as water or thick as tar
   A mixture that must be refined before it can be used
   It is a nonrenewable resource
Where does petroleum come from?

   Petroleum comes from the ground and we
    transport it to refineries
What is petroleum made of?

• Hydrocarbons are the
  simplest of the
  organic compounds.
  As the name
  suggests,
  hydrocarbons are
  made from
  hydrogen and
  carbon.
What can we do with petroleum?

   Burning it provides over ½ of the total annual U.S.
    energy needs
   Most of it is used as fuel in the form of gasoline
   Other petroleum based fuels heat homes, generate
    electricity, power diesel engines and jet aircraft.
   Other uses include the production of sports
    equipment, clothing, auto parts, medications,
    cosmetics, artificial limbs etc.
   FACT!
OF all the petroleum we use…..

89% of all petroleum is
  used for fuel            90
                           80
                           70    Miscellaneous
7% is used for new         60
  materials and plastics   50    New Materials
                           40
4% for paving and          30    Fuel
                           20
  miscellaneous products
                           10
                            0
For every gallon used to produce
useful products, 5 are burned for fuel!


Fuel:



All other plastics and useful products:
What happens to petroleum that makes
it so valuable?

   When Petroleum is burned, a chemical
    reaction occurs.
   The atoms are rearranged to form new
    molecules.
   The hydrocarbons burn as water and carbon.
   The gasses disperse into the air and are
    used up.
   It will take millions of years to replace it
Combustion reaction of hydrocarbons

   When hydrocarbons burn, they react with
    oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide gas and
    water vapor.
   Petroleum is a nonrenewable resource.
Petroleum is valuable because it is a
non-renewable resource

   We depend on it!
   It is not evenly distributed around the world
   North America has 5% of the world’s oil
   The Middle East has 66%
   Central Asia, Oceania and the Far East
    account for 56% of the population and 4% of
    the oil.
Summary

   You know what petroleum is, where it comes
    from and how we use it.
   Petroleum is a complex mixture of
    hydrocarbons that must be refined or
    separated into simpler mixtures in order to
    be useful.
   In the following investigation you will learn
    about the basic separation process as you
    study a simple mixture of two liquids.
Prediction:

   Can you predict what methods might be
    used to separate two liquids?
Petroleum Refining                         p 218


   Refining of crude oil is more difficult because
    it is a mixture of many compounds.
   Distillation is required
   This type of distillation is called fractional
    distillation.
   Each fraction distilled has a different boiling
    point.
Steps to refining crude oil

1.   The crude oil is heated to about 400 degrees.
2.   The crude is then pumped into a fractional tower,
     which is about 100 feet tall.
3.   Some of the crude oil vaporize.
4.   Trays at different heights collect the condensed
     fractions.
5.   The thickest and heaviest molecules never
     vaporize, they sink to the base and are drained.
Let’s examine the fractions:
Gases:


   Petroleum's gases have a low boiling point.
   The smallest hydrocarbon molecules with 1-4
    carbon atoms are only slightly attracted to
    each other.
   Because of their low intermolecular
    attraction, they separate easily and rise as a
    gas.
Liquids:

   Include gasoline, kerosene and heavier oils.
   They have from 5-20 carbon atoms.
   They are divided into light distillates,
    intermediate distillates and heavy distillates
    based on their boiling points.
Examples of each fraction include:

Gases: Heating oil, petrochemicals, material for
  plastics and gasoline additives
Gasoline: Heating fuel, natural gasoline for fuel
Light distillates: Aviation gasoline, Kerosene
Intermediate distillates: Furnace oil, diesel fuel
Heavy Distillates: Lubricating oil, grease, wax
Residues: Petroleum jelly, asphalt, road oil