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PAKISTAN
WATER & POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
WAPDA’S DEVELOPMENTAL PLAN
18.9.09 September 2009
WATER AND POWER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
• Irrigated agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan's economy. The agriculture
sector is the major user of water and its consumption will continue to dominate
the water requirements. Direct rainfall contributes less than 15 percent of the
water supplied to the crops. The major user of water for irrigation is the Indus
Basin Irrigation System. About 105 Million Acres Feet (MAF) out of 155 MAF of
surface water is being diverted annually for irrigation while around 48 MAF is
pumped from groundwater.
• Pakistan has a total 196.72 MA area out of that 72.70 is cultivable. The cultivated
area (Irrigated & Barani) has come to 52.31 MA, whereas 47.62 MA is area under
all sort of irrigation sources. (27 MA is the area under canal irrigation).
• With large cultivable land base of 77 Million Acres (MA) of which only 27 MA are
canal commanded, Pakistan still has the additional potential of bringing about
20.39 MA of virgin land under irrigation.
• With increased population, Pakistan is fast heading towards a situation of water
shortage Per capita surface water availability was 5260 cubic meters in
1951when population was 34 million, which reduced to 1038 cubic meter in 2010
when the estimated population is 172 million. The minimum water requirement to
being a "water short country" is 1,000 cubic meters. In the year 2012, Pakistan
will have reached the stage of" acute water shortage"
1
WATER AND POWER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
• According to the 1960 Indus Water Treaty, signed between India and Pakistan with the
good offices of World / Bank, India was allowed exclusive rights to use waters of Ravi,
Sutlej and Beas rivers, whereas the waters of Western Rivers, Indus, Jhelum and Chenab
were assigned to Pakistan. Under the 1960 Treaty, the Indus Basin Replacement Works
comprising two major dams, 5 barrages and 8 link canals were constructed to alleviate the
problems. However, due to excessive sediment inflows in the river water, all the three
storages (Tarbela, Mangla, Chashma) are rapidly loosing their capacities. By the year 2025,
these storages would loose 37% (6.27 MAF) of their capacity, which virtually means loss of
one mega storage project.
• An annual average of over 35.2 MAF escapes below Kotri varying from 9 MAF to 92 MAF.
However this surplus water in the river system is available in about 70-100 days of summer
only. To save and utilize available water, construction of additional storage facilities is
essential for sustainable irrigated agriculture, which supports about 70% of the population of
Pakistan.
• National demand of electricity has been and would keep on growing rapidly. Based on the
present generation capacity, the hydel:thermal mix in the country is 34:66, which is almost
the reverse of an ideal hydel - thermal mix, which should be 70:30 for overall economic
development of the Pakistan. Though induction of thermal generation initially helped in
overcoming load shedding, it resulted in substantial increase in power tariff. Therefore, a
sizeable injection of cheap hydropower through multipurpose storages is a viable option to
keep the cost of electricity within affordable limits. 2
WATER AND POWER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
• To facilitate the process of economic development and to ensure
greater social stabilization in Pakistan, it is imperative that
employment creation and poverty reduction issues are addressed on
priority. Additional water storages and power generation would form
the basis of this strategy during the next decade.
• At present the rated electric power generating capacity in Pakistan is
only 18000 MW with the demand growing at 10% annually. The
average per capita consumption is only 482 units. Power shortage in
the industrial, agricultural and domestic sectors has been evident for
the past few years with the shortage assuming critical proportions last
year. The water shortage is even more acute. To feed a population of
nearly 172 million people, existing water storage capacity of 15 Million
Acre Feet (MAF) needs to be tripled in the years ahead so that the
remaining 20 million acres of cultivable land can be brought under
plough. Water conservation and increased water productivity must
also be encouraged.
3
WATER AND POWER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
• It is an economically unsustainable fact that the total water storages
capacity in the country is only 15 MAF representing 13% of the total
annual flows of 136 MAF. Countries in Asia, Africa and the Americas have
a storage capacity many times greater. To address this problem the
Government of Pakistan (GoP) is developing feasibility and detailed
engineering studies for nearly 20 MAF of water storage and 25,000 MW of
hydel power. This is apart from thermal power being developed by the
private sector, Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and the Government.
• To achieve the above objectives the GoP through WAPDA and the private
sector plans to concentrate on the following water and power projects in
the next few years: (i) Construction of large dams including Diamer-Basha
Dam for Public/Private Partnership (ii) Construction of Medium/ Small
Water Storage Dams (iii) Construction of Hydropower Projects (iv)
Construction of Canals (v) Protection of Irrigation Infrastructure (vi) Water
Conservation Strategies. These projects would create additional water
storages, generate cheap indigenously developed electricity and prevent
flood damages. All these measures would also ensure food security,
employment generation and above all poverty alleviation.
4
WAPDA’s Fifty Years
(1958 – 2008)
• Construction of major Water infrastructure:
– Completion of Indus Basin Replacement Projects
• 5-Barrages (Sidhnai, Mailsi Siphon, Qadirabad, Rasul & Chashma),
8 inter-river Link Canals (Trimmu-Sidhnai, Sidhnai-Mailsi, Mailsi-Bahawal,
Rasul-Qaidrabad, Qadirabad-Balloki, LCC Feeder, Balloki-Sulemanki,
Chashma-Jhelum, Taunsa-Panjnad), Mangla and Tarbela Dams
– SCARPS Program (over 70 SCARPS)
– Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project
– Development of Water Resources under WAPDA Vision 2025
• 5-Dams (Mangla Dam Raisin, Mirani, Sabakzai, Gomal Zam & Satpara),
3-Mega Canals (Rainee, Kachhi & Greater Thal), 5-Hydropower Projects
(Allai Khwar, Khan Khwar, Duber Khwar, Jinnah, Neelum-Jhelum),
2-Drainage Projects - RBOD I & III (under implementation), 25000 MW
Electricity (Under study)
• Expertise development in water & power engineering
5
INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Indus River
Neelam River
Tarbela Dam No
rth
Terbela Jhelum River
Reservoir Ku
Warsak
River
nh
ar
Riv
er
Ka
Pa shm
kis ir
Mangla Dam
Dam ro
Kabul River tan Chenab River
Ha r Mangla
ive Reservoir
nR
Ravi River
Marala
oa Barrage
Jhelum
Kala Bagh Reservoir S M
U. ara
Warsak Dam (proposed) Jinnah Ch la-R
Sutlej River
en av
Barrage ab iL
i nk
Khanki Li
el r
nn we
U. Jhe nk
Thal Canal
ha o
Rasul lu am Link Barrag I
C ul P
Pa ndia
U. ternal
Kurram River B.R.B
as
Barrge e.Ch
In
L
Jhe
.D.
R
U.Chenab
L.C enab Link k is
Internal
Internal
lum
BRBD
Chashma Ras Qadirab .C. tan
Reservoir Ch ul-Q ad
a sh
L. J
adira
C.B.D.C
ma bad Barrage
-J Link Qadir
C.R.B.C
helu
hel
abad
U. Depalpur
mL -B
Link alloki
um
L.C der
ink
Fe
.C
e
Thal
.
reservoir Balloki B.S
(Jhang)
Sulemanki
L.C.C.
B.S .Lin
West
Chenab
Gomal River .Lin k
Barrag
(Gugera)
(proposed) k1 2
Barrage
L.C.C.
L. Depalpur
East
e
L.B.D.C
Trimmu Tr
im
Barrage Ha mu-
ve S
li L idhn
Rangpur Canal
Pakpattan
ink ai
Chenab
L i nk
Fordwah
Sidhnai
U.
l
Interna
Ravi
Eastern
Sadiqia
Haveli Barrage
Si
dh
na
Islam
Sidhnai
i-M
Barrag
ail
si -
L. e
b
Ba
Taunsa attan
Pakp
Chena
ha
Barrage Taun
wa
s a-Pa
njnad Mailsi
l li
Dera Ghazi Khan
Link
Muzaffargarh
nk
im
Qa
j
Sutle a haw
al
d River U. B
jna w al
Pun Pun
jna
d
L. B
aha
ia
Guddu ass
Ab
Barrage
r
HEAD WORKS 19
r
e
ede
ed
Gh
i Fe er
Fe
Beg Feed
o tk
t
Pa
i fe
har
rt
LINK CANALS 11
ed
se
De
e r
Sukkur
hW
e st
Barrage
TOTAL CANALS 55
ort
Kha
N Kh
Na
e
ai
du
ic
rp ra
irpu
R
Da
Ro
ur
Ea
hr
r We
st
i
Sehwan Reservoir
st
(Proposed)
Kotri
Barrage
Lin
ed
Ch
Schematic Diagram
Fu
an
Piny
Indus Basin Irrigation System
i
ne
Kalr
lel
l
i
ari
(IBIS)
Arabian Sea 6
LAND USE IN PAKISTAN
CATEGORY AREA (MA)
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 196.72
IN IVE
AREA SUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE 72.70
DU R
R
DISPUTED
S
KABUL R
IVER
CULTIVATED AREA TERRITORY
52.31
(IRRIGATED + BARANI)
AREA UNDER IRRIGATION
(ALL SOURCES) 47.62
26.91
ver
(CANAL IRRIGATION) r
ve
Ri r
m Ri
ive
River
b
na iR
ADDITIONAL AREA THAT CAN BE e v
Jh e l u
Ch Ra
Indus
BROUGHT UNDER IRRIGATED 20.39
AGRICULTURE er
Riv
t le j
SOURCE: AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF PAKISTAN 2007-08 Su
Sindh 3.95 MA
Punjab 3.56 MA
NWFP 2.99 MA
Balochistan 9.89 MA
TOTAL 20. 39MA
LEGEND
MOUNTAINS
DESERTS
ARABIAN SEA
AREA UNDER
IRRIGATION
AREA THAT
CAN BE BROUGHT AREA THAT
UNDER IRRIGATION IN SINDH CAN BE BROUGHT
UNDER IRRIGATION
7
WHERE DOES PAKISTAN STAND IN
WATER AVAILABILITY vis-a-vis POPULATION
WATER AVAILABILITY Vs POPULATION capita
2010 – 1038 m3 per GROWTH
6000 330
311
5260 300
PER CAPITA
5000 5260 AVAILIBILITY
270
3
273
PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY (M)
POPULATION
240
4000 GROWTH 221 238
4159
Population (Million)
210
204
3000 180
172 172 Million
2838
(2010) 150
143
2000
2129 120
111
1611 1038 m3
90
1000 84 1250
1038 877
63 575 60
34 809 751 654
43
0 30
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2010 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
YEAR
As per global criteria, 1000 m3 per capita is the threshold value
8
RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION (MAF)
LIVE STORAGE
LIVE STORAGE LOSS
CAPACITY
RESERVOIR
YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR
ORIGINAL
2009 2009 2012 2025
9.68 6.78 2.90 3.18 4.30
TARBELA
(1974) (70%) (30%) (33%) (44%)
5.34 4.46 0.88 0.90 1.14
MANGLA
(1967) (83%) (17%) (17%) (21%)
0.72 0.37 0.35 0.29 0.38
CHASHMA
(1971) (51%) (49%) (40%) (52%)
11.61 4.13 4.37 5.82
TOTAL 15.74
(74%) (26%) (28%) (37%)
NEW STORAGES CURRENTLY BEING DEVELOPED/EXAMINED
UNDER IMPLEMENTATION IN PLANNING STAGE
MANGLA DAM RAISING – AJK 2.88 MAF DASU – NWFP 0.8 MAF
DIAMER-BHASHA – NA/NWFP 6.40 MAF MUNDA – FATA 0.8 MAF
GOMAL ZAM - FATA 0.89 MAF AKHORI – PUNJAB 6.0 MAF
KURRAM TANGI - FATA 0.90 MAF SHYOK – N / Areas 5.0 MAF
11.07 MAF Total: 12.6 MAF
9
WATER DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL
DOWN STREAM KOTRI AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOWS
1976-2000 32.3 MAF
2001-2008 12.3 MAF
DOWN STREAM KOTRI AVERAGE 32.3 MAF
ANNUAL FLOWS (1976-2008)
ANTICIPATED USES
• Down stream Kotri requirement 8.6 MAF
(3.6 MAF + 5 MAF)
@ 5000 cusecs round the year
• Mangla Dam Raising Project 2.9 MAF
• Afghanistan uses on River Kabul -
• Indian future uses on Western rivers 2.0 MAF
(Based on area indicated in Indus Water Treaty)
NET AVAILABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT 18.8 MAF
After Diamer Basha Dam Project 12.4 MAF
10
MAJOR WAPDA PROJECTS COMPLETED
2000-2009
• Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project US$ 2250 Million
• Mirani Dam Project Rs. 5811 Million
• Sabakzai Dam Project Rs. 2005 Million
11
MAJOR WAPDA PROJECTS
UNDER EXECUTION
DAMS HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
• Mangla Dam Raising • Allai Khwar
• Gomal Zam Dam • Khan Khwar
• Satpara Dam • Duber Khwar
• Kurram Tangi Dam • Jinnah
CANALS • Neelum-Jhelum
• Rainee Canal
• Kachhi Canal
• Greater Thal Canal
DRAINAGE PROJECTS
• RBOD-I
• RBOD-III
12
WATER SECTOR PROJECTS
UNDER STUDY
STORAGES
• Diamer Basha Dam Ready for Construction
• Kurram Tangi Dam -do-
• Akhori Dam Under Study
• Sukleji Dam -do-
• Sehwan Barrage Complex -do-
• Munda Dam Project -do-
• Shyok Dam Project -do-
• Yulbo Dam Project -do-
CANALS
• Chashma Right Bank Canal
(Lift-cum-Gravity) -do-
Irrigation of Skardu / Bunji Plains -do-
Training & Capacity Building -do-
13
HYDROPOWER PROJECTS UNDER STUDY
Project River
Diamer-Basha Indus
Golen Gol Golen Gol-Mastuj
Kohala Jhelum
Tarbela 4th Ext. Indus
Dasu Indus
Bunji Indus
Phandar Ghizar
Palas Valley Chor Nullah
Spat Gah Spat Gah
Basho Basho
Keyal Khwar Keyal Khwar
Lawi Shishi
Harpo Harpo Lungma
Thakot HPP Indus
Pattan Indus
Yulbo Indus
Shyok Shyok
Refurbishment/Rehabilitation of Jhelum
Mangla Power House 14
HYDROPOWER PROJECTS WHICH CAN
BE UNDERTAKEN FOR EXECUTION
DURING NEXT FIVE YEARS
PROJECT RIVER
Diamer Basha Dam Indus
Kohala Jhelum
Bunji Indus
Munda Swat
Dasu Indus
Patan Indus
Others
(Matiltan, Palas Valley etc.)
15
32 SMALL/MEDIUM DAMS IN PAKISTAN
PHASE-I – (2009-2012)
BALOCHISTAN NWFP
•Hingol Dam - (3 MW) US$ 263 M •Bara Dam – (5.8MW) US$ 178 M
•Naulong Dam - (4.4 MW) US$ 146 M •Daraban Zam Dam – (0.75 MW) US$ 34 M
•Winder Dam – (0.3 MW) US$ 21 M
•Pelar Dam – (0.72 MW) US$ 21 M
•Garuk Dam – (0.72 MW) US$ 22 M
SINDH PUNJAB
•Nai Gaj Dam - (4.2 MW) US$ 212 M •Ghabir Dam – (0.15 MW) US$ 14 M
•Darawat Dam – (0.45 MW) US$ 40 M •Papin Dam – (0.2 MW) US$ 27 M
•Sita Dam Project – (0.15 MW) US$ 49 M
Phase-I – Estimated Cost = US$ 1026 Million
PHASE-II – (2010-2013)
BALOCHISTAN NWFP
•Sukleji Dam •Chaudwan Zam Dam
•Basol Dam •Tank Zam Dam
•Badinzai Dam •Sheikh Haider Dam
•Purali Dam •Chashmai Akor Dam
•Chowkas Dam
•Totakan Dam
•Kuhai Dam
•Siran Dam
SINDH PUNJAB
•Salari Dam •Kot Fateh Dam
•Nali Dam •Mujahid Dam
•Khenji Dam •Lawa Dam
•Naing Dam •Mohra Shera Dam
•Jamalwal Dam
Feasibility study, detailed design under process
16
PAKISTAN’S HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
(RIVERWISE SUMMARY)
Sr. River/ Tributary Power (MW)
No.
1. Indus River 37780
2. Tributaries of Indus (Northern Areas) & NWFP 6006
Sub Total (1+2) 44746
3. Jhelum River 3143
4, Kunhar River 1435
5. Neelum River & its Tributaries 1844
6. Poonch River 397
Sub Total (3+4+5+6) 6819
7. Swat River & its Tributaries 2371
8. Chitral River & its Tributaries 2282
Sub Total (7+8) 4653
9. Schemes below 50 MW on Tributaries 1055
10. Schemes below 50 MW on Canals 408
Sub Total (9+10) 1463
TOTAL 57681
17
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE FOR 20000 MW HYDROPOWER GENERATION
# Name of Project 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25
1 Diamer Basha
2 Golen Gol
3 Kurram Tangi
4 Munda
5 Kohala
6 Keyal Khwar
7 Phandar
8 Basho
9 Lawi
10 Dasu
11 Bunji
12 Akhori
13 Lower Spatgah
14 Palas Valley
15 Tarbela 4th Ext.
Rehabilitation of Mangla
16
Power House
17 Training & Capacity Building
18
PROJECTS UNDER EXECUTION
Sr # Project 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1 Allai Khwar
2 Duber Khwar
3 Khan Khwar
4 Jinnah
5 Neelum-Jhelum
6 Gomal Zam Dam
7 Satpara Dam
19
SMALL/MEDIUM DAMS
PHASE–I (2009–2012)
Sr # Project 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1 Hingol Dam
2 Naulong Dam
3 Winder Dam
4 Pelar Dam
5 Garuk Dam
6 Nai Gaj Dam
7 Darawat Dam
8 Sita Dam
9 Bara Dam
10 Daraban Zam Dam
11 Ghabir Dam
12 Papin Dam
20
SMALL/MEDIUM DAMS
PHASE–II (2010–2013)
Sr # Project 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1 Sukleji Dam
2 Basol Dam
3 Badanzai Dam
4 Salari Dam
5 Nali Dam
6 Khenji Dam
7 Naing Dam
8 Chaudwan Zam Dam
9 Tank Zam Dam
10 Sheikh Haider Dam
11 Chashmai Akor Dam
12 Chowkas Dam
13 Totakan Dam
14 Kuhai Dam
15 Siran Dam
16 Kot Fateh Dam
17 Mujahid Dam
18 Lawa Dam
19 Mohra Shera Dam
20 Jamalwal Dam 21
