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Lecture 10: The Evolution Of Military
Technology And Tactics (II)
1. The Evolution Of Naval Technology
2. The Industrialization Of War
3. The Advent Of Nuclear Weapons
4. The Evolution Of Issues
5. Why Europe?
The Evolution Of Naval Technology
1. The Historical Center Of Naval Technology
-- The Mediterranean Sea And The Galley
2. Galley Used In Trade And War
-- Small Ships With Shallow Drafts: High Value Cargo
-- Sail And Oar Powered: Large Crews Required
-- War Tactics: Ram and Board Opponent
3. Innovations In The Middle Ages
-- Hinged Rudder From The Vikings
-- Compass From China
4. After 1300 The Size Of The Galleys Increases
5. The Northern European “Cog” Appears about 1100
-- Flat Bottomed, Sea Going Cargo Ship
Naval Evolution II
1. The “Carrack” and the Portuguese “Caravel”
2. Weaknesses Of The Galley In Wartime
A) Cannot Sustain Cannon Attack
B) Cannot Mount Many Cannon
C) Not An Ocean Going Vessel
3. The Rise Of The Galleon
4. The Spanish Armada 1588
A) Signals Change In Tactics: Boarding Is Out
B) Signals Spain's Decline Relative To Sea Powers
Naval Evolution III
• Technological Evolution Changes International System
A) First Truly Global Economy In World History
B) Allows European Expansion Into Periphery
C) Shifts Power To Central Government
D) War Ship And Trading Ship Diverge
• “The Ship Of The Line” (1650-1850)
-- Introduced with the Anglo-Dutch Wars
-- HMS Victory: 100 Guns on Three Decks
-- Tactics: Line Ahead, Melee, & Crossing the “T”
-- 1805 Battle of Trafalgar
Naval Evolution IV
• 1800’s: Punctuated Equilibrium
A) Steam Power (Civilian 1802; War Ship 1814)
B) Screw Propeller (1836)
C) Iron And Steel
-- French Ship La Gloire (1859)
-- HMS Warrior (1861)
D) Clash of Ironclads: American Civil War (1862)
E) Mastless Ship: HMS Devastation (1873)
• Major 20th Century Changes
A) The Dreadnought
B) The Submarine
C) The Aircraft Carrier
Pre-Dreadnought Battleships
Britain France Russia Germany USA Japan Total
1880 7 3 1 0 0 0 11
1890 22 10 4 0 0 0 36
1900 22 9 6 5 8 4 54
1905 43 11 8 16 12 4 94
Dreadnought Class Battleships
1906 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1910 10 0 0 5 4 0 19
1914 34 4 4 22 10 4 78
1918 44 7 5 0 17 9 82
1920 39 7 4 0 18 10 78
1925 21 6 3 0 18 10 58
1930 20 6 3 0 15 9 53
1935 15 5 3 2 15 9 49
1939 14 7 3 5 15 9 53
1943 15 0 2 4 21 9 51
1945 14 2 3 0 20 1 40
Naval Evolution V
Summary: Changes In Naval Technology
A) Rise Of International System
B) Concentrates Power In Most Industrialized
C) Sea Powers Are Traders
D) Strongest Sea Power Shifts Across Time
Industrialization And War
1. Commercialization Of The Economy
And The Commercialization Of War
2. McNeill: Industrialization Of War
Lags Industrialization Of Economy By 100 Years
3. Artisan Production: Dreyse Guns In Prussia In 1840
4. The “American System”: Springfield, MA (1820-1850)
5. Consequences Of The American System
A) Makes Mass Conscription Feasible
B) Allows Rapid Introduction Of New Technology
C) Standardization Simplifies Supply
Industrialization Of War
1. Revolution In Transportation
A) Mobilization Of Troops
B) Movement Of Troops: The Schlieffen Plan
C) Supplying Mass Numbers Of Troops Becomes Possible
2. The Internal Combustion Engine
A) Transport
B) Tank
C) Aircraft
Nuclear Weapons
1. Only The Most Advanced States Can Develop
2. Shifts Technology From Offensive To Defensive
-- Raises Costs Of Taking Territory;
-- Makes Defending Territory Relatively Easy
3. Goal Of Deterrence:
Raise Expected Costs Above Expected Benefits
4. First Strike Versus Secure Second Strike
RETALIATION
FIRST STRIKE
US USSR
5. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
Relative Capability And Crisis Stability
SOVIET UNION
SECURE NO
SECOND FIRST NUCLEAR
STRIKE STRIKE WEAPONS
SECURE HIGHLY UNSTABLE
VERY STABLE: USSR FEARS
SECOND MAD WORLD
US: PREVENTATIVE
COERCION
STRIKE USSR: PREEMPTIVE
HIGHLY UNSTABLE
FIRST EXTREMELY USSR FEARS
US US: PREEMPTIVE
UNSTABLE COERCION
STRIKE USSR: PREVENTATIVE
NO
US FEARS US FEARS CONVENTIONAL
NUCLEAR COERCION COERCION WORLD
WEAPONS
The Evolution Of Issues
1. Why Do States Fight Wars?
-- Territory
-- Economics
-- Anti-regime
-- Ideology
2. Holsti
A) Many Types Of Issues
B) Importance Of Issues Changes Over Time
The “Rise And Fall” Of Issues
Why Europe?
1. Why Does Military And Industrial Revolution First
Occur In Western Europe?
2. Great Person Theory Versus Great Timing Theory
3. China: Commercial Revolution Without Military
And Industrial Revolutions
A) Lack Of Protection For Private Property
B) Political Centralization
C) Merchants And Soldiers At Bottom Of Hierarchy
4. The Future: A Return To Chinese Dominance?
Typical Displacement Power Crew Average Number of
Year Type Length (feet) (tons) System Size Guns
---------- -------- ------- ----------- -------- ------ -----
500BC-1571 Galley 100 100 oar huge few; on deck
1200-1400 Cog 100 100 lateen sail small merchant
1300-1525 Carrack 125-180 1000 square sail small lots of small guns; on deck
1400-1550 Caravel 50-60 ? lateen sail small lots of small guns; on deck
1525-1650 Galleons 150-180 1000 square sail large 30 big guns; below deck
1650-1850 “Ship of the Line” 150-200 2000 square sail 600-800 100 big guns; below deck
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