Organic Compounds
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Hydrocarbons
The simplest carbon
compounds …
Contain only carbon
& hydrogen atoms
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Carbon can use its bonds to::
Attach to other
carbons
Form an
endless
diversity of
carbon
skeletons
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Shape of Organic Molecules
Each type of
organic molecule
has a unique
three-dimensional
shape
The shape
determines its
function in an
organism
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Functional Groups are:
Groups of atoms that give properties to
the compounds to which they attach
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Common Functional Groups
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Most Macromolecules are Polymers
Polymers are made by stringing together
many smaller molecules called monomers
Nucleic Acid
Monomer
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Linking Monomers
Cells link monomers by a process called
dehydration synthesis (condensation)
(removing a molecule of water)
Remove
H
H2O Forms
Remove OH
This process joins two sugar monomers
to make a double sugar
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Breaking Down Polymers
Cells break down
macromolecules
by a process
called
hydrolysis
(adding a
molecule of
water)
Water added to split a double sugar
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides:
Building block (monomer) for complex
carbohydrates (polymers)
Serve as fuel
Ex: glucose( blood sugar)
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Carbohydrates
Disaccharides:
2 Monosaccharides hooked together
Dehydration synthesis
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Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides:
Many Monosaccharides hooked together
Energy storage
Starch: storage carbs. In plants
Glycogen: storage carbs. In animals
Support
Cellulose: plant cell wall component
Chitin: polymer of amino sugar; building
block of exoskeletons
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Fats/Oils
Serve as a source of stored energy
Fats
Solid at room temperature
Oils
Liquid at room temperature
Both are triglycerides
1 glycerol molecule
3 fatty acid tails
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Fats/Oils
Saturated Unsaturated
No double bonds At least one double bond
between carbons between carbons
Straight chain Hydrocarbon chain is bent
Usually solid at room Usually liquid at room
temperature temperature
Straight chains allow Bent chains prevent tight
for tight packing packing
Most animal fats Most plant fats
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Phospholipids
Basic component of cell
membrane
2 fatty acid tails
One saturated
One unsaturated
hydrophobic
Glycerol backbone
Phosphate group
Functional group (Head)
Charged (polar)
hydrophilic
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Steroids
Cholesterol
Precursor of other
steroids
Component of:
animal cell membranes
Forms Vitamin D when
exposed to UV light
Forms sex hormones
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Proteins
General Characteristics Functions:
Polymers of amino acids Structural
Each has a unique 3-D Transport
shape Messenger
Vary in sequence of Defensive
amino acids (antibodies)
20 possible amino acids Enzymatic
Enzymes:
-usually end in –ase
-temp and pH sensitive
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Proteins
Building Block:
Amino Acids
Hydrogen
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Variable R group
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Primary
Sequence of amino
acids
Determined by
genes (sequence of
bases in DNA)
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Secondary
Regular repeated
folding of peptide
chain
Folding stabilized by
hydrogen bonds
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Tertiary
-Involve interactions
between R groups
-Globular proteins
-Shape stabilized by
multiple bonds and
interactions
Example:
enzymes
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Quaternary
Interaction of several
polypeptides (tertiary
structures)
Example:
Hemoglobin
collagen
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide Structure:
Phosphate group
Sugar
-Ribose (RNA)
-Deoxyribose (DNA)
Nitrogenous base:
-RNA (A,U,C,G)
-DNA (A,T,C,G)
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Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of
Fatty acids Nucleotides Amino Acids
monosaccharides
and glycerol
which contain which contain which contain which contain
Carbon, Carbon, Carbon,hydrogen, Carbon,
hydrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen,oxygen,
oxygen oxygen phosphorus Nitrogen, sulfur
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