8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Designations

8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Designations Dipan Shah Georgia EPD 8-HOUR OZONE SCHEDULE May 2003 July 15, 2003 Late 2003 April 2004 April 2007 USEPA proposed implementation rule States provide designation recommendations USEPA final implementation rule USEPA signs final nonattainment designations Nonattainment area SIPs submitted to EPA (3 years from effective date) Range of attainment dates 2007-2021 PREVIOUSLY RECOMMENDED 8-HOUR OZONE AREAS (2000) BOUNDARY FACTORS • • • • • • • • • • • Local emissions/air quality Population density/urbanization Local/regional monitoring data Local emissions Traffic/commuting patterns Expected growth Meteorology Geography/topography Jurisdictional boundaries Level of control of emission sources Regional emission reductions GEORGIA’S CRITERIA (DRAFT) - FACTORS CONSIDERED • Whether the county contained a monitor showing a violation • Projected Population Density (2007) • Vehicles commuting into counties with monitors and/or core counties • Percent Urbanization GEORGIA’S CRITERIA (DRAFT) - FACTORS CONSIDERED (CONTD.) • Percent Population Growth from 1990 to 2000 • Projected Emissions Density for NOx and/or VOCs (2007) • Number of Registered Vehicles • Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) AUGUSTA MSA (GA COUNTIES) County Columbia Monitor Data > Standard? N/A # Criteria (Out of 7) 7 McDuffie Richmond N/A Yes 1 6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOLLOW-UP • EPD re-analyzing data • Seeking Input from Stakeholders – Local Officials, General Public – GDOT, GRTA CONCLUSIONS • Georgia will have additional counties officially designated nonattainment starting in 2004 • Public health impacts • Economic growth impacts • Additional control measures needed beyond what’s already in place IMPACTS OF NAA DESIGNATION • New Source Review • Transportation Conformity • Attainment Modeling / Demonstration Augusta’s Early Action Compact Status & Milestones EARLY ACTION COMPACT • Designed to get cleaner air sooner • Gives Augusta (Locals) and EPD more flexibility to find solution • Defers mandatory nonattainment area requirements (such as new source review and transportation conformity) AUGUSTA’S EAC SCHEDULE June 15, 2003 Identify potential local emission reduction strategies March 31, 2004 April 2004 December 31, 2004 Final Early Action Plan drafted USEPA nonattainment designation Early Action Plan to USEPA September 30, 2005 USEPA action on Plan December 31, 2005 Local/state controls implemented June 30, 2006 December 31, 2007 Progress report Attain standard MILESTONES/PROGRESS • Must be met • USEPA will check progress • Regular nonattainment requirements kick in if milestones not met PRELIMINARY FINDINGS - FAQS • Mobile sources and a few major point sources dominate NOx emissions • VOC emissions are predominately biogenic; mobile and area sources (esp. solvents) dominate anthropogenic component • Most of Augusta region is NOx-sensitive – Central Augusta may be VOC-sensitive MOBILE SOURCE CONTROLS • Cleaner fuels – Low-sulfur diesel – Reformulated gasoline • Inspection & Maintenance • Speed limit reduction or enforcement • Incentives for cleaner vehicles – Low emission & alternative fuel vehicles – Retrofit diesel vehicles with oxidation catalysts and/or particulate filters to reduce VOCs • Scrappage program for old, dirty cars MOBILE SOURCE CONTROLS (CONT.) • Transportation Control Measures: – Carpools/Vanpools/Ride Share – HOV Lanes – Mass Transit Improvements & Incentives – Bike & Pedestrian Facilities – Economic Incentives (Parking Cash-out, etc.) • Intelligent Transportation Systems • Traffic Improvements • Teleworking & Compressed Work Weeks NON-ROAD EMISSION CONTROLS • Construction & other heavy equipment – Apply 2007 On-road Diesel Vehicle Standards – Operating Restrictions – Cleaner Fuels • Lawn & Garden Equipment – Incentives for electric lawnmowers – Operating restrictions during ozone alert days • Airport Service Equipment – Switch to Electric or cleaner equipment – Cleaner Fuels AREA SOURCE EMISSION CONTROLS • Open & Managed Burning: – Ban or restrict during ozone season • Industrial Natural Gas Combustion – Low-NOx Burners, Other Controls • Residential Natural Gas Combustion – Low-NOx Water Heaters and Furnaces • Consumer and Commercial Products – Reformulation to Reduce VOCs POINT SOURCE CONTROLS • Power Plants, Chemical Plants, Paper Mills & Industrial Boilers • Add-on Control Devices – SCR for NOx – Thermal or Catalytic Oxidation for VOC • Combustion Modifications – Low-NOx Burners – Staged Combustion • Fuel Switching • Restrictions on Peaking/Peak-Shaving EPD CONTACTS • Ron Methier • Dipan Shah • Terry Johnson 404-363-7016 404-363-7014 404-363-7091 Preparing for the Augusta Early Action Compact Daniel Cohan, Alper Unal, Yongtao Hu, Ted Russell Georgia Institute of Technology Fall-Line Air Quality Study May 2003 Cars & Trucks Industry Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) SUNLIGHT Ozone Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Industry BIOGENIC Cars & Trucks VOC Emissions in Augusta-Aiken MSA, Summer 2000 Point 2% Area 8% Mobile 9% Non-Road 1% Biogenic 80% TOTAL: 623 tpd NOx Emissions in Augusta-Aiken MSA, Summer 2000 Biogenic 2% Non-Road 10% Point 39% Mobile 44% Area 4% TOTAL: 123 tpd NOx Emissions by County & Category 70 60 Biogenic Non-Road NOx Emissions (tons per OSD) 50 Mobile Area 40 Point 30 20 10 0 Richmond Columbia Mc Duffie Aiken, SC Edgefield, SC Mobile Source Control Options Potential Strategy Full “Atlanta” I&M (ASM + OBD tests) OBD-only I&M Heavy-duty vehicle I&M Reduction, Costs, and Comments Could reduce emissions up to ~6%. Cost to driver: $25 annual test fee; repair costs; wait time. 60% as effective, and much cheaper than full I&M; Would require change in state law. More potential control per tested vehicle, but many HDVs are registered elsewhere. Requires new law. Transportation Control Each 1 million VMT ≈ 1 ton NOx (2007 light-duty vehicles) Measures (transit, vanpools, etc.) Typically cost 3-30 cents/VMT ($30k-$300k/ton) Travel Pricing (parking, insurance, fees, etc) Could be revenue-neutral. May require changes in state law. Would reduce fuel consumption and accidents, but increase drive times. Likely to be unpopular. 55 mph speed limits Clean vehicle incentives (tax credits, scrappage programs) New vehicles are much cleaner than old. Typically expensive. Reduces truck idling. Could be very cost-effective. Could be cost-effective. Truck-stop electrification Signal Coordination Largest Point Sources: Summer 2000 (Total: 48.2 tpd) FACILITY SCE&G Urquhart * International Paper ST SC GA NOx (tpd) 13.9* (5.7) 10.0 SCE&G: SRS Area D PCS Nitrogen DSM Chemicals Temple-Inland Forest SC GA GA GA 9.7 6.0 2.1 1.4 Westinghouse: SRS Augusta Newsprint Avondale Mills: Stevens Occidental Chemical Avondale Mills: Sibley Kimberly-Clark, SC Pipeline Warrenville, Thermal Ceramics, Advanced Glassfiber Yarns SC GA SC GA GA Both 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.3 Each 0.2 * 2 of the 3 coal boilers at Urquhart have since been replaced with natural gas Point Source Control Options Facility SCE&G Urquhart Sources 3 coal boilers, each 75 MW Potential Controls Two boilers already switched to natural gas (~8 tpd reduction). Could consider similar switch or NOx controls for other boiler. NOx controls for boilers (LNB, SNCR, SCR, etc.) International Paper Nat. gas, wood-bark, and resid. oil boilers; Kraft Pulping SCE&G SRS Area D PCS Nitrogen DSM Chemicals Coal & dist. oil boilers Nitric Acid Absorber Tail Gas Natural gas boiler; Chem. Manufacturing NOx controls for boilers Extended absorption or catalytic reduction (incineration) of tail gas NOx controls for boiler 6 NOx Emissions (tons per OSD, Year 2000) 5.4 Non-Road: 12.4 tpd Options: - Encourage clean equipment (“clean contracting”, incentives) - Operating restrictions - Cleaner or alt fuel railroad locomotives and switchers 2.7 2.6 5 Area: 5.0 tpd Options: - Summer burning ban - Low-NOx burners for gas & coal combustion 4 3 2 1.6 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 1 0 n du g st ria La R l w a ilr n & oad G A ard gr en ic C ultu om r m al er c O Lo ial th gg er i N on ng -R oa In du d st ria lN O pe a t G n a In B u s d r C om us nin m tria g /In l st Co a N at l G W as In ildf du ire s st ria O lO th il er A re a In C on st ru ct & M in i Ozone Isopleths Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) area of effective VOC control (most often highly populated areas) D B Constant Ozone Concentration NOx control effective (areas with high biogenics) High O3 C A Low O3 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Sensitivity to Augusta NOx: August 17, 2000 6 a.m. Richmond Cty. Monitor 8 p.m. 2 p.m. Sensitivity to 25% NOx reduction outside Augusta-Aiken MSA Aug. 17, 2000 Preliminary Modeling: Richmond Cty. Ozone Monitor 0.130 0.120 0.110 0.100 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.010 0.000 -0.010 -0.020 -0.030 8/11/2000 8/12/2000 8/13/2000 8/14/2000 8/15/2000 8/16/2000 8/17/2000 8/18/2000 Ozone_Model Ozone_Obs NOX_AUG VOC_AUG NOX_Elsewhere Conclusions • Ozone in Augusta is typically NOx-limited. • Local NOx typically contributes 10-15 ppb to peak ozone. • Range of mobile, point source, and other options to be considered for NOx control. 8-hour Ozone Sensitivity at Richmond Cty. Monitor 0.110 0.105 0.100 0.095 0.090 0.085 0.080 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.040 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 -0.005 -0.010 -0.015 -0.020 11-Aug Ozone_Mod Ozone_Obs NOX_AUG VOC_AUG NOX_Elsewhere 12-Aug 13-Aug 14-Aug 15-Aug 16-Aug 17-Aug 18-Aug