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In the Beginning….
…was the word
The Golem of Prague
…and numbers too
Software for Golems
A successful fraud…
…until a Scot took it apart
Sir Robert Murray Keith
To be a machine, to feel, think, know good
from evil like blue from yellow . . .
-Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Man a Machine
If we had it [a characteristica universalis], we should be able to
reason in metaphysics and morals in much the same way as
in geometry and analysis
If controversies were to arise, there would be no more need of
disputation between two philosophers than between two
accountants. For it would suffice to take their pencils in their
hands, to sit down to their slates, and to say to each other... :
Let us calculate”
Napoleon writing the Code Civil
The sorcerer’s apprentice
That old sorcerer has vanished
And for once has gone away!
Spirits called by him, now banished,
My commands shall soon obey.
Every step and saying
That he used, I know,
And with sprites obeying
My arts I will show.
Flow, flow onward
Stretches many
Spare not any
Water rushing,
Ever streaming fully downward
Toward the pool in current gushing.
Come, old broomstick, you are needed,
Take these rags and wrap them round you!
Long my orders you have heeded,
By my wishes now I've bound you.
Have two legs and stand,
And a head for you.
Run, and in your hand
Hold a bucket too.
Ah, the word with which the master
Makes the broom a broom once more!
Ah, he runs and fetches faster!
Be a broomstick as before!
Ever new the torrents
That by him are fed,
Ah, a hundred currents
Pour upon my head!
No, no longer
Can I please him,
I will seize him!
That is spiteful!
My misgivings grow the stronger.
What a mien, his eyes how frightful!
Brood of hell, you're not a mortal!
Shall the entire house go under?
Over threshold over portal
Streams of water rush and thunder.
Broom accurst and mean,
Who will have his will,
Stick that you have been,
Once again stand still!
Can I never, Broom, appease you?
I will seize you,
Hold and whack you,
And your ancient wood
I'll sever,
With a whetted axe I'll crack you.
"To the lonely
Corner, broom!
Hear your doom.
As a spirit
When he wills, your master only
Calls you, then 'tis time to hear it."
Napoleon writing the Code Civil
Mechanical Jurisprudence and the
Codes – User requirements
• Coherence
• Completeness – for every question put to
the court, there must be an answer
• which the court can reach in finite time
(Halting problem)
• Decidable set of proofs (for appeal courts)
And with that
Computability
How to do it
• Nulla poena sine lege
• “Negation as failure”
• lex specialis derogat legi generali
and Kelsen’s Hierarchy of Norms
• Principia Mathematica and theory of types
And finally…
• Completeness – for every question put to
the judge, there must be an answer which
the judge can reach in finite time
• Dworkin’s Hercules
• - and the law as “oracle machine”
FF POIROT
FF POIROT
An ontology to support systems tackling financial fraud
Description: Further work:
Ontology will be developed (3 versions).
A collaborative project funded by the
European Union to develop an ontology to Knowledge will be extracted from domain-
support systems that tackle financial fraud: specific corpora to populate the knowledge
- Detecting unauthorized online investment base.
brokers (Italy). A multilingual multi-domain terminological
- Detecting/preventing VAT fraud (across database will be developed.
EU borders). Alignment and merging with other financial
Academic and commercial partners from fraud ontologies will take place.
Belgium, Italy, UK and Romania. Ontology browser, editor and query engine
September 2002 – August 2005. will be developed.
Famous name but:
• Links to a page on Smallxchange site
• With almost no content
• Permanently “under construction”
Clearly aimed at the
Italian market
Results: County Clare Businessman remanded on
£162 million fraud
Knowledge acquired from law reports,
papers and websites
A 29 year old Businessman originally from Ennis in
County Clare was remanded in custody by an English
court after he stood accused of attempting to defraud the
Over The Counter =
- Relevant law identified and extracted. British Customs and Excise authorities out of £162 million
in false VAT claims.
requirements completed; ontology
User
unlisted stocks = risky
!!!
Dylan Creaven, who now lives at an address in London`s
Has little effect – modelling under way. plush Kensington area, also faced a secondary charge of
except for Italian money laundering.
language technology to extract
Natural The court heard how Creaven was allegedly heavily
knowledge from web pages. involved in a scam known as a ‘carousel fraud’ where his
company Silicon Technology Europe transported
computer processing units on a regular basis between
Naturallanguage technology to be used to Ireland and Britain in order to avoid paying VAT on the
make final system available to users in
Too good to be true numerous transactions.
different languages. Creaven was remanded in custody and will appear in court
again next week.
broker’
A suspicious investment broker’s website
Joseph Bell Centre for Forensic Statistics & Legal Reasoning
Techniques and technology backed by world leading research
www.josephbell.org
Acknowledgements: www.eurunion.org; www.theirishwebsite.com
• financial fraud Prevention Oriented
Information Resources using Ontology
Technology
Carousel Fraud
Company
A1
Step 4 (carousel)
Company
B1
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Company
A2
Company
B1
1 Major Hypothesis
2
Law (or supporting postulates)
3
4 5 Evidence
Filled circles represent evidence.
Open circles represent legal rules and postulates.
Cross-hatched circle represents major, or ultimate, or final hypothesis.
H1
1 2 3 4
1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
E2.2
E2.3 E3.2.1
E1.2.1 E4.2 F4.3.1
1.1. E4.4
1 E3.1
F2.2
E1.3.1
F4.2
F2.3.1 F2.3.2 F4.3.2
E1.1.1.1 F3.2.1 F3.2.2
F4.4
2.1. 2.1. 2.1. E2.1
F1.3.1 1 2 3
F3.1
F2.1
E2.1.2.1
F1.1.1.2
F1.1.1.1 4.1. 4.1. 4.1.
E2.1.1 1 2 3
E2.1.2.1.1
F1.1.1.3
F4.1.3
E4.1.3
F2.1.2.1.1
• IF COMPANY A is checking the SUPPLY
AND COMPANY A purchased GOODS in
a TRANSACTION from COMPANY B
• And TRANSACTION:PRICE < the lowest
open market value of GOODS:PRICE
THEN COMPANY A should check with the
SUPPLIER if there is a valid reason for the
low TRANSACTION:PRICE
• agent
• person
• natural_person
• juristic_person....
• organization....
• role...
• public_servant
• juridical
• tax_inspector
• financial_crime_police_officer...
• judicial
• judge...
• physical_object...
• document
• form
• tax_form...
• regulation
• tax_regulation
• physical_quantity
• amount
• money (M)
• income (M)...
• action.....
• declaring_income_tax
• procedure....
• appealing_legal
Legal Lego
Using model based reasoning in
the teaching of evidence
Joseph Bell
"Is there any point to which you would wish to draw my attention?"
"To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time."
"The dog did nothing in the night-time."
"That was the curious incident," remarked Sherlock Holmes.
Inspector Gregory and Holmes, in "Silver Blaze"
"You suspect some one?"
"I suspect myself."
"What!"
"Of coming to conclusions too rapidly."
Annie Harrison and Sherlock Holmes, in "The Adventure of the Naval
Treaty“
"Circumstantial evidence is a very tricky thing," answered Holmes thoughtfully.
"It may seem to point very straight to one thing,
but if you shift your own point of
view a little, you may find it pointing in an equally
uncompromising manner to something entirely different.“
"What the deuce is it to me?" he
interrupted impatiently; "you say that we go
round the sun. If we went round the moon
it would not make a pennyworth of
difference to me or to my work."
"In solving a problem of this sort, the grand
thing is to be able to reason backwards.
That is a very useful accomplishment, and
a very easy one, but people do not practise
it much. In the every-day affairs of life it is
more useful to reason forwards, and so the
other comes to be neglected. There are
fifty who can reason synthetically for one
who can reason analytically."
Sherlock Holmes, in "A Study in Scarlet
"I have devised seven separate explanations, each of which would cover the facts as
far as we know them.
But which of these is correct can only be determined by the fresh information which
we shall no doubt find waiting for us."
Watson and Holmes, in "The Adventure of the Copper Beeches"
"How often have I said to you that when
you have eliminated the impossible
whatever remains, however improbable,
must be the truth?"
Sherlock Holmes, in "The Sign of the Four"
