Carbon-Chemistry-Basics-PowerPoint

							Carbon Chemistry Basics
    Carbon Chemistry Basics
• Carbon chemistry is also known as ____ chemistry. In the
  early 1800’s it was thought that only ____ could create
  carbon-containing compounds.
organic, living organisms
• A German chemist, Friedrich Wöhler, synthesized the
  organic compound ____ in his lab. This was the first time a
  carbon compound was ____ in the laboratory.
urea, synthesized
• Today, organic chemistry includes all ______________
  compounds, whether they are made in ___________ or the
  __________________.
carbon, nature, laboratory
           Hydrocarbons
• The most basic organic molecules are known
  as hydrocarbons, consisting of only ____ and
  ____ atoms.
hydrogen, carbon
• Because carbon has _______ valence
  electrons it prefers to form ______ bonds.
  Hydrogen only wants to form _______ bond.
4, 4, one
• Carbon tends to form ____ with ____ bonds.
long chains, covalent
 The First Ten Hydrocarbons
  Name      Formula   Lewis Dot
• Methane   CH4           H
                      H   C       H
                          H

• Ethane    C2H6          H   H
                      H   C   C       H
                          H   H

• Propane   C3H8
         Generic Formula
• Look back at the formulas for the
  hydrocarbons. Can you make a general rule
  for the formula of a hydrocarbon? How many
  hydrogen atoms would an 11-Carbon chain
  need?
              CnH2n+2
• An 11-Carbon chain would have the formula
  C11H24.
      Condensed Structures
• Sometimes the structure of a compound is
  shortened into what is known as a __________
  structure.
condensed
• Any hydrogen atoms that are attached to a specific
  carbon atom are simply written after the atom, like
  in the example below:
    H H H
  H C C C H
             Becomes…       CH3―CH2―CH3
    H H H
             or, simply     CH3CH2CH3
 Branched-Chain Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons can have “branches” when a carbon
  atom bonds to three or four carbon atoms.
• A “branch” that comes off of the main carbon chain
  is known as a _______________.
substituent
• A branch that is made of carbon atoms is called an
                               H H H H H H
  _______ group.
                            H C C C C C C H
alkyl
                              H   H   H       H   H

                                      H   C   H
                                          H
     Naming Branched Chains
1. Find the parent chain and number the
   carbon atoms.
2. Name alkyl groups according to the # of
   carbon atoms they contain. Their names
   will end in –yl instead of –ane.
3. Number the alkyl group depending on
   which carbon atom it branches off of.
4. If more than one of the same alkyl group
   exists use the prefixes, di, tri, etc… in front
   of the alkyl group’s name.
  Naming Branched Chains
            Example:


    H3C CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH3

                  CH3

3-methylhexane
                  Isomers
• Compounds that have the same molecular _____
  but different molecular ______ are called isomers.
formulas, structures
  2-methylpropane                        butane
  H3C    CH CH3            H3C CH2 CH2 CH3
         CH3

     C4H10
                                        C4H10
               Problems
Directions:
Construct the following molecules using your
 organic molecule kits and then write the
 molecular formula, draw the molecular
 structure, write the condensed structural
 formula.
• 2-ethyl propane
• 2,3-dimethyl butane
  Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
• The hydrocarbons (_______) that
                       alkanes
   we’ve seen so far are classified as
  saturated compounds because they
                  maximum
  contain the __________ number of hydrogen atoms
                                       _______
  per carbon atom.
• Ethane is a simple alkane. It is a major component
  in natural gas.
• All of the Carbon-Carbon bonds in a __________
                                           saturated
  hydrocarbon are _______ bonds.
                      single
               Alkenes
• Hydrocarbons that contain double or triple
  bonds are classified as ______________
                             unsaturated
  compounds.
• Compounds with at least one Carbon-Carbon
       double                        alkenes
  ____________ bond are called _________.
• Ethene (commonly called ethylene) is the
  simplest alkene. It is used to speed up the
  ripening of fruit.
               Alkynes
• Compounds with at least one Carbon-Carbon
  ___________ bond are called __________.
       triple                       alkynes
• Ethyne (commonly called acetylene) is the
  simplest alkene. It is used in oxyacetylene
  torches.
  Geometry of Hydrocarbons
• Look back at the structures above. Determine the
  molecular geometry around one of the carbon
  atoms in the molecule.
• Ethane ______________
           tetrahedral

• Ethene ______________
          trigonal planer

• Ethyne ______________
              linear
Naming Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
• Naming for alkenes and alkynes works the same as
  for alkanes, except the name must indicate where
  the double or triple bond is   H         H H
  located.                     H C   C C C C H

                                  H   H   H   H   H
1. The parent chain is numbered so the first carbon
  involved in the double/triple bond has the lowest
  number possible.
2. The number of the first carbon involved in the bond
  is placed in front of the parent name and the ending
  of the parent name is changed from –ane to –ene
  or –yne.
                             2-pentene