Cardiovascular Problems (PowerPoint download)

							Cardiovascular Problems
       Chapter 11
External Heart Anatomy
               Left and right
            coronary arteries –
            delivers oxygen to
             the heart muscle
                            Ischemia

   inadequate flow of blood to a part of the
    body
   caused by constriction or blockage of the
    blood vessels supplying it
                        Hypoxia
   where the whole body or a region of the
    body is deprived of adequate oxygen
    supply

Clubbing- The tips of
 the fingers enlarge
and the nails become
   extremely curved
  from front to back
 due chronic lack of
        oxygen.
Causes of reduced blood flow
   blood clots -blood
    thickens and form
    a clot of blood cells
   can moves through
    blood vessels and
    block arteries
    leading to organs
Causes of reduced blood flow
   Atherosclerotic
    Plaques – causes a
    deposit of fat and
    other substances
    that accumulate in
    the lining of the
    artery wall.
   Narrowing of
    vessel prevents
    blood flow
            Angina Pectoris
   medical term for chest pain or discomfort
    due to coronary heart disease.

   associated with uncomfortable pressure,
    fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of
    the chest. The discomfort also may be felt
    in the neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm.

   caused by lack of oxygen from reduced
    blood flow.
“Feels like a heart attack”
               Angina Pectoris
       Myocardial Infarction
   HEART ATTACK
   a heart attack is the death of heart muscle
    from the sudden blockage of a coronary
    artery by a blood clot
Heart Murmurs
   a heart murmur is an extra
    or unusual sound heard
    during a heartbeat.
   two types of heart
    murmurs: innocent
    (harmless) and abnormal.
   Abnormal murmurs usually       “I have a heart
                                      murmur!”
    occurs because of a problem
    with one of the heart valves
    not closing properly
    Causes of Heart Murmurs
   Mitral Stenosis - a narrowing of the mitral
    valve opening that increases resistance to
    blood flow from the left atrium to the left
    ventricle.
    Causes of Heart Murmurs
   Mitral Insufficiency -
    incomplete closure of
    the mitral value which
    causes backflow of
    blood from the left
    ventricle to the left
    atrium of the heart.
   Also called mitral valve
    regurgitation
               Arrhythimia
   arrhythimia is a term used to
    describe an abnormal electrical
    activity in the heart.
    “An irregular rhythm of the heart.”
   Types of arrhythimias:
    • heart block
    • atrial flutter
    • atrial fibrilation
    • ventricular fibrillation
Heart Block – one arrhythimia
   the signal from the heart's upper to
    lower chambers is slowed or doesn't
    transmit all.
   This is "heart block" or "AV block."
    This does not mean that the blood
    flow or blood vessels are blocked.
   Can be mild and unnoticeable or
    extreme which can cause death since
    ventricles never receive signal to
    contract
Atrial Flutter – another arrhythimia
    Atrial flutter occurs when electrical
     impulses take an abnormal path
     through the atria
    Causes atria to contract faster
     resulting in less blood for the
     ventricles to pump out during every
     beat.
    The heart beats in a regular rhythm,
     but it beats rapidly.
           Atrial Fibrillation –
          another arrhythimia
   the atria ‘quiver’ instead of beating
    effectively. Blood isn't pumped
    completely out of them, so it may
    pool and clot.
   If a piece of a blood clot in the atria
    leaves the heart and becomes lodged
    in an artery in the brain, a stroke
    results.
       Ventricular Fibrillation –
         the last arrhythimia
   Ventricular fibrillation is a series of very
    rapid, ineffective contractions of the
    ventricles caused by many chaotic electrical
    impulses.
Tachycardia vs. Bradycardia
   Tachycardia – fast heart rate
   Bradycardia – slow heart rate

                                    Regular beat




                                    Slow beat




                                    Fast beat
     Congestive Heart Failure
   Congestive heart failure occurs when
    the heart can't pump enough blood
    to the body's other organs.
   The "failing" heart keeps working but
    not as efficiently as it should
   As blood flow out of the heart slows,
    blood returning to the heart through
    the veins backs up, causing
    congestion in the tissues
So, how healthy is your heart?