TAKS TESTS _ VOCABULARY

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TAKS TESTS & VOCABULARY

Ms. Joyce M. LaMarre
Science Coach
Bowie High School
Objective One

 The student will
demonstrate an
understanding of the
nature of science
B.1 & I.1 For at least 40% of instructional
time, conducts field and laboratory
investigations using safe,
environmentally appropriate, and
ethical practices.

(A) Demonstrate safe practices during
field and laboratory investigations.
Environmentally Appropriate Practices

 When conducting field investigations,
do not harm the environment you are
studying.
 Pick up your trash.
 Do not leave anything disturbed.
 Only take what you need for further
investigation.
Safe Practices
 46 In what part of this
process should safety
precautions be
planned?
FQ
GR
HS
JT
Safe Practices
 5 The anatomy of grasshoppers is being studied
in a dissection lab. Working in groups of three,
students make observations using a hand lens,
forceps, and a scalpel. Two of the students in a
group have finished their observations. These two
students may do all of the following except —
A remove their goggles
B review their notes
C wash their hands
D assist their lab partner
Corrosive
 A corrosive material is a highly reactive substance that causes obvious
damage to living tissue. Corrosives act either directly, by chemically
destroying the part (oxidation), or indirectly by causing inflammation.
 Acids and bases are common corrosive materials. Corrosives such as
these are also sometimes referred to as caustics.
 Typical examples of acidic corrosives are hydrochloric (muriatic) acid and
sulfuric acid. Typical examples of basic corrosives are sodium hydroxide
and lye.
 Corrosive materials pose serious immediate risk to skin, tissues, eyes and
other parts of the body. Any body part coming in contact with a corrosive
material must be flushed with water IMMEDIATELY for at least 15 minutes
and then medical attention should be sought. Corrosives that are inhaled
or ingested (eaten) must be dealt with by medical professionals.
July’06 Exit Retest

 18 This picture
indicates that the
chemical
represented is —
F pressurized
G corrosive
H flammable
J toxic
April’06 Exit Test
19 The label shown above contains
information about some harmful
effects of acetone. A group of
students plans to use acetone to rinse
out a glass container. A second group
of students is working at the same lab
table. Which of the following lab
procedures should the second group
of students avoid?

A Heating water with an open flame
B Pouring hydrochloric acid into a
beaker
C Filtering precipitates from a liquid
solution
D Collecting oxygen from plants in a
test tube
Steps in the Scientific Method
 Asking Questions
 Formulate testable hypotheses
 Selecting equipment and technology
 Collect data making measurements with
precision
 Organize, analyze, evaluate, make
inferences, and predict trends from data
 Communicate valid conclusions.
Hypothesis
 A tentative
explanation for a
scientific
phenomenon that
is testable.
July’06 Exit Retest
 5 Which of the following is the most
A De-Icing Experiment likely hypothesis for the experiment
described above?
A Vegetation that grows near
roadways requires more water
Some species of plants that commonly grow than vegetation in other areas.
near roadways are used in an experiment. B De-icing solution causes
The plant species are divided into control roadways to have more space
groups and experimental groups. All groups for vegetation.
are grown under identical conditions except C Vegetation near roadways
that the experimental groups are given daily changes the effectiveness of
applications of a de-icing solution that is used deicing solution.
on roadways in winter. At the end of one D De-icing solution affects some
month, the growth of the control and types of vegetation that grow
experimental groups is compared. near roadways.
July’06 Exit Retest

55 In an activity, a ball is dropped
from a height of 100 cm onto five
different materials. The rebound
height of each drop is shown in the
graph. Which of the following
describes the hypothesis most
likely being tested?
A The mass of the ball affects
the rebound height.
B The material the ball is made
of affects the rebound height.
C The height the ball is dropped
from affects the rebound height.
D The surface the ball is dropped
onto affects the rebound height.
3 Experimental Variables
 Independent variable is what you change in
the experiment.
 Dependent variable is what you measure in
the experiment. Unlike the independent variable,
an experiment can have several dependent
variables because variations in the independent
variable can have many different effects.
 Controlled variables are any other conditions
in the experiment. You must keep these
conditions constant (the same)
April’06 Exit Test

30 The table shows the time it took trees of the same type and size to drop all of their
leaves after being grown in different atmospheres. For the experiment to be valid,
which of these must be a constant for all the trees?
F The height of all the trees during the entire experiment
G The amount of water available to all trees during the experiment
H The mass of fallen leaves collected from each tree
J The rate of photosynthesis in all trees during the experiment
July’06 Exit Retest

26 A valid study would include a control group containing —
F bean seed, tomato seed, sunflower seed, and water
G water and 2% root hormone
H water only
J bean seed, tomato seed, sunflower seed, water, and 1% root
hormone
July’06 Exit Retest

49 A student is working
with four beakers that
each contain a clear
liquid. Which set of
procedures would be
best to use to
determine whether
one of the beakers
contains only distilled
water?
Selecting Equipment & Technology
 Measure length  cm ruler, meter stick

 Measure mass  Triple beam balance,
electronic scale, spring
scale
 Graduated cylinder,
 Measure volume buret, cm ruler

 Measure time  Stopwatch
Selecting Equipment & Technology
 Measure pH  Litmus paper
 Measure electric  Voltmeter
energy
 Measure electric  Amp meter
current
 Measure Light  Spectroscope
Wavelength
April’06 Grade 10 Exam
 33 Which of the following is most useful in
determining the kinetic energy of a 50 g
battery-powered car traveling a distance
of 10 m?
A Beaker
B Voltmeter
C Thermometer
D Stopwatch
Precision
 Precision is how close
measurements are to
one another.
 Precision is also how
accurately a
measurement can be
made, as in using a
graduated cylinder
instead of a beaker to
measure a liquid’s
volume.
Accuracy
 Accuracy is how
close measurements
are to an actual
result ( book or
accepted value).
 To be accurate,
instruments have to
be calibrated (set at
zero).
February’06 Exit Retest
6 The chart shows the
results of a
conservation-of-mass
experiment. The most
accurate trial for this
experiment was —
F Trial 1
G Trial 2
H Trial 3
J Trial 4
April’06 Exit Exam
55 Three liquids were poured into a
beaker and formed three layers.
Which conclusion is best supported
by the information above?
A The mass of Liquid 2 is greater
than the mass of Liquid 3.
B The volume of Liquid 1 is less than
the volume of Liquid 3.
C The density of Liquid 3 is greater
than the density of Liquid 2.
D The buoyancy of Liquid 2 is greater
than the buoyancy of Liquid 1.
February’06 Exit Retest

 1 Which piece of
equipment should
be used to
precisely measure
40.0 mL of a dilute
sodium hydroxide
solution?
February’06 Exit Retest

29 Two students measured the length of the same
stick, each using a different 30 cm ruler. One
student reported a length of 22 cm, and the other
reported a length of 8 cm. The most likely
explanation for the difference in the reported
values is that one —
A student improperly read the ruler
B ruler was metal and the other ruler was plastic
C student viewed the ruler from a different
angle
D ruler was constructed with nonstandard cm
marks
Organize & Analyze Data
 Quantitative data (measurements) is usually
organized in a table.
 Data is often analyzed using graphs.
Graphs: line, bar, & circle

 Line graphs are useful for showing
changes that occur in related variables.

 Bar graphs are used to compare a set
of measurements, amounts, or changes.

 Circle graphs show how parts relate to a
whole.
July’06 Exit Retest
 30 A researcher determined the percentage of
electrical energy transformed into different
forms of energy by a toaster. The best way to
communicate these results is to display the
data using a —
F histogram
G circle graph
H line graph
J box-whisker graph
Predict Trends From Data

 A prediction is an inference about a
future event based on evidence,
experience, or knowledge.

 A trend is a description of the behavior
of a variable or the relationship
between two variables.
Predict Trends from Data
 What will happen if the relationships,
usually liner, continue?
 Extrapolate from given data.
 Often uses linear formula: y = mx + b.
 Questions ask for y, m (slope), or x.
 y = dependent variable
 X = independent variable
April’06 Exit Exam

 24 The graph shows how the voltage
needed to maintain a constant
current of 1.5 amps through a
wire conductor varies with the
length of the wire. If the trend
continues, what is the most likely
voltage needed to maintain a 1.5
amp current through 80 meters of
the wire?
F 10 volts
G 18 volts
H 250 volts
J 400 volts
Inference
 An inference is a
logical
interpretation of
observations based
on prior knowledge
or experience.
 An inference is an
act of reasoning,
not a fact.
April’06 Exit Exam
39 Horses kept in stables sometimes
chew on wood. This can lead to
damage to the mouth and digestive
system. The graph shows the results
of a study of a medication that
prevents horses from chewing on
wood. From the graph, what inference
can be made about the effectiveness
of the product?
A Most horses like the medication.
B The medication is most effective
between Days 4 and 5.
C Most horses will show improvement
within 7 days.
D The effects of the medication are
long lasting.
July’06 Exit Retest
6 The graph compares absenteeism of
elementary school students who wash their
hands properly with absenteeism of
students who fail to wash their hands
properly. Which inference could best be
supported by these data?
F Proper hand washing may increase
attendance among elementary school
students.
G Older students have developed better
hand-washing habits than younger
students.
H Some elementary school classes teach
correct hand-washing methods to
students.
J Improper hand washing is a common
practice among most elementary school
students.
April’06 Exit Exam

2 The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis produce
protein crystals that are toxic to the digestive
system of insects. How can these bacteria be
used to control insects in crops?
F Apply the bacteria to growing plants.
G Expose the bacteria to low levels of light.
H Remove plants from areas containing the
bacteria.
J Treat the bacteria with a solution of the
protein crystals.
Communicate Valid Conclusions
 Valid- A valid measure is one which is
measuring what it is supposed to measure.
 In an experiment, only one variable is
changed at a time to make sure result are
from the variable you chose to change.
 Validity implies reliability and consistency.
 Other people will get similar results doing the
same experiment
51 A study was conducted to test the effectiveness of
hearing aids. People with different types of hearing loss
were included in the study. Which question would help in
determining whether the conclusion above is valid?
A What was the average age of the people in the study?
B What was the most common occupation of people in
the study?
C How many people were included in the study?
D How many people in the study had vision problems?
Communicate Valid Conclusions
 1st Review all observations and
measurements recorded during the
investigation.
 2nd Determine if the data allows you to come
to a conclusion that supports your
hypothesis.
 3rd Conclusions are sometimes stated using
words similar to the hypothesis, but with
more certainty.
Communicate Valid Conclusions
 Hypothesis statements are usually written as if
____________, then___________.
 Conclusion statements are written when
___________, then ____________.
 Share your conclusion through laboratory
reports, research papers using tables, graphs, and
models to present your conclusions.
 Others can verify your results by repeating the
experiment.
April’06 Exit Exam

28 What can be concluded from the relationships described above?
F Gas molecules travel longer distances at greater speeds when the volume of the gas is
decreased.
G A gas is more likely to lose kinetic energy when its volume is reduced.
H Gas molecules collide less frequently when the volume of the gas is increased.
J A gas is more likely to increase in momentum when its volume is increased.
10th Grade April’06 Exam

 1 A student prepared this graph of
tornadoes reported over a 50-year
period in a midwestern state. Which
statement is supported by these data?

A Tornadoes are less frequent in the
morning.
B Darkness increases the strength of
tornadoes.
C Tornadoes occurring at night are
brief.
D The probability of a tornado is the
same throughout the day.
October’05 Exit Retest
8 The picture shows the results
of a demonstration using the
simple water plant Elodea.
When the setup was placed
in strong light, a space
gradually appeared above the
water in the graduated
cylinder containing the plant.
The gas in the space above
the water was mostly —
F oxygen
G carbon dioxide
H hydrogen
J nitrogen
July’06 Exit Retest

33 A glass is held upside down so that its open end is closed by the
water’s surface. Soon air bubbles begin to escape from the glass. The
best explanation for this observation is that —
A water condenses on the glass and escapes as a gas
B air in the glass increases the water temperature and causes bubbling
C pressurized water vapor rises rapidly and evaporates
D air trapped in the glass is warmed and expands in volume
July’06 Exit Retest

54 Which conclusion is best
supported by the information in
the diagram?
F Volcanic eruptions were
common in the area.
G The area was once a marine
environment.
H Organisms in the area
reproduced frequently.
J Consumers once outnumbered
producers
in the area.
July’06 Exit Retest

44 The pictures show a 10-newton block of wood being used to
demonstrate how this instrument measures pressure. According to
these data, the pressure of the block is a measure of the block’s —
F weight distributed over an area
G density along each face
H mass per unit of volume
J change in inertia
Objective Two
 The student will demonstrate an
understanding of the organization of
living systems.
Objective 2
B. 4 Cells are the basic structures of
all living things and have
specialized parts that perform
specific functions, and that viruses
are different from cells and have
different properties and
functions.
Types of Cells

Cells

Have internal membrane-bound structures Structures without membranes

Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells

Algae Fungi Plants Animals Bacteria
Cell Parts and Function

 Types of Cells
 Prokaryotes

 Eukaryote

 Specialized Parts
 Nucleus
 Cell Membrane
 Ribosome
 Function
 Mitochondria-
produces energy
for the cell
Prokaryotes
 Prokayrotes can be
divided into two
groups: eubacteria
and archaebacteria.
July’06 Exit Retest

23 Which of these is a characteristic of body cells
that require large amounts of energy?
A They have a large number of mitochondria.
B They have a supplementary Y chromosome.
C They have a two-layer membrane.
D They have a storage area for albumin
proteins.
Homeostasis

 Homeostasis is one of the fundamental
characteristics of living things. It is the
maintenance of the internal environment
within tolerable limits.
 Osmosis is one of several processes that
allow cells to maintain homeostasis.
10th Grade April’06

 13 Which of these is a function of the
cell membrane in all cells?
A Producing cellular nutrients
B Preserving cellular wastes
C Neutralizing chemicals
D Maintaining homeostasis
Osmosis
 It is the diffusion of
water through a
selectively
permeable
membrane.
 Substances diffuse
from an area of
higher concentration
to an area of lower
concentration.
Permeability
Energy Production
Cellular Respiration
 Cellular respiration is the process that
releases energy by breaking down food
molecules in the presence of oxygen
 There are three stages of cellular
respiration:
 glycolysis
 Krebs Cycle
 electron transport chain
Transportation of Molecules
Disposal of Wastes
 Waste products move across the cell
membrane to maintain homeostasis.
 Methods of disposal include:
 diffusion
 osmosis
 active transport
Active Transport
 It is moving
materials
against a
concentration
gradient and
requires an
input of
energy from
the cell.
Function of Cellular Parts
Synthesis of New Molecules
April’06 Exit Exam
49 Which of these best explains why a freshwater
aquarium would be a dangerous habitat for
saltwater fish?
A The tissues of the saltwater fish would absorb too
much acid.
B The organs of the saltwater fish would produce too
much protein.
C The organ systems of the saltwater fish would
consume too much energy.
D The cells of the saltwater fish would gain too much
water
Viruses
October’05 Exit Retest
 19 The swordfish has a heat-generating organ
that warms its brain and eyes up to 14°C
above the surrounding water temperature.
What structures are likely to be found in
relatively high concentrations in the cells of
this organ?
A Chromosomes
B Mitochondria
C Nuclei
D Ribosomes
April’06 Grade 10 Test
 41 The information in
the box identifies some
of the organs of the
kitten. Which of the
following is identical for
every cell in each of the
four organs?
A Amount of ATP
B Function of cell
C Size of cells
D Genes in DNA
B. 6 Structures and functions of nucleic
acids in the mechanisms of genetics.

 (A) Describe components of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
illustrate how information for specifying
the traits of an organism is carried in
the DNA.
B. 6 Structures and functions of nucleic
acids in the mechanisms of genetics.

 (B) Explain replication, transcription,
and translation using models of DNA
and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Replication
Translation

 An mRNA codon
sequence is
decoded into a
protein.
 Each ribosome
moves along an
mRNA sequence,
binding new tRNA
molecules and
joining amino acids
into a protein.
October’05 Exit Retest

14 Part of a DNA strand is
represented in the diagram
above. In order for DNA to
replicate, the strand must
separate at which of the
following locations?
F Between every phosphate-
sugar pair
G Between the eight sugar-base
pair
H Between the four nitrogenous
base pairs
J Between any two chemical
bonds
April’06 Exit Exam

45 Erwin Chargaff studied the DNA of organisms Electron
Configuration within a single species. Chargaff discovered
that the amount of adenine is about equal to the amount
of thymine. Which of these explains why the ratio of
adenine to thymine is nearly 1:1?
A Adenine and thymine pair with each other.
B Adenine binds with phosphates, while thymine binds
with nitrates.
C Adenine and thymine are identical in chemical
composition.
D Adenine bases contain a form of thymine.
12 Body Systems
 Circulatory  Skeletal
 Digestive  Respiratory
 Nervous  Muscular
 Endocrine  Excretory
 Reproductive  Immune
 Integumentary  Cardiovascular
Circulatory System
Digestive System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
 Structures: all hormone
producing glands and
cells such as the
pituitary gland, thyroid
gland, and pancreas.
 Function: regulates
body functions by
means of hormones.
Hormones
 Secreted chemical messages from glands
 Hormones are grouped into three classes
based on their structure:
 steroids
 peptides
 amines
 Example:Testosterone is the male sex
hormone
Reproductive System
Integumentary System
 Structures: Skin and structures
derived from it, such as hair,
nails, and sweat and oil
glands.
 Function: a barrier to
pathogens and chemicals
(Protects the body), helps
regulate body temperature,
eliminates waste, helps
synthesize vitamin D, and
receives certain stimuli such
as temperature, pressure, and
pain.
Skeletal System
 Structures: all the Bones
of the body (206), their
associated cartilage, and
the joints of the body.
 Function: bones support
and protect the body,
assist in body movement,
They also house cells
that produce
blood cells, and they
store minerals.
Respiratory System
Muscular System
Excretory System
 Structures: Kidneys,
Urinary Bladder, and
Urethra that together
produce, store, and
eliminate Urine.
 Function: removes
waste products from
the blood and
regulates volume
and pH of blood.
Immune System
 Structures: Lymph
Nodes, Spleen, Lymph
Vessels, Blood
Vessels, Bone Marrow,
and White Blood Cells
(Lymphocytes).
 Function: Provides
protection against
infection and disease.
Cardiovascular System
 Structures: the Heart,
Blood and Blood
Vessels.
 Function: transports
oxygen and nutrients
to tissues and
removes waste.
February’06 Exit Exam

 18 Red marrow is the principal tissue that
produces red blood cells in humans. In
which body system is red marrow found?
F Integumentary system
G Respiratory system
H Nervous system
J Skeletal system
April’06 Grade 10 Test
 15 Hemoglobin carries oxygen to body
cells. Which body system contains
hemoglobin?
A Circulatory system
B Respiratory system
C Endocrine system
D Nervous system
Objective Three
 The student will demonstrate an
understanding of the interdependence
of organisms and the environment.
Objective 3
B.4 Cells are the basic structures of
all living things and have
specialized parts that perform
specific functions, and that viruses
are different from cells and have
different properties and
functions.
B.4 Cells and Viruses
 (C) Compare the structures and
functions of viruses to cells and
describe the role of viruses in
causing diseases and conditions
such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox,
influenza, and warts.
October’05 Exit Retest
 9 Which of the following explains why
antibiotics can treat flu-like symptoms
caused by bacteria but are ineffective
against flu?
A Flu is a response to an antigen.
B Antibiotics require time to work.
C Antibiotics strengthen antibodies.
D Flu is caused by a virus.
B.4 Cells and Viruses
 (D) identify and describe the role of
bacteria in maintaining health such
as in digestion and in causing
diseases such as in streptococcus
infections and diphtheria.
April’06 Exit Exam

47 Which of these does a virus need in order to
multiply?
A Chloroplasts from a host cell
B A host cell to provide oxygen for the virus
C New ADP from a host cell
D A host cell to replicate the virus’s DNA
B. 7 Theory of Biological Evolution

 (A) Identify evidence of change in
species using fossils, DNA sequences,
anatomical similarities, physiological
similarities, and embryology.
B. 7 Theory of Biological Evolution

 (B) Illustrate the results of natural
selection in speciation, diversity,
phylogeny, adaptation, behavior, and
extinction.
Phylogeny
April’06 Exit Exam
54 The myxoma virus was used to control an overpopulation of
European rabbits in Australia. When first introduced in the mid-
1900s, the virus greatly reduced the European rabbit
population. Today the virus is not an effective control of the
European rabbit population. Fewer European rabbits are
affected by the virus today because they have —
F learned to avoid the virus
G moved away from infected areas
H undergone a change in diet
J developed resistance to the virus
4 Interactions Among Organisms
 Predation
 Parasitism
 Commensalism
 Mutualism
Predator
Decomposers
How One Fungus Gets Nutrients
• A certain type of fungus grows sticky
structures when roundworms are near.
• Roundworms that come close to the
sticky structures can become trapped.
• The fungus penetrates and digests
trapped roundworms
25 Which word best describes the fungus
in the
situation above?
A Predator
B Producer
C Parasite
D Decomposer
10th Grade, April’06
Commensalism
 Commensalism means
literally 'at table together'.
 This is a symbiotic
relationship between
two species in which one
species benefits and the
other neither benefits
or harms.
 Often, the host species
provides a home and/or
transportation for the
other species.
Parasitism
 Parasitism is a
type of symbiotic
relationship between
two biological
species in which one
species benefits and
the other is harmed.
February’06 Exit Retest
Mutualism

 Mutualism is any relationship between two
species of organisms that benefits both
species. This is the relationship most people
think of when they use the word "symbiosis."
B.7 Theory of Biological Evolution
 (A) Identify evidence of change in
species using fossils, DNA sequences,
anatomical similarities, physiological
similarities, and embryology
July’06 Exit Retest
54 Which conclusion is best
supported by the
information in the diagram?
F Volcanic eruptions were
common in the area.
G The area was once a
marine environment.
H Organisms in the area
reproduced frequently.
J Consumers once
outnumbered
producers in the area.
B.7 Theory of Biological Evolution
 (B) illustrate the results of natural
selection in speciation, diversity,
phylogeny, adaptation, behavior, and
extinction.
July’06 Exit Retest

4 Which of the following is best supported by
the information shown above?
F These lizards evolved in arid habitats.
G Modern lizards drink more water than their ancestors did.
H These lizards cool themselves by evaporation.
J Modern lizards excrete more water than their ancestors did.
B. 9 Metabolic processes and energy
transfers that occur in living systems

 (D) Analyze the flow of matter and
energy through different tropic levels
and between organisms and the
physical environment.
3 Interactions In Ecosystems
 Food chains
 Food Webs
 Food Pyramids
Food Chains
Food Webs
Food Pyramids
October’05 Exit Retest
13 The diagram represents
different levels of a
marine food pyramid.
Between which two
levels is the greatest
amount of energy
transferred?
A R and Q
B S and R
C T and S
D U and T
October’05 Exit Retest
21 The diagram above represents a
pyramid of biomass. Which of the
following best explains why a
pyramid shape is useful in this
representation?
A Most of the food consumed is
recycled at every trophic level.
B Energy from the producers is
equally distributed in all trophic
levels.
C Decomposers receive a small
amount of energy from the
biomass.
D Each trophic level supports a
lesser amount of biomass.
B. 12 Interdependence and interactions
occur within an ecosystem.

 (B) Interpret interactions among
organisms exhibiting predation,
parasitism, commensalism, and
mutualism.
Objective Four
 The student will demonstrate an
understanding of the structures and
properties of matter.
I.7 Relationships exist between
properties of matter and its
components

 (A) Investigate and identify properties
of fluids including density, viscosity, and
buoyancy
Mass
 The amount of matter in an object.
 Mass does not change unless there is a
change in the number or properties of:
ions, atoms, compounds, or number of
cells in an object.
 Weight is mass x gravity.
Volume
 The amount of space an object
occupies.
 Ways to measure/calculate volume:
 V = l1 x w1 x h1, V = s3
 V=Dxm D = density, m = mass
 Water displacement: Fill a container with
water to the top,
 Typical unit of volume are cm3, m3, ml, or L.
Density
 Density is mass per unit of volume
 Density is a defining physical property
of matter.
 Density is calculated. D = m/V
 Units of density typically are g/cm3,
g/ml,
3 Properties of Fluids
Fluids can be either in the
liquid or gaseous
phase. Three important
physical properties
include:
 Density
 Viscosity
 Buoyancy
April’06 Exit Exam
1 The picture shows the results
of pouring a blue liquid into a
clear liquid and allowing the
mixture to settle for 25
minutes. Compared to the
clear liquid, the blue liquid is
more —
A massive
B dense
C viscous
D soluble
October’05 Exit Retest
18 A 500 mL quantity of vanilla ice cream has a
mass of 400 grams. The manufacturer then
bubbles air into the ice cream so that its
volume increases by 300 mL. What is the ice
cream’s approximate final density?
F 0.30 g/cm 3
G 0.50 g/cm 3
H 0.80 g/cm 3
J 1.30 g/cm 3
Viscosity
 The resistance to
flow in fluids.
 The longer it takes a
liquid to move, the
higher the viscosity.
 Oils have higher
viscosity than
alcohols.
 It is not buoyancy.
10th Grade, April’06

 22 Students in a chemistry lab measure the time
it takes four different 100 mL solutions to
pass through a hole in the bottom of a cup.
Which of the following properties of the
solutions is most likely being measured?
F Buoyancy
G Mass
H Viscosity
J Volume
February ’06 Exit Retest

 25 As the viscosity of a liquid increases,
the liquid —
A conducts electricity
B pours more slowly
C evaporates more quickly
D forms a precipitate
Buoyancy
 Buoyancy is the upward force
on an object produced by the
surrounding fluid (i.e., a liquid
or a gas) in which it is fully or
partially immersed.
 Buoyancy is a result of two
substances of different density
coming into contact.
 Buoyant forces act to keep the
substance with the lower density
above the substance with the
greater density.
 Buoyancy is important for many
vehicles such as boats, ships,
balloons, and airships.
July’06 Exit Retest

48 The buoyant force that a fluid exerts on
objects is increased when there is an
increase in the fluid’s —
F acidity
G clarity
H solubility
J density
I.7 Relationships exist
between properties of matter
and its components.
 (B) Relate the chemical behavior of an
element including bonding, to its
placement on the periodic table.
Chemical Change
 A change in composition in which new
substances are formed. The products are
different from the reactants.
 4Fe + 3O2 2 Fe2O3
 Iron plus oxygen in the air produces rust.
 It is not a physical change such as cutting or
melting
Chemical Change
 Evidence of a
chemical change
include:
 Change in color
 Release or
absorption of energy
 Odor
 Formation of a
precipitate (a solid)
 Formation of a gas
Chemical Change
 12 Rust (Fe2O3) forms on an iron (Fe)
pipe after prolonged exposure to humid
air. What type of change does this
illustrate?
F Mechanical
G Nuclear
H Chemical
J Physical
February ’06 Exit Retest
February ’06 Exit Retest

 27 Which process best demonstrates a
chemical change in distilled water?
A Freezing the water
B Separating the water into its
elements
C Calculating the water’s density
D Dissolving sugar in the water
February ’06 Exit Retest

 40 Which of these describes a chemical
change?
F Frost disappears from a window in
the morning.
G A decrease in temperature
reduces the volume of a gas.
H Soot is formed as a candle burns.
J A cup of hot tea cools down.
October’05 Exit Retest
 12 Limestone is a sedimentary rock consisting
mostly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Which
process is most likely to cause a chemical
change to limestone?
F Freezing water cracking limestone
G Flowing water eroding a limestone
riverbed
H Acid rain forming puddles on limestone
J Coastal waves dissolving limestone
sediments
July’06 Exit Retest
14 In photography, which of these is an
example of a chemical change?
F Light being refracted by a camera lens
G Adjusting a lens to focus light
H Halide granules being activated by light
J Allowing a certain wavelength of light
into the camera
Physical Change
 A change in the form of a substance
without changing the composition of
the substance.
 Examples include forming gold into a
necklace, cutting hair, and melting ice.
 They are not chemical changes.
10th Grade, April’06

 18 Sheets of ice containing mostly pure water
can be formed by decreasing the temperature
of saltwater. Which of these best describes
this change?
F Chemical change
G Physical change
H Nuclear change
J Atomic change
Conservation of Mass
 Mass cannot be either created or destroyed.
 Problems may involve either:
 Balancing equations so you have the same number of
atoms of each kind appear on each side of a balanced
equation. Make a table listing each element and count
atoms.
 Total number of atoms of each element of reactants =
Total number of atoms of each element of products.
 Mass measurements in grams (g) or kilograms (kg)
being the same for reactants and products. You add
up all grams on one side of the equation and subtract to
find the missing grams.
 Total grams of reactants =Total grams of products.
10th Grade, April’06

Carbon monoxide (CO) burns readily in
oxygen (O2), forming carbon dioxide(CO2):

 __CO(g) + __O2(g) __CO2(g)
9 What coefficient values will balance the
reaction shown above?
A 2, 2, 1
B 1, 1, 1
C 2, 1, 2
D 1, 2, 2
10th Grade, April’06

 40 In the procedure shown above, a calcium chloride solution is mixed
with a sodium sulfate solution to create the products shown.
Which of the following is illustrated by this activity?
F The law of conservation of mass
G The theory of thermal equilibrium
H The law of conservation of momentum
J The theory of covalent bonding
February’06 Exit Retest
 20 Copper (Cu) and sulfur
(S) were heated in a covered
container. After the reaction
was complete, the unreacted
sulfur was removed. The
table contains the results of
the investigation. How much
sulfur, in grams, failed to
react with the copper? Record
and bubble in your answer to
the nearest hundredth on the
answer document.
July’06 Exit Retest
27 Which of these would support the idea that mass is
conserved in a reaction that produces a gas as a
product?
A Heating the reactants to ensure the reaction
occurs in a gaseous state
B Subtracting the mass of the gas from the mass
of the solid and liquid products
C Mixing the reactants and measuring their total
mass
D Trapping the gas and measuring its mass
I. 9 Chemistry is a part of
everyday life

 (A) Relate the structure of water to its
function [as the universal solvent].
Polar Nature of Water

 Water is a "polar" molecule,
meaning that there is an
uneven distribution of
electron density. Water has a
partial negative charge ( )
near the oxygen atom due
the unshared pairs of
electrons, and partial positive
charges ( ) near the
hydrogen atoms.
Water as a universal solvent
 An electrostatic attraction
between the partial positive
charge near the hydrogen
atoms and the partial
negative charge near the
oxygen results in the
formation of a hydrogen bond
as shown in the illustration.
 The ability of ions and other
molecules to dissolve in water
is due to polarity.
 For example, in the
illustration sodium chloride is
shown in its crystalline form
and dissolved in water.
Objective Five
 The student will demonstrate an
understanding of motion, forces, and
energy.
I.4 Concepts of force and motion
evident in everyday life.
(A) calculate speed, momentum,
acceleration, work, and power in
systems such as in the human body,
moving toys, and machines.
Speed
 Speed = distance ÷ time; s = d/t
 The SI units of speed are meters per
second (m/s)
 The speed formula is on the Formula
Chart
 Velocity = distance ÷ time, in a
particular direction.
Velocity
 Velocity = distance ÷ time + direction. v=d/t
 The SI units of velocity are meters per second;
m/s.
 Other formulas you can use to solve velocity
problems include acceleration, momentum,
kinetic energy, velocity of a wave, and energy.
 All velocity formulas, execpt v=d/t, are on the
Formula Chart.
Velocity formulas
 v = d/ t
 If vi = 0, vf = a∆t ∆t = tf – ti
 vi = initial velocity, vf = final velocity
 a = acceleration, t = time

 v = p/m p = momentum, m=mass
 v = √2KE/m KE = Kinetic Energy
 c = √E/m c = speed of light = 3.0 x 108 m/s

 v = f λ, for sound and light waves in a
medium
July’06 Exit Retest
24 A 1-kilogram ball has a kinetic energy
of 50 joules. The velocity of the ball is —
F 5 m/s
G 10 m/s
H 25 m/s
J 50 m/s
Momentum
July’06 Exit Retest

Car velocity = 6.3 m/s Car velocity = 0 m/s Car velocity = 0 m/s
Driver velocity = 6.3 m/s Driver velocity = 6.3 m/s Driver velocity = 0 m/s
Driver mass = 100 kg Driver mass = 100 kg Driver mass = 100 kg

20 The pictures show how an air bag functions in a collision. How much
momentum in kg m/s does the air bag absorb from the crash-test
dummy if all the crash-test dummy’s momentum is absorbed by the air
bag? Record and bubble in your answer to the nearest whole number on
the answer document.
Solving # 20 July’06 Exit Retest
Solving for momentum
 1st picture: The person is part  p=?
of the car therefore has the  Givens:
same velocity.  vperson = 6.3 m/s,
 m = 100 kg
 2ndpicture: The car stops (an
unbalanced force acted on it-  Formula
wall, another car? F = ma,
a=0), but the dummy keeps  P = mv
going at the same velocity  Solve
because it has inertia  p = 100 kg x 6.3 m/s
 p = 630 kg m/s
 3rd picture: mass x velocity of
dummy transferred to air bag.
July’06 Exit Retest
53 A 0.50 kg ball with a speed of 4.0 m/s
strikes a stationary 1.0 kg target. If
momentum is conserved, what is the total
momentum of the ball and target after the
collision?
A 0.0 kgm/s
B 0.5 kgm/s
C 1.0 kgm/s
D 2.0 kgm/s
Acceleration
Force
 A force is a push or a pull.
 Friction is a force that opposes forward
motion.
 Force = mass x acceleration; F=ma
 Net forces means adding all forces
including the negative force
friction.
April’06 Exit Test

18 What is the net force exerted on a 90.0 kg
race-car driver while the race car is
accelerating from 0 to 44.7 m/s in 4.50 s?
F 9.8 N
G 20 N
H 201 N
J 894 N
Solving # 18 April’06 Exit Exam
Solving for force
 F=?  Solve for a
 Givens:  a= 44.7m/s - 0m/s
 m = 90.0 kg / 4.50s
 vi = 0  a= 9.93 m/s2
 vf = 44.7 m/s
 t = 4.50 s  Solve for F
 Formulas  F = 90.0kg x 9.93
 a = vf-vi / t m/s2
 F = ma  F = 893.7 N ≈ 894 N
Work
Power
October’05 Exit Retest
7 A horizontal force of 600 N is used to push a
box 8 m across a room. Which of these
variables must be known to determine the
power used in moving the box?
A The weight of the box
B The potential energy of the box
C The time it takes to move the box
D The length of the box
I.4 Concepts of force and motion
evident in everyday life
 (B) Investigate and describe
applications of Newton’s laws such as in
vehicle restraints, sports activities,
geological processes, and satellite orbits
Inertia
 Inertia is the tendency to resist changes
in motion.
 Once in motion, an object has a
tendency to stay in motion and/or
 Once still, an object has a tendency to
stay still.
 Example:
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

 Law of Inertia
 Force= mass x acceleration
 For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
Newton’s First Law of Motion
 Also known as the law of inertia
 An object that is still has a tendency to
stay still and an object in motion has a
tendency to stay in motion in a
straight line path unless an
unbalanced force acts upon it.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
 A force is equal to
a mass that is
accelerated.
 The assumption is
that forces (push
or pull) are
unbalanced.
April’06 Exit Test

 32 Starting from rest at the center of a skating rink, two skaters push
off from each other over a time period of 1.2 s. What is the force of
the push by the smaller skater?
F 16 N
G 32 N
H 88 N
J 100 N
 To solve this problem:
 1st identify the question: F = ?
 2nd identify the smaller skater (girl with
smaller mass, 40 kg.
July’06 Exit Retest
8 A hockey player pushed a puck toward the opposite side of
a level ice rink. The player expected the puck to continue
all the way across the ice, but the puck slowed and
stopped before reaching the other side. Which of these
best explains why the puck failed to slide all the way to
the opposite side?
F The puck’s temperature changed.
G An upward force acted on the puck.
H The puck’s momentum remained unchanged.
J An opposing force acted on the puck.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion

 For every action
there is an equal
and opposite
reaction
 Action = - Action
(Reaction)
October’05 Exit Retest

 11 The picture above shows the directions in which
water leaves this scallop’s shell. Which picture below
shows the direction the scallop will move?
April’06 Exit Exam
52 When the air is released from a balloon, the air
moves in one direction, and the balloon moves in
another direction. Which statement does this
situation best illustrate?
F What goes up must come down.
G For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
H The shape and size of an object affect air
resistance.
J The acceleration due to Earth’s gravity is
9.8 m/s 2.
I.4 Concepts of force and motion
evident in everyday life

 (D) Investigate and demonstrate
[mechanical advantage and]
efficiency of various machines such
as levers, motors, wheels and axles,
pulleys, and ramps.
Six Simple Machines
 Lever
 Pulley
 Wheel & Axle
 Wedge
 Screw
 Ramp (Inclined
Plane)
April’06 Exit Test
29 Which of these
represents a
properly balanced
system?
April’06 Exit Exam
 22 Which configuration of pulleys and belts shown below
will result in the fastest rotation of Spindle 2?
April’06 Exit Exam
I.5 Effects of waves on everyday life

 The assumption is that you know the
properties of waves including:
 Wavelength, symbol λ
 Crest = top of wave
 Trough = bottom of wave
 Amplitude = height from origin
 Frequency = cycles per unit of time
 Velocity = wavelength x frequency, v=λf
Waves
Waves
 There are three types of
waves:
 Electromagnetic waves
 Mechanical waves
 Surface waves
 Electromagnetic waves do
not need a medium to
travel through, although they
can travel through a medium.
 Mechanical and surface
waves have to have a
medium to travel through.
Electromagnetic Waves
Medium
 This is a general term for anything
whether solid, liquid, or gas.
 Various materials = mediums
 For example, sound waves travel through air
(gases), water (liquid), metal (solids).
 No medium = empty space, a vacuum, no
atmosphere, like on the moon.
Mechanical Waves
 Two types of
mechanical waves
include:
 Transverse waves
 Longitudinal

or compressional
waves
I.5 Effects of waves on everyday life

 (B) demonstrate wave interactions
including interference, polarization,
reflection, refraction, and resonance
with various materials.
Interference
July’06 Exit Retest

11. The diagram shows waves approaching a barrier.
Which pattern will be formed after the waves
pass through the opening in the barrier?
February’06 Exit Retest
 24 Diverging lenses are useful to people who
suffer from nearsightedness because the
lenses can cause images of distant objects to
be focused on the retina. Lenses allow images
to be focused on the retina because of —
F diffusion
G reflection
H diffraction
J refraction
Polarization
 Polarized light waves
are light waves in
which the vibrations
occur in a single
plane. The process
of transforming
unpolarized light
into polarized light is
known as
polarization.
Polarization
Polarization
Consider the three pairs
of sunglasses to the
right. Which pair of
glasses is capable of
eliminating the glare
from a road surface?
Explain. (The
polarization axes are
shown by the straight
lines.)
Reflection
 Reflection occurs
when parallel rays of
light strike a smooth
surface.
 For reflection to occur,
the angle of the
incident ray
(incoming) is the
same as the angle of
the reflected ray.
April’06 Exit Exam

6 When a DVD is read, laser
light touches
the DVD surface and is
then measured at
location A. What allows
light to return to
location A after striking
the DVD surface?
F Conduction
G Refraction
H Magnification
J Reflection
Refraction
 Refraction is the bending of light that occurs
when light passes from one medium into a
different medium.
Resonance

 Resonance - when one object vibrating
at the same natural frequency of a
second object forces that second object
into vibrational motion.
 The word resonance comes from Latin and
means to "resound" - to sound out
together with a loud sound.
 Resonance is a common cause of sound
production in musical instruments.
July’06 Exit Retest

39 A guitar player is seated next to a piano.
The piano player strikes an E key on the
piano. The guitarist reports that this causes
the E string on his guitar to vibrate. What is the
name of this phenomenon?
A Polarization
B Resonance
C Reflection
D Diffraction
April’06 Exit Test
17 An empty cup was tightly covered with plastic
wrap, and a few grains of salt were sprinkled on top
of the plastic. When a tuning fork was struck and
placed slightly above the plastic wrap, the salt
began to move. Which characteristic of waves does
the movement of the salt best demonstrate?
A Echo formation
B Diffraction
C Resonance
D Specular reflection
I.6 Impact of energy transformations
in everyday life

 (A) Describe the law of conservation of
energy
Conservation of Energy
 When energy is
changed from one form
to another, energy is
not created or
destroyed.
 Energy is conserved.
 The SI unit for energy is
the joule, symbol J.
 For example, roller
coasters work on
converting potential
energy to kinetic
energy.
Types of Energy & Formulas
 Kinetic Energy  KE = 1/2 mv2
 Gravitational  GPE = mgh
Potential Energy
 Thermal (Heat)  Q = mCp∆t

 Electric Potential  V = IR
Energy
 Electrical Energy  E = Pt
Gravitational Potential Energy
 Gravitational potential
energy is the energy of
position or arrangement.
 The higher the object ,
the greater its potential
energy.
 The more massive an
object is, the greater its
potential energy.
 GPE = mgh
 m = mass
 g = gravity (9.8 m/s2)
 H = height
July’06 Exit Retest
7 What is the approximate
difference in gravitational
potential energy of the two
shaded boxes?
A 19 J
B 39 J
C 59 J
D 79 J
Kinetic Energy
 Kinetic Energy is
energy of motion.
 KE = ½ mv2
I.6 Impact of energy transformations
in everyday life

 (B) Investigate and demonstrate the
movement of heat through solids,
liquids, and gases by convection,
conduction, and radiation.
3 Methods of Heat Transfer
 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
Conduction of Heat
 Transfer of heat
by touch from
molecule to
molecule.
 Fire on the stove
heats the pan.
 It is neither
convection or
radiation.
Convection
 The transfer of heat in fluids (liquids and
gases) by currents.
 Rooms are heated by convection currents by
forcing warm air in which moves up to the
ceiling since it is less dense and pushing the
cooler, denser air down and out the bottom
of the door.
 It is neither conduction nor radiation.
Radiation
 Method of heat transfer by
electromagnetic waves
including microwaves,
infrared waves, light waves,
ultraviolet waves, X-rays,
and gamma waves.
 Food in the microwave oven
is heated by radiation.
 It is not conduction or
convection
10th Grade, April’06
February ’06 Exit Retest
10th Grade, April’06

 19 Which of these is the best example
of heat transfer by radiation?
A A satellite is warmed by sunlight.
B Butter melts on warm bread.
C A ceiling fan cools a warm room.
D Puddles of water cool a warm tile
floor
July’06 Exit Retest

 13 The transfer of heat by the
movement of air currents in Earth’s
atmosphere is an example of —
A conduction
B convection
C radiation
D fusion
I.6 Impact of energy transformations
in everyday life

 (D) Investigate and compare economic
and environmental impacts of using
various energy sources such as
rechargeable or disposable batteries
and solar cells.
Dry Cell
 The most common type of battery
used today is the "dry cell" battery.
There are many different types of
batteries ranging from the relatively
large "flashlight" batteries to the
minaturized versions used for
wristwatches or calculators.
Although they vary widely in
composition and form, they all
work on the sample principle. A
"dry-cell" battery is essentially
comprised of a metal electrode
or graphite rod (elemental carbon)
surrounded by a moist electrolyte
paste enclosed in a metal cylinder.
Rechargeable Batteries
 Rechargeable batteries are batteries that can be
restored to full charge by the application of electrical
energy. They come in many different designs using
different chemistry. They are also called storage
battery or secondary cell.

 One way to reduce the number of batteries in the
waste stream is to purchase rechargeable
batteries. Rechargeable batteries can be charged
100's of times. Each recharging of a battery is one
less required battery to purchase and dispose of.
Disposable Batteries
 Batteries contain heavy metals
such as mercury, lead, cadmium
and nickel which can
contaminate the environment
when improperly disposed of.
 For example, the problem from
lead (Pb) concentration is the
accumulated use of Pb batteries.
 The highest concentrations of Pb
are found in the vicinity of
nonferrous and ferrous smelters,
battery manufacturers, and
other stationary sources of Pb
emissions.
Disposable Batteries-
 Health and Environmental Effects: Exposure to Pb occurs mainly
through the inhalation of air and the ingestion of Pb in food, water,
soil, or dust.
 It accumulates in the blood, bones, and soft tissues.
 Because it is not readily excreted, Pb can also adversely affect the
kidneys, liver, nervous system, and other organs.
 Excessive exposure to Pb may cause neurological impairments
such as seizures, mental retardation, and/or behavioral disorders.
 Even at low doses, Pb exposure is associated with damage to the
nervous systems of fetuses and young children, resulting in learning
deficits and lowered IQ.
 Recent studies also show that Pb may be a factor in high blood
pressure and subsequent heart disease.
 Lead can also be deposited on the leaves of plants, presenting a
hazard to grazing animals.
Disposal Batteries
Photovoltic Cell

 A solar cell (or a
"photovoltaic" cell) is a device
that converts photons from
the sun (solar light) into
electricity. In general, a solar
cell that includes the capacity
to capture both solar and
nonsolar sources of light (such
as photons from incandescent
bulbs) is termed a
photovoltaic cell.
July ’06 Exit Retest
19 Which of these devices uses the
sun’s energy directly?
A Windmill
B Hydroelectric dam
C Nuclear power plant
D Photovoltaic cell
July’06 Exit Retest
28 A company has decided to market itself as
environmentally friendly. If the company is
going to sell calculators, the use of which
energy source would produce the fewest
by-products and the least waste?
F Rechargeable batteries
G Solar cells
H Dry-cell batteries
J Tesla coils
July’06 Exit Retest
9 Which of these is an advantage of producing
electricity using solar power plants rather than using
coal-fired power plants?
A Solar power plants can operate for about 10 hours
per day.
B Solar power plants can produce variable amounts
of energy.
C Solar power plants produce fewer pollutants.
D Solar power plants require continuous sunlight.
April’06 Exit Exam
37 Which of these produces most of the
compounds responsible for causing acid
rain?
A Nuclear fission
B Fossil fuels
C Solar cells
D Windmills