Howard Hughes Medical Institute 2002 annual report

HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE • ANNUAL REPORT 2002 HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE 4000 JONES BRIDGE ROAD CHEVY CHASE , MD 20815-6789 ANNUAL REPORT www.hhmi.org HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE 2002 New Biomedical Knowledge for Figures & Facts Letter from the President Search & Discover Engage & Transform Colleagues & Grantees Trustees & Officers Principal Staff Members HHMI Investigators Medical Advisory Board Bioethics Advisory Board Scientific Review Board Fellowships & Grants Finance & Investments Statement of Financial Position 02 04 09 25 35 36 37 38 42 42 43 44 50 52 THE BENEFIT of HUMANITY The Howard Hughes Medical Institute was founded in 1953 by aviator– industrialist Howard R. Hughes. Its charter reads, in part: The primary purpose and objective of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute shall be the promotion of human knowledge within the field of the basic sciences (principally the field of medical research and medical education) and the effective application thereof for the benefit of mankind. Cover: B DNA, Irving Geis, 1984. Rights owned and administered by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Reproduction by permission only. 02 7 Nobel Prize winners are among the current HHMI investigators. 330 HHMI investigators are based at 70 locations across the United States. 759 patents have resulted from more than 2,000 discoveries made by HHMI investigators. 132 international research scholars are working in laboratories worldwide. 03 FIGURES & FACTS HHMI At-A-Glance 5 million visitors came to www.hhmi.org in 2002; most of them were return visitors. 3,090 HHMI employees nationwide support the mission of the Institute. 7,000 videos and DVDs from the 2001 Holiday Lectures on Science have been distributed to teachers in high schools and colleges. 84 current HHMI investigators are members of the National Academy of Sciences. 268,000 undergraduates have participated in HHMI programs since 1988. 80 predoctoral fellowships were awarded in 2002, bringing the total since the program began to 1,159. 04 05 Thomas R. Cech, President LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT As a private philanthropy, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute has the opportunity and the obligation to explore new areas of research, new opportunities for translating research into medical practice and new approaches to learning. We summarize some of these activities in this annual report, which covers the 2002 fiscal year. The most complete picture is available on our Web site (www.hhmi.org) and in our quarterly magazine, the HHMI Bulletin. HHMI’s support for innovation is illustrated most vividly through the work of the more than 300 HHMI investigators who are based at 70 universities, medical centers and research institutes across the country. We expect our investigators to pose research questions that require imagination and daring to answer, questions that have the capacity fundamentally to alter our understanding of biological systems. The research highlighted in this report covers an array of subjects: new taste receptors, a potential therapy for acute myelogenous leukemia, a noninvasive test for colorectal cancer and the generation of motor neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells. These discoveries share a common thread: They began in the mind of an HHMI scientist and have been nurtured by the freedom allowed by HHMI’s support. As even the most casual observers recognize, scientific knowledge often accumulates in an incremental fashion. Ideas are generated. Questions are asked. Each hypothesis is subjected to methodical testing through experimentation and rigorous analysis. Very occasionally, an answer is stunningly clear. An analogous culture of inquiry drove HHMI’s process for selecting an architect for the Janelia Farm Research Campus in Loudoun County, Virginia. We asked a slate of distinguished architects to participate in a charette, an experiment of sorts that allowed them to meet with planning groups to discuss our vision for a collaborative research environment prior to developing their architectural solution. The response to our architectural hypothesis—or challenge—was stunningly clear at the end of that rigorous examination of differing proposals. And in February 2002 we selected a design put forward by Rafael Viñoly Architects PC, a 105-member firm based in New York City. The Viñoly team proposed a curved structure that follows the topography of the site as it slopes toward the Potomac River, and is all but invisible from the busy Route 7 corridor. It melds daring and practicality. The landscape building will house flexible laboratories that can be adjusted to meet the needs of the science as new opportunities evolve, as well as extensive support space and conference facilities. Complementary structures will provide rooms for conference guests and temporary quarters for visiting scientists. 06 07 The results will become visible in 2006 when Janelia Farm opens for the first group of resident scientists. That’s when the true experiment will commence, and we will test how well this interdisciplinary scientific community can collaborate at the interface of emerging technologies and their application to biomedical problems. In that same experimental spirit, the Institute in 2002 selected 12 of the nation’s top physician–scientists as new investigators in an innovative program to improve the translation of basic science discoveries into enhanced treatments for patients. Each of these individuals — chosen from among 138 candidates nominated by hospitals and medical schools from around the country — has made an impressive contribution to expanding our understanding of some of society’s most vexing health problems. Although a number of HHMI’s current investigators conduct patient-oriented research on colon cancer, diabetes, hypertension and heart diseases, our primary focus has been on basic research that elucidates the genetic, molecular and cellular bases of human disease. This new group of investigators, who practice at the boundary between medicine and science, will expand that cadre of HHMI scientists who derive inspiration for their research from the experiences of patients they treat. We believe they have the potential to advance the translation of basic science discoveries into useful therapies for patients in areas as diverse as AIDS, cardiovascular disease, vision, sleep disorders and cancer. HHMI has a concomitant interest in transforming the landscape of undergraduate education. Nearly 270,000 college and university students have participated in HHMI-funded programs since the inception of the undergraduate grants program in 1988. While biomedical research may be advancing at a A conceptual sketch of the Janelia Farm Research Campus by architect Rafael Viñoly. The campus opens in 2006 for the first group of resident scientists. breathtaking pace, one wouldn’t necessarily know that from many classrooms in which students sit through lectures and do the same rote experiments their predecessors did years before. So this year the Institute inaugurated a new program focused on highly accomplished scientists at research universities who also have made a substantial commitment to teaching. We asked a simple question: What would you do with a million dollars? The 20 scientists selected from research universities across the nation have 20 different answers and a common goal: making science more engaging for undergraduates. Over the next four years these scientists will create new communities of learning, devise new teaching materials, and seek out collaborators in other disciplines to compare notes about what works best. The timing for this experiment in teaching could not be better. With support from HHMI and the National Institutes of Health, the National Research Council published the results of a three-year study of undergraduate biology education. Led by Lubert Stryer, a distinguished biochemist, Bio 2010 calls for sweeping changes in the teaching of biology and recommends a fundamental 08 SEARCH & DISCOVER HHMI’s 12 new investigators conduct patient-oriented research. These physician-scientists have made important contributions to understanding health problems such as cancer, AIDS and cardiovascular disease. Biomedical Research Program At the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the engines of discovery are powered by more than 300 HHMI investigators who direct Institute research laboratories on the campuses of universities and other research organizations throughout the United States. HHMI provides freedom and flexibility for its investigators, who continue to push the bounds of knowledge in many of the hottest areas in biomedical research. The following pages highlight some of the discoveries made by HHMI researchers during the past year. For a complete list of current HHMI investigators and brief descriptions of their work, visit www.hhmi.org/research/investigators reordering of the curriculum. The authors note that the current curriculum fails to encompass more than two decades of innovation in biology, and that students do not receive sufficient grounding in mathematics, chemistry and physics. In the arena of undergraduate education — as in other areas of scientific discourse and inquiry—HHMI is acting as a catalyst for change. And as an independent philanthropy, HHMI will continue to provide the infrastructure and resources to support daring and imaginative work. Thomas R. Cech President 10 RESEARCHERS MOVE CLOSER TO UNDERSTANDING HOW THE BRAIN PERCEIVES ODORS Linda B. Buck, Ph.D., Investigator, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Buck is exploring the mechanisms underlying smell, taste and pheromone sensing in mammals. 11 Understanding how signals from the roughly 1,000 different odor receptors are arranged in higher regions of the brain to yield diverse odor perceptions has been a long-standing goal for researchers. HHMI scientists took a step toward that goal with experiments that show how signals from different odor receptors are arranged in the brain’s olfactory cortex. BONE “THERMOSTAT” PROVIDES INSIGHTS INTO OSTEOPOROSIS Matthew L. Warman, M.D., Assistant Investigator, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. Warman is interested in understanding how the human skeleton develops and maintains itself throughout a lifetime of use. HHMI researchers tracking the cause of a rare genetic disorder that causes brittle bones and progressive blindness discovered a gene that appears to act as a thermostat to control the amount of bone that forms during growth. The findings could substantially increase understanding of why many people fail to achieve sufficient bone mass during the first three decades of life, a significant risk factor for the development of osteoporosis and the underlying cause of more than 1.7 million hip fractures annually worldwide. 12 FISHING FOR GENES THAT CONTROL EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE David M. Kingsley, Ph.D., Associate Investigator, Stanford University School of Medicine. Kingsley’s work focuses on the genes that control the development of the skeleton and joints, and the molecular basis of evolutionary changes in skeletal patterns of different organisms. 13 PROTEIN PROTECTS NEURONS IN A MODEL OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE Nancy M. Bonini, Ph.D., Assistant Investigator, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Bonini studies the mechanisms of human neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s diseases, using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a model. The threespine stickleback fish has undergone remarkable evolutionary radiation in a relatively short period of time. Existing species exhibit a variety of sizes, shapes, number of spines and plates, and other characteristics. HHMI researchers have created a genetic map of the fish, which will be a valuable resource for linking differences seen among different species of sticklebacks to changes in the genome. Such studies will provide an opportunity to identify genes and developmental pathways that nature uses to create a new species. By genetically manipulating fruit flies so that they produce the human protein Hsp70, HHMI researchers have demonstrated that this protein protects against the degeneration of a class of neurons similar to those that are damaged in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Hsp70, which belongs to a family of proteins called chaperones, suppresses the toxicity of α-synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson’s disease in humans. 14 HOMING IN ON A RECEPTOR FOR THE FIFTH TASTE Humans can recognize five tastes: bitter, salty, sour, sweet and umami. The fifth taste, umami, is triggered by compounds of some amino acids, such as the flavor-enhancing monosodium glutamate (MSG). Having already discovered receptors for bitter and sweet tastes, HHMI researchers have identified a new taste receptor that responds to amino acids. Because amino acids are essential components of our diet, this work may help us understand how we regulate nutritional intake to achieve a balanced diet. Charles S. Zuker, Ph.D., Investigator, University of California, San Diego. Zuker’s laboratory is using a combined molecular, genetic and physiological approach to determine how information is transferred and processed in sensory systems. 15 A NEW GENETIC TEST FOR COLON CANCER Bert Vogelstein, M.D., Investigator, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Vogelstein is interested in identifying and characterizing the genes that cause colon cancer. HHMI researchers have developed a technique that can be used to test stool samples for mutations in a gene that, when mutated, triggers colon cancer. They detected mutations in the so-called APC gene in samples from about 60 percent of early-stage colon cancer patients analyzed. With anticipated improvements, the screening test may become the gold standard for finding colorectal cancer early and may greatly improve patients’ chances of being cured. 16 SCIENTISTS LINK HOX GENES TO OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER In mammals, homeobox or Hox genes dictate the general outline of the body plan. HHMI researchers knocked out a specific Hox gene in mice and observed that the mice groomed themselves excessively —creating bald spots and skin wounds. These studies suggest that in addition to controlling development, Hox genes in the adult brain might also regulate behavior. Additional studies of the Hox gene family could yield insights into the genetic basis of compulsive behavior. Mario R. Capecchi, Ph.D., Investigator, University of Utah School of Medicine. Capecchi’s group has developed technologies to assess gene function in complex organisms, focusing in particular on genetic mechanisms of mammalian development. 17 DISCOVERY OF HIV-LIKE VIRUS IN A WILD CHIMPANZEE HELPS EXPLAIN VIRUS TRANSMISSION George M. Shaw, M.D., Ph.D., Investigator, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine. Shaw is interested in the origins and pathogenesis of the human AIDS virus, HIV-1. Researchers believe that the human HIV-1 virus most likely arose because of transmission of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) from chimpanzees to humans. But until recently SIVcpz had only been found in chimpanzees held in captivity. An international research team that included an HHMI investigator identified for the first time a wild chimpanzee infected with SIVcpz, strengthening the scientific case that chimpanzees are the natural reservoir of SIVcpz. 18 EXPERIMENTS REVEAL ANCIENT BLOOD FLOW MAP 19 Scientists have long known that the protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) guides the development of new blood vessels that nourish tumors. A team of HHMI researchers has found that VEGF also helps direct individual blood cells to their destinations in developing fruit fly embryos. The protein lines many of the pathways that blood cells travel, providing a map for their migration. This may have been VEGF’s ancient function, and only recently did the protein assume a role in blood vessel formation. Mark A. Krasnow, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Investigator, Stanford University School of Medicine. Krasnow is elucidating the genetic programs that control embryonic development in Drosophila. ASTROCYTES’ ROLE IN NEURAL STEM CELL DEVELOPMENT MAY BE CRITICAL TO BRAIN REGENERATION Charles F. Stevens, M.D., Ph.D., Investigator, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Stevens uses electrophysiology, molecular biology, imaging and electron microscopy to study synaptic function and plasticity. Until recently astrocytes — a type of brain cell — were thought to be little more than a component of the supportive scaffold for neurons in the brain. But a study by HHMI researchers suggests that astrocytes may actually trigger the maturation and proliferation of adult neural stem cells, which have the potential to develop into any kind of cell of the central nervous system. Growth factors produced by astrocytes may be critical in regenerating brain or spinal tissue that has been damaged. 20 PLANT COMPOUND KILLS BRAIN TUMOR CELLS HHMI researchers have isolated a chemical compound from a weed that grows in mountain meadows in the western United States and shown that the drug kills cells taken from an aggressive brain cancer that affects some children. The compound, cyclopamine, blocks a cellular signaling pathway that appears to be important for the survival of medulloblastoma, a form of cancer for which there is no effective treatment. Philip A. Beachy, Ph.D., Investigator, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Beachy is interested in the mechanisms of embryonic patterning by cell-to-cell signals such as the secreted proteins of the Hedgehog family. 21 GENE VARIANT INCREASES RISK OF HEART DISEASE IN AFRICAN AMERICANS Mark T. Keating, M.D., Investigator, Children’s Hospital, Boston. Keating’s laboratory focuses on the molecular mechanisms of organ regeneration and the human molecular genetics of cardiovascular disease. A variant form of a gene found in some African Americans may increase the chances of developing a potentially deadly heart condition called cardiac arrhythmia, according to a study by HHMI researchers. The researchers estimate that 4.6 million African Americans carry a variant of the gene SCN5A, which codes for a protein in the heart muscle called a sodium channel. The findings could benefit African Americans by making it possible to detect who is at increased risk of developing arrhythmia and allowing those affected to take preventive measures. 22 23 PROMISING NEW THERAPIES FOR DEADLY FORM OF LEUKEMIA D. Gary Gilliland, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Investigator, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston. Gilliland is interested in understanding the molecular genetics and pathophysiology of human hematologic malignancies, with a focus on leukemia. GENERATING MOTOR NEURONS FROM EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS Thomas M. Jessell, Ph.D., Investigator, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Jessell’s laboratory examines the molecular mechanisms by which neuronal cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system are generated and interconnected. Using the development of the cancer-fighting drug Gleevec as a road map, HHMI researchers are setting their sights on a form of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) that carries a bleak prognosis. They have identified two new drugs that inhibit a specific enzyme, called the FLT3 receptor, that drives development of the deadliest form of AML. It is hoped that the two drugs will pack the same potent punch that has made Gleevec so effective against chronic myelogenous leukemia. Beginning with cultured mouse embryonic stem cells, which have the potential to become many different types of adult cells, HHMI researchers have administered a precise mix of chemical signals to coax the cells to differentiate specifically into those neurons that control muscle movement. The achievement was made possible by a decade of work deciphering the signals that trigger the maturation of motor neurons. The same type of approach might be used to regenerate human nerve tissue lost to disease or trauma. 24 By studying 141 varieties of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana gathered from different regions of the world, HHMI researchers have demonstrated that variations in genes that code for key light-sensing proteins may explain differences among strains in their responses to light. These studies should help scientists understand the molecular machinery that controls how a plant responds to light. They may also provide general insights into the genetic basis of natural variation in different organisms, including humans. Joanne Chory, Ph.D., Associate Investigator, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Chory is interested in identifying the mechanisms by which plants respond to changes in their light environment. STUDIES IN PLANTS SHED LIGHT ON GENETIC VARIATION ENGAGE & TRANSFORM Grants for Science Education and Special Programs HHMI awards competitive grants to support innovative science education and public science literacy. Through these grants and the initiatives they fund, the Institute supports efforts of scientists and educators, colleges and universities, museums and biomedical research institutions to engage people of all ages and walks of life in the scientific process. These grants are transforming the ways research is conducted and science is taught and understood. For more information about HHMI’s grants for science education and special programs, visit www.hhmi.org/grants 27 26 PAINTING A BULL’S-EYE ON ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE A LEG UP FOR EASTERN EUROPEAN SCIENTISTS HHMI awarded nearly $2 million to the European Molecular Biology Organization to help EMBO launch promising scientific careers in Eastern Europe. Two scientists from Poland, two from Hungary and one from the Czech Republic received the initial awards. Life-threatening Staphylococcus aureus, the so-called “hospital staph” infection because of its prevalence in hospitals, is increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Canadian HHMI scholar Natalie Strynadka discovered the structure of a key enzyme that makes staph antibiotic-resistant. Her discovery provides a target for new antibiotics. 27 ERADICATING A LATIN AMERICAN PARASITE Chagas disease, caused by an insect-borne parasite, infects up to 20 million people, primarily in Central and South America. It can cause congestive heart failure and severe digestive disorders. HHMI scholars Mariano Levin and Miguel Basombrio of Argentina and Venezuelan scholar Julio Urbina are collaborating to develop and test drugs to combat the Chagas parasite. REACHING BEYOND OUR BOUNDARIES SCIENCE TO SERVE THE WORLD In June of 2002, HHMI-supported scientists from around the world gathered in Palm Cove, Queensland, Australia, to share their research on topics ranging from the genetic origins of cancer to new treatments for infectious diseases. The Institute currently funds the research of about 132 international research scholars in 29 countries. International research scholars use their HHMI connections to extend the scope and impact of their research. The 130 researchers who attended the meeting in Australia reported 52 collaborations among them. Much of that teamwork emerged outside lecture halls, as scientists casually compared notes. “It’s amazing what you can learn on a bus ride,” remarks Brett Finlay, an HHMI scholar at the University of British Columbia. Finlay is collaborating with HHMI scholar José Puente of the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Cuernavaca to study regulatory genes and virulence factors behind bacteria similar to E. coli, a major cause of diarrhea in children in developing countries. “Many scientists who succeed in poor countries are stellar scientists,” he says. “They will come up with ideas, and we have the means.” CLOSING IN ON A MALARIA VACCINE Malaria kills one million people worldwide each year, most of them children. Last year, researchers led by Louis Schofield, HHMI scholar at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne, Australia, identified a candidate vaccine in a mouse model of malaria. Mice immunized with antibodies against the main toxin produced by malaria parasites were protected from some of the most dangerous effects of the disease. TEACHER BY TEACHER, STUDENT BY STUDENT 28 TRANSFORMING THE UNDERGRADUATE CLASSROOM Darcy B. Kelley, a biology professor at Columbia University in New York City, is a committed teacher and researcher who is attempting to transform undergraduate science education into an exciting and meaningful experience, and not just for science majors. “Science is widely thought of as an add-on, something that nonscience students have to struggle through to get their degree. This is what we seek to change,” she says. Kelley is one of 20 leading university scientists who have been named HHMI professors; each will receive $1 million over four years to bring innovation to the undergraduate classroom. Most HHMI professors’ new courses place a strong emphasis on exposing students to real research, but also on eliciting their contributions to the science enterprise or to solving societal problems. These courses will serve as models for fundamental change both on the professors’ own campuses and elsewhere. 29 UNIVERSITIES ACROSS THE U.S. WIN NEW HHMI GRANTS How can research universities encourage graduate students and postdoctoral fellows to develop their teaching skills? How can they best expose undergraduates to the interdisciplinary nature of modern biology and encourage more minorities to pursue careers in science? To answer these questions, HHMI awarded $80 million in four-year grants to 44 universities across the United States in support of innovative new programs for undergraduate education. See pages 48 & 49 for a complete list of undergraduate science education awards. 30 A FEW TIPS FOR SUCCESSFUL LABORATORY MANAGEMENT 31 NIH WANTS YOU! When you apply for your first NIH grant, you can check a box on the form to signal to reviewers that you’re a new investigator. The reviewers will be more forgiving. SAY YES TO SAY NO As offers to sit on university committees or to teach courses start pouring in, remember it’s easier to say no to unwanted tasks if you’ve already committed to something you do want to do. BUSINESS SKILLS FOR SCIENTISTS LEARNING THE ROPES OF LABORATORY MANAGEMENT The tasks of coordinating staff, budgets and grant proposals often pose a harsh reality to newly minted principal investigators — they were not trained for this. To address the problem, a course in scientific management, held last July at HHMI headquarters, brought together 127 postdocs and new faculty — including former and current HHMI fellows — to participate in sessions ranging from scientific collaborations and NIH grants to time management and mentoring skills. HHMI and course cosponsor, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, hope the initiative will encourage academic research institutions to incorporate similar courses into the training of their young or future faculty. STRETCHING YOUR TIME Successful people learn to use small bits of time. The trick is to be prepared when you suddenly have a 5-minute break in your schedule by having a list of things to do. PEOPLE VERSUS PIPETTES Graduate students cannot easily judge how long to struggle with an experiment or a project that is not working. A good mentor does not allow them to spin their wheels too long. Bringing Science to the Clinic The HHMI-NIH Research Scholars Program, also known as the Cloister program, gives outstanding students at U.S. medical and dental schools the opportunity to spend nine months to a year training at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Since its establishment in 1985, the program has encouraged many participants to pursue careers in research, helping build bridges between bench and clinic. VIDEO LECTURES, VIRTUAL LABS 32 BRINGING SCIENCE TO EVERY CLASSROOM Each year in early December, during HHMI’s Holiday Lectures on Science, high school and college students and teachers join two pioneers of biomedical science for a guided tour of a scientific frontier. In 2001, Barbara J. Meyer, an HHMI investigator at University of California, Berkeley, and David C. Page at MIT’s Whitehead Institute, focused on sex determination — the molecular and genetic mechanisms that determine whether an organism will be male, female… or a hermaphrodite. The lectures, which took place before an audience of high school students at HHMI headquarters, were webcast live and continue to be available on the HHMI Web site (www.hhmi.org/biointeractive) along with animations and related interactive activities, such as virtual laboratories and “click and learn” exercises. “The Holiday Lectures are four hours of high-level science,” explains Anthony J. “Bud” Bertino, a retired advanced placement biology teacher who now works in teacher education. “But teachers don’t have to use it all.” Bertino and his wife, Patricia Nolan Bertino, a high school biology teacher, annotate Holiday Lectures videotapes and DVDs by topic, with easily accessed animation and related exercises, on a CD that they make available free to teachers who attend one of their workshops. To the Bertinos this is a labor of love — love of making real science comprehensible and exciting to teachers and students. THE VIRTUAL LABS Identify deadly pathogens, probe heart patients, dissect a leech or assay antibodies. HHMI INTERACTIVE www.hhmi.org 33 BECOMING A SCIENTIST Learn what it takes to be a researcher from an accomplished HHMI investigator. ASK A SCIENTIST Get an answer to your most challenging questions about biology. COOL SCIENCE FOR CURIOUS KIDS Why are snakes like lizards and monkeys like moose? WILD-EYED ALASKA Watch the birds return to the roost on Gull Island. THE HOLIDAY LECTURES ON SCIENCE Watch the videos from the entire collection of science lectures. THE ANIMATION CONSOLE Watch and learn how the Y chromosome evolved; our biological clocks tick; T cells form an army of defense. THE VIRTUAL MUSEUM Stroll through exhibits on biological clocks, infectious diseases, cardiology and neurobiology. CLICK AND LEARN Perform gender testing; compare how the heart pumps in different animals; find out how fish use electricity for navigation. 34 PATH TO DISCOVERY COLLEAGUES & GRANTEES BUILDING BRIDGES TO OUR COMMUNITIES Biomedical research institutions have an important role to play in helping their neighbors understand and appreciate science. To encourage medical schools and research centers to find innovative ways to bring science to their communities, HHMI invited nearly 300 institutions nationwide to compete for almost $12 million in new grants to do science-education outreach. HHMI has encouraged institutions applying for these grants, which will be awarded in 2003, to involve graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in their proposed programs, to foster concern and commitment to community science education among the next generation of research scientists. Working reporters and graduate students from Northwestern University’s Medill School of Journalism participated in a “Stem Cells for Journalists” day at The University of Chicago, supported by a science education grant from HHMI. Scientists taught the reporters about stem cell biology and its applications, and guided them through the process of isolating mouse embryos and culturing stem cells during hands-on laboratory experiences. The activities were organized by José Quintans, master of The University of Chicago’s Biological Sciences Collegiate Division and HHMI program director, and Patrick Medina, HHMI program manager, to help educate the educators of the public, preparing them to write or broadcast the stem-cell story more accurately and thoughtfully. TRUSTEES & OFFICERS 36 PRINCIPAL STAFF MEMBERS 37 TRUSTEES James A. Baker, III, Esq. Senior Partner Baker & Botts Alexander G. Bearn, M.D. Executive Officer American Philosophical Society Adjunct Professor The Rockefeller University Professor Emeritus of Medicine Cornell University Medical College Frank William Gay Former President and Chief Executive Officer SUMMA Corporation James H. Gilliam, Jr., Esq. Former Executive Vice President and General Counsel Beneficial Corporation Hanna H. Gray, Ph.D. Chairman President Emeritus and Harry Pratt Judson Distinguished Service Professor of History The University of Chicago Garnett L. Keith Chairman SeaBridge Investment Advisors, L.L.C. Jeremy R. Knowles, D.Phil. Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and Amory Houghton Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry Harvard University William R. Lummis, Esq. Former Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer The Howard Hughes Corporation Irving S. Shapiro, Esq. Chairman Emeritus Of Counsel Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom (Deceased September 13, 2001) Anne M. Tatlock Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Fiduciary Trust Company International OFFICERS Thomas R. Cech, Ph.D. President Peter J. Bruns, Ph.D. Vice President for Grants and Special Programs David A. Clayton, Ph.D. Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer Stephen M. Cohen Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Joan S. Leonard, Esq. Vice President and General Counsel Avice A. Meehan Vice President for Communications and Public Affairs (As of March 4, 2002) Gerald M. Rubin, Ph.D. Vice President and Director of Planning for Janelia Farm Nestor V. Santiago Vice President and Chief Investment Officer Craig A. Alexander, Esq. Deputy General Counsel Stephen A. Barkanic Senior Grants Program Officer W. Emmett Barkley, Ph.D. Director of Laboratory Safety Mark A. Barnard Managing Director–Private Investments Winfred J. Clingenpeel Director of Purchasing Joseph D. Collins Director of Information Technology (As of March 1, 2002) Jill G. Conley, Ph.D. Senior Grants Program Officer Larry Driskill Director of Budgets Barbara Filner, Ph.D. Senior Grants Program Officer (Through November 15, 2001) James R. Gavin III, M.D., Ph.D. Senior Scientific Officer and Director, HHMI-NIH Research Scholars Program (Through June 28, 2002) Gregory A. Hazlett Managing Director–External Managers Heidi E. Henning, Esq. Associate General Counsel Marion Howard Assistant Controller Stephen M. Kitsoulis Managing Director–Fixed Income and Currencies (As of May 1, 2002) Edward H. Klees, Esq. Associate General Counsel Reid Knight Director of Human Resources Robert J. Kolyer Jr. Managing Director–Investments Dennis WC. Liu, Ph.D. Senior Grants Program Officer Margaret Feczko May, Esq. Associate General Counsel Robert H. McGhee Institute Architect and Senior Facilities Officer Christopher T. Moulding Senior Administrator–Intellectual Property Alan E. Mowbray Director of Management Services Robert C. Mullins Director of Internal Audit Edward J. Palmerino Controller Richard Pender Managing Director–U.S. Equity Pamela A. Phillips Director of Research Operations Susan S. Plotnick Assistant Treasurer Robert A. Potter Director of Communications (Retired March 7, 2002) Carl Rhodes, Ph.D. Scientific Officer Ellen B. Safir Managing Director–Fixed Income (Through January 31, 2002) Dianne J. Smith, Esq. Associate General Counsel Lauren Talner Spiliotes, Esq. Associate General Counsel Sherry D. White, Ph.D. Director of Special Projects and Planning HHMI INVESTIGATORS 38 SEPTEMBER 1, 2001 – AUGUST 31, 2002 39 ALABAMA University of Alabama at Birmingham and associated hospitals Max D. Cooper, M.D. George M. Shaw, M.D., Ph.D. ARIZONA University of Arizona and associated hospitals Roy Parker, Ph.D. CALIFORNIA California Institute of Technology and associated hospitals David J. Anderson, Ph.D. Pamela J. Bjorkman, Ph.D. Raymond J. Deshaies, Ph.D. William G. Dunphy, Ph.D. Stephen L. Mayo, Ph.D. Douglas C. Rees, Ph.D. Erin M. Schuman, Ph.D. Paul W. Sternberg, Ph.D. The Salk Institute for Biological Studies and associated hospitals Thomas D. Albright, Ph.D. Joanne Chory, Ph.D. Ronald M. Evans, Ph.D. Terrence J. Sejnowski, Ph.D. Charles F. Stevens, M.D., Ph.D. Stanford University and the Stanford University Hospital Richard W. Aldrich, Ph.D. Gregory S. Barsh, M.D., Ph.D. Patrick O. Brown, M.D., Ph.D. Axel T. Brunger, Ph.D. Gerald R. Crabtree, M.D. Mark M. Davis, Ph.D. David M. Kingsley, Ph.D. Brian K. Kobilka, M.D. Mark A. Krasnow, M.D., Ph.D. William T. Newsome, Ph.D. Roel Nusse, Ph.D. Matthew P. Scott, Ph.D. Marc Tessier-Lavigne, Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley, and associated hospitals James P. Allison, Ph.D. Adam P. Arkin, Ph.D. Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Ph.D. Carlos J. Bustamante, Ph.D. Jennifer A. Doudna, Ph.D. John Kuriyan, Ph.D. Barbara J. Meyer, Ph.D. Eva Nogales, Ph.D. Randy W. Schekman, Ph.D. Robert Tjian, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles, and associated hospitals Douglas L. Black, Ph.D. Edward M.F. De Robertis, M.D., Ph.D. David Eisenberg, D.Phil. H. Ronald Kaback, M.D. Larry Simpson, Ph.D. Stephen T. Smale, Ph.D. Peter Tontonoz, M.D., Ph.D. Owen N. Witte, M.D. Hong Wu, M.D., Ph.D. S. Lawrence Zipursky, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego, and the UCSD Medical Center Steven F. Dowdy, Ph.D. Scott D. Emr, Ph.D. Lawrence S.B. Goldstein, Ph.D. Jamey D. Marth, Ph.D. J. Andrew McCammon, Ph.D. Michael G. Rosenfeld, M.D. Susan S. Taylor, Ph.D. Roger Y. Tsien, Ph.D. Charles S. Zuker, Ph.D. University of California, San Francisco, and associated hospitals David A. Agard, Ph.D. Cornelia I. Bargmann, Ph.D. Jason G. Cyster, Ph.D. Donald Ganem, M.D. Jane Gitschier, Ph.D. Lily Y. Jan, Ph.D. Yuh Nung Jan, Ph.D. Yuet Wai Kan, M.D., D.Sc. Stephen G. Lisberger, Ph.D. Richard M. Locksley, M.D. Erin K. O’Shea, Ph.D. B. Matija Peterlin, M.D. (Through December 31, 2001) Louis F. Reichardt, Ph.D. Ronald D. Vale, Ph.D. Peter Walter, Ph.D. Arthur Weiss, M.D., Ph.D. Jonathan S. Weissman, Ph.D. University of California, Santa Cruz, and associated hospitals David Haussler, Ph.D. Yishi Jin, Ph.D. University of Southern California and associated hospitals Michael M.C. Lai, M.D., Ph.D. COLORADO National Jewish Medical and Research Center John W. Kappler, Ph.D. Philippa Marrack, Ph.D. University of Colorado at Boulder and the Health Sciences Center Natalie G. Ahn, Ph.D. Kristi S. Anseth, Ph.D. Min Han, Ph.D. University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, and associated hospitals James L. Maller, Ph.D. CONNECTICUT Yale University and associated hospitals Peter Cresswell, Ph.D. Pietro De Camilli, M.D. Susan Ferro-Novick, Ph.D. Richard A. Flavell, Ph.D. Sankar Ghosh, Ph.D. Arthur L. Horwich, M.D. Charles A. Janeway, Jr., M.D. Richard P. Lifton, M.D., Ph.D. Ruslan Medzhitov, Ph.D. Anna M. Pyle, Ph.D. G. Shirleen Roeder, Ph.D. David G. Schatz, Ph.D. Gerald I. Shulman, M.D., Ph.D. Joan A. Steitz, Ph.D. Thomas A. Steitz, Ph.D. Sandra L. Wolin, M.D., Ph.D. Tian Xu, Ph.D. GEORGIA Emory University School of Medicine and associated hospitals Stephen T. Warren, Ph.D. ILLINOIS Northwestern University and associated hospitals Robert A. Lamb, Ph.D., Sc.D. Joseph S. Takahashi, Ph.D. The University of Chicago and The University of Chicago Hospitals Graeme I. Bell, Ph.D. Bruce T. Lahn, Ph.D. Susan L. Lindquist, Ph.D. (Through October 14, 2001) Nipam H. Patel, Ph.D. Joseph A. Piccirilli, Ph.D. Daphne Preuss, Ph.D. Harinder Singh, Ph.D. Donald F. Steiner, M.D. INDIANA Indiana University and associated hospitals Thomas C. Kaufman, Ph.D. Indiana University School of Medicine and associated hospitals David A. Williams, M.D. (Through January 29, 2002) IOWA The University of Iowa and associated hospitals Kevin P. Campbell, Ph.D. Val C. Sheffield, M.D., Ph.D. Michael J. Welsh, M.D. MAINE The Jackson Laboratory and associated hospitals Simon W.M. John, Ph.D. MARYLAND Carnegie Institution of Washington and The Johns Hopkins Hospital Douglas E. Koshland, Ph.D. Allan C. Spradling, Ph.D. Yixian Zheng, Ph.D. The Johns Hopkins University and Hospital Philip A. Beachy, Ph.D. Nancy L. Craig, Ph.D. Stephen V. Desiderio, M.D., Ph.D. Harry C. Dietz, M.D. David D. Ginty, Ph.D. Rachel Green, Ph.D. Richard L. Huganir, Ph.D. Daniel J. Leahy, Ph.D. Jeremy Nathans, M.D., Ph.D. Randall R. Reed, Ph.D. David L. Valle, M.D. Bert Vogelstein, M.D. Cynthia Wolberger, Ph.D. King-Wai Yau, Ph.D. University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and associated hospitals Michael F. Summers, Ph.D. MASSACHUSETTS Brandeis University and associated hospitals Nikolaus Grigorieff, Ph.D. Christopher Miller, Ph.D. Melissa J. Moore, Ph.D. Michael Rosbash, Ph.D. Brigham and Women’s Hospital James M. Cunningham, M.D. D. Gary Gilliland, M.D., Ph.D. Alan M. Michelson, M.D., Ph.D. Christine E. Seidman, M.D. Children’s Hospital Frederick W. Alt, Ph.D. Nancy C. Andrews, M.D., Ph.D. David E. Clapham, M.D., Ph.D. Mark T. Keating, M.D. Louis M. Kunkel, Ph.D. Stuart H. Orkin, M.D. Leonard I. Zon, M.D. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute William G. Kaelin, Jr., M.D. Stanley J. Korsmeyer, M.D. Harvard Medical School and associated hospitals Constance L. Cepko, Ph.D. David P. Corey, Ph.D. William F. Dietrich, Ph.D. Stephen C. Harrison, Ph.D. Philip Leder, M.D. Norbert Perrimon, Ph.D. Tom A. Rapoport, Ph.D. Jonathan G. Seidman, Ph.D. Li-Huei Tsai, Ph.D. Harvard University and associated hospitals Catherine Dulac, Ph.D. Douglas A. Melton, Ph.D. Stuart L. Schreiber, Ph.D. Harvard University and Children’s Hospital Don C. Wiley, Ph.D. (Deceased November 16, 2001) Joslin Diabetes Center Morris F. White, Ph.D. Massachusetts General Hospital Joel F. Habener, M.D. Jeannie T. Lee, M.D., Ph.D. Richard H. Masland, Ph.D. Jack W. Szostak, Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology and associated hospitals Angelika B. Amon, Ph.D. Tania A. Baker, Ph.D. Stephen P. Bell, Ph.D. 40 H. Robert Horvitz, Ph.D. Richard O. Hynes, Ph.D. Tyler Jacks, Ph.D. Carl O. Pabo, Ph.D. (Through September 28, 2001) David C. Page, M.D. H. Sebastian Seung, Ph.D. Morgan H-T. Sheng, M.B.B.S., Ph.D. Susumu Tonegawa, Ph.D. Tufts University School of Medicine and associated hospitals Ralph R. Isberg, Ph.D. Matthew K. Waldor, M.D., Ph.D. University of Massachusetts and associated hospitals Roger J. Davis, Ph.D. Michael R. Green, M.D., Ph.D. Craig C. Mello, Ph.D. MICHIGAN University of Michigan and associated hospitals David Ginsburg, M.D. Randal J. Kaufman, Ph.D. Tom K.W. Kerppola, Ph.D. John B. Lowe, M.D. Ben Margolis, M.D. Juanita L. Merchant, M.D., Ph.D. Sean J. Morrison, Ph.D. MINNESOTA University of Minnesota Medical School and associated hospitals Michael B. O’Connor, Ph.D. MISSOURI Washington University and associated hospitals Randy L. Buckner, Ph.D. Sean R. Eddy, Ph.D. Daniel E. Goldberg, M.D., Ph.D. Eduardo A. Groisman, Ph.D. Kenneth M. Murphy, M.D., Ph.D. Helen Piwnica-Worms, Ph.D. J. Evan Sadler, M.D., Ph.D. Wayne M. Yokoyama, M.D. NEW JERSEY Princeton University and associated medical centers Trudi Schüpbach, Ph.D. Eric F. Wieschaus, Ph.D. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, and associated hospitals Richard H. Ebright, Ph.D. Kenneth D. Irvine, Ph.D. Eileen White, Ph.D. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and associated hospitals Danny Reinberg, Ph.D. Ann M. Stock, Ph.D. NEW YORK Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University and associated hospitals William R. Jacobs, Jr., Ph.D. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and associated hospitals Nouria Hernandez, Ph.D. Karel Svoboda, Ph.D. Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and associated hospitals Richard Axel, M.D. Stephen P. Goff, Ph.D. Eric Gouaux, Ph.D. Iva Greenwald, Ph.D. Wayne A. Hendrickson, Ph.D. Barry Honig, Ph.D. Thomas M. Jessell, Ph.D. Eric R. Kandel, M.D. Steven A. Siegelbaum, Ph.D. Gary Struhl, Ph.D. Health Research, Inc., at the Wadsworth Center, and associated hospitals Joachim Frank, Ph.D. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Jonathan Goldberg, Ph.D. Joan Massagué, Ph.D. Lee Niswander, Ph.D. Nikola P. Pavletich, Ph.D. Michael K. Rosen, Ph.D. (Through December 31, 2001) Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University and associated hospitals Robert F. Margolskee, M.D., Ph.D. New York University, Washington Square, and associated hospitals J. Anthony Movshon, Ph.D. Tamar Schlick, Ph.D. Eero P. Simoncelli, Ph.D. New York University Medical Center and associated hospitals Alexandra L. Joyner, Ph.D. Ruth Lehmann, Ph.D. Dan R. Littman, M.D., Ph.D. Edward B. Ziff, Ph.D. The Rockefeller University and The Rockefeller University Hospital Günter Blobel, M.D., Ph.D. Stephen K. Burley, M.D., D.Phil. (Through February 1, 2002) Jeffrey M. Friedman, M.D., Ph.D. Elaine Fuchs, Ph.D. Nathaniel Heintz, Ph.D. A. James Hudspeth, M.D., Ph.D. Roderick MacKinnon, M.D. Michel C. Nussenzweig, M.D., Ph.D. Michael E. O’Donnell, Ph.D. Thomas P. Sakmar, M.D. Hermann Steller, Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook and University Hospital Gail Mandel, Ph.D. NORTH CAROLINA Duke University, including Duke University Medical Center Vann Bennett, M.D., Ph.D. Marc G. Caron, Ph.D. Bryan R. Cullen, Ph.D. Joseph Heitman, M.D., Ph.D. Lawrence C. Katz, Ph.D. Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D. Paul Modrich, Ph.D. Joseph R. Nevins, Ph.D. Jonathan S. Stamler, M.D. Robin P. Wharton, Ph.D. John D. York, Ph.D. OHIO Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and associated hospitals Sanford Markowitz, M.D., Ph.D. Matthew L. Warman, M.D. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and associated hospitals Joanna Groden, Ph.D. John J. Monaco, Ph.D. (Through December 31, 2001) OKLAHOMA Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and associated hospitals Charles T. Esmon, Ph.D. OREGON University of Oregon and associated hospitals Chris Q. Doe, Ph.D. Brian W. Matthews, Ph.D., D.Sc. Vollum Institute and associated hospitals Susan G. Amara, Ph.D. John D. Scott, Ph.D. PENNSYLVANIA Pennsylvania State University and associated hospitals Jerry L. Workman, Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and associated hospitals Marisa S. Bartolomei, Ph.D. Morris J. Birnbaum, M.D., Ph.D. Nancy M. Bonini, Ph.D. Gideon Dreyfuss, Ph.D. Wafik S. El-Deiry, M.D., Ph.D. Sandra L. Holloway, Ph.D. Peter S. Klein, M.D., Ph.D. Amita Sehgal, Ph.D. M. Celeste Simon, Ph.D. Gregory D. Van Duyne, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh and associated hospitals Paula J. Grabowski, Ph.D. RHODE ISLAND Brown University and associated hospitals Mark F. Bear, Ph.D. TENNESSEE St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital James N. Ihle, Ph.D. Charles J. Sherr, M.D., Ph.D. Vanderbilt University, including Vanderbilt University Hospital John H. Exton, M.D., Ph.D. Kathleen L. Gould, Ph.D. Brigid L.M. Hogan, Ph.D. Luc Van Kaer, Ph.D. TEXAS Baylor College of Medicine and associated hospitals Hugo J. Bellen, D.V.M., Ph.D. Stephen J. Elledge, Ph.D. Mitzi I. Kuroda, Ph.D. John H.R. Maunsell, Ph.D. Florante A. Quiocho, Ph.D. David B. Roth, M.D., Ph.D. Huda Y. Zoghbi, M.D. Rice University and associated hospitals Richard H. Gomer, Ph.D. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas and associated hospitals Johann Deisenhofer, Ph.D. Kirsten Fischer Lindahl, Ph.D. David L. Garbers, Ph.D. Nick V. Grishin, Ph.D. David J. Mangelsdorf, Ph.D. Rama Ranganathan, M.D., Ph.D. Stephen R. Sprang, Ph.D. Thomas C. Südhof, M.D. Xiadong Wang, Ph.D. Masashi Yanagisawa, M.D., Ph.D. UTAH University of Utah, including University of Utah Medical Center Brenda L. Bass, Ph.D. Bradley R. Cairns, Ph.D. Mario R. Capecchi, Ph.D. Louis J. Ptá cek, M.D. ˘ Carl S. Thummel, Ph.D. WASHINGTON Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Linda B. Buck, Ph.D. Steven Hahn, Ph.D. Steven Henikoff, Ph.D. Leonid Kruglyak, Ph.D. Cecilia B. Moens, Ph.D. James R. Priess, Ph.D. James M. Roberts, M.D., Ph.D. University of Washington and associated hospitals David Baker, Ph.D. Michael J. Bevan, Ph.D. Stanley Fields, Ph.D. John A. Glomset, M.D. Philip Green, Ph.D. Wilhelmus G.J. Hol, Ph.D. James B. Hurley, Ph.D. (Through December 31, 2001) Randall T. Moon, Ph.D. Richard D. Palmiter, Ph.D. Alexander Y. Rudensky, Ph.D. Michael N. Shadlen, M.D., Ph.D. William N. Zagotta, Ph.D. WISCONSIN University of Wisconsin and associated hospitals Paul Ahlquist, Ph.D. Sean B. Carroll, Ph.D. Judith Kimble, Ph.D. For information on HHMI investigators active after August 31, 2002, visit www.hhmi.org 41 MEDICAL ADVISORY BOARD 42 SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD 43 Barry R. Bloom, Ph.D. Dean Harvard School of Public Health Joseph L. Goldstein, M.D. Chairman Professor and Chairman Department of Molecular Genetics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Christine Guthrie, Ph.D. Professor and Vice Chairman Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine David G. Nathan, M.D. President Emeritus Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Joan V. Ruderman, Ph.D. Professor Department of Cell Biology Harvard Medical School Carla J. Shatz, Ph.D. Professor and Chair Department of Neurobiology Harvard Medical School Craig B. Thompson, M.D., Professor and Scientific Director Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute University of Pennsylvania Olke C. Uhlenbeck, Ph.D. Professor Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado, Boulder Harold Varmus, M.D. President Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Wolfhard Almers, Ph.D. Senior Scientist Vollum Institute Denis Baylor, M.D. Professor Emeritus of Neurobiology Department of Neurobiology Stanford University School of Medicine Arnold J. Berk, M.D. Professor Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Director, Molecular Biology Institute University of California, Los Angeles Michael R. Botchan, Ph.D. Professor of Molecular and Cell Biology and Division Head of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley Leland H. Hartwell, Ph.D. President and Director Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Bertil Hille, Ph.D. Professor Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Washington School of Medicine Thomas J. Kelly, M.D., Ph.D. Director Sloan-Kettering Institute Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Lynn Landmesser, Ph.D. Professor and Chair Department of Neurosciences Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Steven L. McKnight, Ph.D. Professor and Chairman Department of Biochemistry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Keith Moffat, Ph.D. Louis Block Professor Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Deputy Provost for Research The University of Chicago Roger A. Nicoll, Ph.D. Professor Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Patrick H. O’Farrell, Ph.D. Professor Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine James W. Patrick, Ph.D. Vice President and Dean for Research and Head, Division of Neuroscience Baylor College of Medicine Gregory A. Petsko, Ph.D. Gyula and Katica Tauber Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacodynamics, and Director Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center Brandeis University Robert T. Sauer, Ph.D. Salvador E. Luria Professor and Head Department of Biology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Jonathan Sprent, M.D., Ph.D. Professor Department of Immunology The Scripps Research Institute Bruce Stillman, Ph.D., F.R.S. Director and CEO Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Richard W. Tsien, Ph.D. George D. Smith Professor Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology Stanford University School of Medicine David C. Van Essen, Ph.D. Edison Professor and Head Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Washington University School of Medicine Christopher T. Walsh, Ph.D. Hamilton Kuhn Professor Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School Huntington F. Willard, Ph.D. President and Director The Research Institute of University Hospitals of Cleveland Director, Center for Human Genetics University Hospitals of Cleveland BIOETHICS ADVISORY BOARD Steven G. Boxer, Ph.D. Camille and Henry Dreyfus Professor of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Stanford University Kathryn Calame, Ph.D. Professor of Microbiology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of Microbiology Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Jack E. Dixon, Ph.D. Minor J. Coon Professor of Biological Chemistry University of Michigan Medical School Gerald R. Fink, Ph.D. Member Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research American Cancer Society Professor of Genetics Massachusetts Instsitute of Technology Laurie H. Glimcher, M.D. Irene Heinz Given Professor of Immunology Harvard Medical School Professor of Medicine Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health Baruch A. Brody, Ph.D. Professor of Medical Ethics and Director Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy Baylor College of Medicine Jonathan D. Moreno, Ph.D. Kornfeld Professor and Director Center for Biomedical Ethics University of Virginia LeRoy B. Walters, Ph.D. Director Kennedy Institute of Ethics Georgetown University Laurie Zoloth Chairman Professor and Director Social Ethics and Jewish Philosophy Jewish Studies Program San Francisco State University FELLOWSHIPS & GRANTS 44 SEPTEMBER 1, 2001 – AUGUST 31, 2002 45 GRADUATE PROGRAM PREDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIPS IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2002 FELLOWS Hillel A. Adesnik University of California, San Francisco Christopher D.C. Allen University of California, San Francisco Gal Almogy Stanford University Katherine M. Armstrong Princeton University Jason D. Arroyo Harvard University Jonathan R. Behr Massachusetts Institute of Technology Megan Bergkessel* University of California, San Francisco David A. Berry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Jesse D. Bloom* California Institute of Technology Ashley M. Blouin University of California, Los Angeles Daniel J. Brasier University of California, San Diego Kristen J. Brennand Harvard University Christina L. Brown University of California, Berkeley Johannes R. Buchberger Harvard University Laura S. Burrack Harvard University Matthew P. Butler University of California, Berkeley Natalia Caporale University of California, Berkeley Thomas W. Chalberg Stanford University William C. Chen Stanford University Yakov Chudnovsky Stanford University Alan A. Cohen University of Missouri–St. Louis Amber L. Dance University of California, San Diego Fred P. Davis The Rockefeller University Eric J. Deeds Harvard University Alexandra M. Dumitrescu The University of Chicago Felice A. Dunn University of Washington Jeffrey T. Ehmsen* University of Oxford Phillip A. Erwin Harvard University Shoshana L. Frankel Columbia University Jedidiah M. Gaetz The Rockefeller University Sarah Garrett The Rockefeller University Todd M. Gierahn Harvard University Michael Gleimer Stanford University Jessica A. Gross Cornell University Stephanie L. Gupton The Scripps Research Institute Jennifer M. Halbleib Stanford University Timothy D. Hanks University of Washington Gerard Honig University of California, San Francisco Dayle V. Houston University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Theodore J. Huppert Harvard University Chung Ju Columbia University Barry J. Kappel Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University Polina D. Kehayova Harvard University Hao Yuan Kueh Harvard University Cynthia Lang Columbia University Brian Lee California Institute of Technology Kresimir Letinic Yale University Michael Z. Levy Emory University Shelly Levy-Tzedek Massachusetts Institute of Technology Oliver Liu University of California, San Francisco John M. Macpherson Stanford University Kelly E. McCann Stanford University Mark A. McCormick University of California, San Francisco Andrew Medina-Marino California Institute of Technology Nathan D. Montgomery University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Karen L. Murphy Duke University Maria A. Neimark Harvard University Wang Nguitragool Brandeis University Ganka V. Nikolova University of California, Los Angeles Claire J. O’Neal University of Washington Kristen A. Panfilio* University of Cambridge, Churchill College Brian E. Pence University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Andrea K.H.M. Perry University of California, Los Angeles Nicolas Pinel University of Washington Jennifer A. Prescher University of California, Berkeley Alan E. Rorie Stanford University Amy M. Ruschak Yale University Katherine S. Ryan Massachusetts Institute of Technology Brisa N. Sanchez Harvard University Adam C. Siegel* Harvard University Aimee Shen Harvard University Yan Song Duke University Marie C. Spong Harvard University Ann Marie Stanley The Johns Hopkins University Nitzan Sternheim Stanford University Richard L. Weinberg* University of Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College Laura J. Weston Duke University Ian G. Woods Stanford University Hayan Yoon Harvard University Kathryn T. Young University of Michigan–Ann Arbor *Award deferred from 2001 RESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS 2002 FELLOWS INITIAL AWARDS : FIRST YEAR OF RESEARCH Benjamin F. Chong Harvard University (The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine)** Janet S. Chou Harvard University Matthew J. Christopher Washington University Gary S. Chuang Columbia University Scott M. Damrauer Harvard University Sara P. Dow University of Pennsylvania Benjamin D. Fox Baylor College of Medicine Christine K.H. Fox University of California, San Francisco Xavier Garcia-Rojas Baylor College of Medicine Meg R. Gerstenblith The Johns Hopkins University Kari A. Gillenwater University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Ranjit K. Goudar Duke University John C. Haney Duke University Matthew T. Harris University of Cincinnati, Main Campus Tristan L. Hartzell Duke University Andrew C. Hsieh Harvard University (Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University)** Kristopher T. Kahle Yale University Joseph U. Barker Duke University Ana Maria Benitez-Graham Duke University Christina L. Boulton Harvard University Jeffrey J. Chi Yale University 46 James E. Kelly Washington University Kevin S. King Harvard University Steven A. Lamola University of California, Berkeley (University of California, San Francisco)** Sean M. Lee Yale University Amanda N. Malina University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Campus Rebecca J. McClaine Duke University Shana E. McCormack Harvard University Aki Morikawa Emory University Kaushik Mukherjee University of California, Los Angeles Roger K. Nicome Baylor College of Medicine Jesse C. Nussbaum Duke University Laura B. Pincus Harvard University Read Pukkila-Worley Duke University (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)** Edward N. Rampersaud Duke University Ryan U. Riel Duke University Tomer A. Roth Northwestern University Juan A. Serrato, Jr. Baylor College of Medicine Mahesh B. Shenai University of Michigan–Ann Arbor Yun-Ying Shi Stanford University (Vanderbilt University School of Medicine)** Maryanne Skavdahl Duke University Paul A. Stephano Duke University Colby S. Thaxton Northwestern University David T. Ting Harvard University Marta Vakulenko University of California, Los Angeles Vladimir Vinarsky Harvard University Nikhil Wagle Harvard University Sam C. Wang Baylor College of Medicine (Duke University School of Medicine)** Matthew K. Whitley Yale University Manik N. Wijesinghe University of California, San Francisco (University of Southern California School of Medicine)** Steven Yea Mount Sinai School of Medicine Brian W. Yue Duke University Hao Zhu Harvard University **A medical school affiliation other than the fellowship institution is indicated in parentheses. CONTINUED AWARDS : TWO YEARS OF SUPPORT FOR COMPLETION OF MEDICAL STUDIES William R. Burns Yale University Kristen M. Carr University of Wisconsin–Madison Edward F. Chang University of California, San Francisco Michael Cusick Georgetown University Michael L. Eisenberg Yale University Zachary M. Grinspan Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University Shaun M. Honig Mount Sinai School of Medicine Luv R. Javia University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Albert Q. Lam Northwestern University Maxwell S.H. Laurans Yale University Tamara Levin The University of Chicago Amy N. Melsaether University of California, Los Angeles Steven A. Messina University of Florida College of Medicine Stephanie Misono Harvard University Yvonne Ou Harvard University Russell K. Pachynski University of Wisconsin–Madison Jeremy B. Richards Washington University Harris S. Rose Harvard University Nader Sanai University of California, San Francisco Karen Shih University of California, San Francisco Leah K. Sieck Indiana University School of Medicine Indi Trehan Northwestern University Ryan B. Turner Harvard University Alexi A. Wright University of Pennsylvania Deborah C. Yeh Harvard University CONTINUED AWARD : SECOND YEAR OF RESEARCH Jason Matthew Elinoff The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine Esther Leah Fine University of Washington School of Medicine Charles Gawad University of Arizona College of Medicine Raqeeb M. Haque The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Danielle Marie Hari The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine Thanh Ngoc Huynh University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Amy Elizabeth Jost The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine Mitchell Kamrava University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine Ben Jai-Hoon Kim Yale University School of Medicine Sung Han Kim Stony Brook University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine Christopher Austin Klebanoff Emory University School of Medicine Christine Anne Liang Brown University School of Medicine Michael Keith Lichtman University of Washington School of Medicine Eduardo M. Marchan Yale University School of Medicine Arpita Indravadan Mehta Tufts University School of Medicine Annal Dhananjayan Meleth University of Alabama School of Medicine Jagan Muppidi†† University of Kansas School of Medicine Sumon Nandi New York University School of Medicine Pawel Grzegorz Ochalski†† University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Achiamah Osei-Tutu Stony Brook University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine Mark Alan Perlmutter University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Nataliya A. Prokopenko University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Cynthia Diane Puro University of Michigan Medical School Matthew Kevin Rand Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Michael D. Ringler University of California, Davis, School of Medicine Jennifer Beth Rosen Stony Brook University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine Javeed Ali Shah†† The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine Rory Lane Smoot Mayo Medical School Jeff M. Statland University of Kansas Medical Center School of Medicine Kuang-Huay Bruce Tan The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine Michael James Terry State University of New York Upstate Medical University College of Medicine Rochelle Nicole Wallace Mayo Medical School Erik Daniel Weiss Yale University School of Medicine 47 Benjamin J. Moeller Duke University HHMI-NIH RESEARCH SCHOLARS† Alain Patrick Algazi University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Wade Glenn Alleman Mayo Medical School Amy Kathleen Barczak†† Harvard Medical School Julie Lynn Bykowski University of Vermont College of Medicine Peter Joseph Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Todd Thomas Cassese The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine Wendy Wan Ting Chang Duke University School of Medicine Mihaela Diana Chiselite University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine Garry Choy Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University Kiran Devisetty University of Michigan Medical School Derek George Dombroski†† University of Texas Medical School at San Antonio Carolan†† Saeed Ahmed Yale University David Benglis University of Texas Medical School at San Antonio 48 Jeremy Dean Wolfe Medical College of Ohio Brian F. Worden University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Ko Paul Yamada University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Caroline Wei-tyng Yu University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Philip Benjamin Zald University of Michigan Medical School †This Elizabeth W. Jones, Ph.D. Carnegie Mellon University Darcy B. Kelley, Ph.D. Columbia University Mary E. Lidstrom, Ph.D. University of Washington Richard M. Losick, Ph.D. Harvard University Yi Lu, Ph.D. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign David G. Lynn, Ph.D. Emory University Rebecca Richards-Kortum, Ph.D. University of Texas at Austin Alanna Schepartz, Ph.D. Yale University Tim Stearns, Ph.D. Stanford University Graham C. Walker, Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Isiah M. Warner, Ph.D. Louisiana State University and A&M College § Cornell University Ithaca, New York $1,900,000 Duke University Durham, North Carolina $1,800,000 Emory University Atlanta, Georgia $1,800,000 Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida $1,600,000 George Washington University Washington, D.C. $1,700,000 Georgetown University Washington, D.C. $2,200,000 Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts $1,600,000 Indiana University at Bloomington Bloomington, Indiana $2,200,000 The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland $2,200,000 Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas $1,600,000 Louisiana State University and A&M College Baton Rouge, Louisiana $1,800,000 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts $2,000,000 Montana State University Bozeman, Montana $1,900,000 New York University New York, New York $1,700,000 North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina $1,600,000 Oklahoma State University, Main Campus Stillwater, Oklahoma $1,600,000 Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon $1,900,000 Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey $1,900,000 Purdue University, Main Campus West Lafayette, Indiana $2,000,000 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York $1,200,000 Stanford University Stanford, California $2,000,000 Stony Brook University Stony Brook, New York $1,900,000 Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas $2,000,000 University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, Alabama $1,800,000 University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona $1,800,000 University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California $1,200,000 University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California $2,000,000 The University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois $1,200,000 University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Colorado $2,200,000 University of Delaware Newark, Delaware $1,700,000 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, Illinois $1,700,000 University of Maryland, Baltimore County Baltimore, Maryland $2,000,000 University of Maryland, College Park College Park, Maryland $1,800,000 University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida $2,100,000 University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Minneapolis, Minnesota $1,700,000 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina $1,600,000 University of Washington–Seattle Seattle, Washington $2,200,000 Washington University St. Louis, Missouri $2,200,000 Yale University New Haven, Connecticut $2,100,000 OTHER UNDERGRADUATE SCIENCE EDUCATION AWARD The American Society for Cell Biology Bethesda, Maryland $285,000 INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM 2002 AWARDS European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Heidelberg, Germany $2,000,000 International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research Dhaka, Bangladesh $150,000 Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Massachusetts $24,000 University of the Republic Montevideo, Uruguay $25,000 PRECOLLEGE SCIENCE EDUCATION PROGRAM 2002 AWARDS Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts $50,000 Chesapeake Bay Foundation Annapolis, Maryland $61,567 Foundation for Advanced Education in the Sciences Bethesda, Maryland $116,659 Montgomery County Public Schools Educational Foundation Rockville, Maryland $246,302 University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City, Utah $50,000 EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTS 2002 AWARD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor, New York $1.8 million 49 program is administered through Grants & Special Programs but is budgeted as a research operation. year in program as an Advanced Scholar UNDERGRADUATE SCIENCE EDUCATION PROGRAM HHMI PROFESSORS 2002 AWARDS§ Manuel Ares Jr., Ph.D. University of California, Santa Cruz Utpal Banerjee, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles Sarah C.R. Elgin, Ph.D. Washington University Ellen Fanning, Ph.D. Vanderbilt University Hilary A. Godwin, Ph.D. Northwestern University Robert B. Goldberg, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles Jo Handelsman, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin– Madison Graham F. Hatfull, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Campus Ronald R. Hoy, Ph.D. Cornell University ††Second Each HHMI Professor received an award of $1,000,000. RESEARCH AND DOCTORAL UNIVERSITIES 2002 AWARDS California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California $1,800,000 Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania $2,200,000 Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio $1,200,000 Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina $1,800,000 College of William and Mary Williamsburg, Virginia $1,600,000 FINANCE& INVESTMENTS 50 51 DISBURSEMENTS IN FISCAL 2002 Disbursements related to scientific research, grants for science education and the development of a new research campus at Janelia Farm in the 2002 fiscal year were $582 million. Over the past five years, disbursements by the Institute have totaled approximately $2.8 billion and have increased by 30 percent since 1997 fiscal-year levels. MEDICAL RESEARCH The Howard Hughes Medical Institute is a Medical Research Organization (MRO) within the meaning of section 170(b) of the Internal Revenue Code. In 2002, MRO disbursements were $472 million. The Institute’s research activities are conducted in Institute laboratories at medical centers, teaching hospitals and university campuses by investigators who hold faculty or staff appointments at the host institutions. These individuals, together with their support staffs, are HHMI employees and are compensated directly by the Institute. Investigators may spend up to 25 percent of their time on teaching, administration or other activities for the benefit of the host institution. At the end of the 2002 fiscal year, 322 HHMI investigators were employed in laboratories at approximately 70 academic medical centers. Total employment at the end of 2002 was 2,970; personnel expense for the year was $252 million. Purchases of supplies and equipment totaled $128 million. Disbursements that qualify for MRO purposes for the 2002 and four preceding fiscal years are shown at right under “medical research.” As of August 31, 2002, the Institute’s investment in laboratory space, equipment and other property amounted to $828 million. JANELIA FARM RESEARCH CAMPUS visiting researchers, is intended to provide the setting for an integrated, multidisciplinary collaborative research, education and training program focused on technology development and dissemination. The Institute envisions that the research campus at Janelia Farm could play another important and truly unique role in advancing biomedical research by serving as a well-equipped laboratory facility where groups of scientists— including chemists, biologists, physicists, computer scientists and engineers—can come to work together in a stimulating environment for periods ranging from a few weeks to several years. GRANTS AND SPECIAL PROGRAMS DISBURSEMENTS DOLLARS IN MILLIONS MEDICAL RESEARCH DOLLARS IN MILLIONS ’02 ’01 ’00 ’99 ’98 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 ’02 ’01 ’00 ’99 ’98 0 100 OPERATING EQUIPMENT AND LAB RENOVATION LAB CONSTRUCTION 200 300 400 500 600 SCIENCE RESEARCH GRANTS AND SPECIAL PROGRAMS LAB CONSTRUCTION & LAND ACQUISITION & LAND ACQUISITION Through its grants program, the Institute supports science education at all levels, from precollege science education to medical student research. It also awards grants to science museums and similar institutions, and directly supports scientists conducting research in the biologic sciences in selected foreign countries. Annual disbursements under the grants program have increased from $40 million in 1988 to $110 million in 2002. Since 1987, more than $1.3 billion has been disbursed or committed for these purposes. ENDOWMENT ENDOWMENT ALLOCATIONS IN 2002 5% 6% 7% 10% U . S . EQUITY NON - U . S . DEVELOPED PRIVATE EQUITY MARKET NEUTRAL ABSOLUTE RETURN TREASURY INFLATION PROTECTION EMERGING MARKETS TREASURY NOMINAL BONDS 29% 11% 12% & OTHER 20% REAL ASSETS In late 2000, the Institute purchased a 281-acre site along the Potomac River in Loudoun County, Virginia, just outside Washington, DC, upon which it intends to develop a research campus for a cost of approximately $500 million. Disbursements through fiscal year 2002 were $68 million. The new facility, which is expected to be anchored by a group of Institute investigators complemented by a large number of The financial resources available to support the Institute’s research and grants programs are principally generated by its endowment. The Institute’s endowment at the close of FY2002 was $10.3 billion. The Institute’s long-range investment objective is to provide and maintain inflation-adjusted support for the Institute’s research and grant program plans. Although investment returns will fluctuate each year, it is anticipated that over time the constant dollar value of the endowment will be preserved, enabling program commitments to be continued and protected against the effects of inflation. The Institute’s endowment is managed under the direction of its Vice President and Chief Investment Officer. Approximately 78 percent of the endowment is managed by external investment managers; the remainder is internally managed. GRANTS AND SPECIAL PROGRAMS DOLLARS IN MILLIONS ENDOWMENT VALUES DOLLARS IN MILLIONS ’02 ’01 ’00 ’99 ’98 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 ’02 ’01 ’00 ’99 ’98 0 3000 6000 9000 12,000 15,000 UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION GRADUATE EDUCATION RESEARCH RESOURCES INTERNATIONAL PRECOLLEGE EDUCATION , EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS , DEVELOPMENT GROUP & OTHER STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 52 AUGUST 31, 2002 AND 2001 ASSETS (IN THOUSANDS) 2002 $ 85,582 10,619,803 3,834,700 $ 2001 68,621 11,964,461 3,417,315 Cash Investment Investment and Currencies receivable, securities on loan and other assets Laboratory space, equipment and other property —at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization TOTAL ASSETS 358,293 14,898,378 360,696 15,811,093 LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS Accrued Expenses and Obligations Grants Commitments Investment purchases payable, repurchase obligations, short sales and currencies payable Note and Bonds Payable Total liabilities and commitments NET ASSETS (86,948) (218,981) (80,467) (176,423) CREDITS Cover 4 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 Irving Geis Paul Fetters Rafael Viñoly, Rafael Viñoly Architects PC Paul Fetters Dan Lamont; Getty Images Shauna Heeger; © John M. Daugherty / Photo Researchers, Inc. Kay Chernush; Stickleback: courtesy Kingsley Lab University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; John Kachek Kay Chernush Barbara Ries; Getty Images Paul Fetters; Getty Images Paul Fetters; Getty Images Stanford University School of Medicine; © Andrew Syred / Photo Researchers, Inc. Mark Harmel; Getty Images Bill Denison John Telford; © Carolyn Iverson / Photo Researchers, Inc. Asia Kepka; © Cavallini / Photo Researchers, Inc. Mark Bryan-Brown; Getty Images Mark Harmel; Getty Images William K. Geiger (4,154,608) (146,500) (4,607,037) $10,291,341 (3,858,112) (133,000) (4,248,002) $11,563,091 FINANCIAL INFORMATION The Institute employs the firm of Deloitte & Touche as its independent auditor. A copy of the audited financial statements of the Institute for the year ended August 31, 2002, together with the independent auditor’s report thereon, may be obtained by writing to: Vice President and Chief Financial Officer HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE 4000 JONES BRIDGE ROAD CHEVY CHASE , MD 20815-6789 Design: VSA Partners, Inc. - New York Printing: The Finlay Brothers Printing Company Produced by the Office of Communication and Public Affairs © 2003 Howard Hughes Medical Institute 03-03-001-25K The Howard Hughes Medical Institute is incorporated in Delaware. It is qualified as a medical research organization under the federal tax code. It is an equal opportunity employer.