Education
History then Policy
Soc 240
1600-1700's 1800's 1900's Current
Religious Racial/Class Issues
More formal,
Instruction Less under local Equality Efforts Religion and
1700's State control Gvt-University- Schools
Constitutions Socialize Private Inequalities
Established Children Partnerships School
Sparse Schools Land-Grant & School Quality Quality
1787 Northwest State College Debate
Ordinance System
Early Schools and
Religion
Protestant founders of the early
Colonies stressed the importance of all
persons being able to read the bible.
Early schools were established http://www.markdroberts.com/htmfiles/resources/harvardironies.htm
primarily to teach religion The whole motto
Church-State Partnerships were translated into English
common + read: “Truth . . . for
This official motto, adopted by the university in 1692, was
consistent with Harvard’s original vision for its educational Christ and the church.”
purpose. Among the “Rules and Precepts” of 1646 was the http://www.markdroberts.com/htmfiles/resources/harvardironies
following:
Let every Student be plainly instructed, and earnestly pressed to
consider well, the maine end of his life and studies is, to know
God and Jesus Christ which is eternal life (John 17:3) and
therefore to lay Christ in the bottome, as the only foundation of all
sound knowledge and Learning. And seeing the Lord only giveth
wisedome, Let every one seriously set himself by prayer in secret
to seeke it of him (Prov. 2:3). http://www.markdroberts.com/htmfiles/resources/harvardironies.htm
(Source: Rahm 2004)
1787 Northwest Ordinance
Federal Government Required that one
section of land in each township be set
aside for the support of education. +
Made Education a Part of
Westward Expansion
- It also prohibited slavery in the
expansion area setting a power
balance dynamic up of the north
vs south that would erupt in the
1860s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance (Source: Rahm 2004)
(Source: Rahm 2004)
Immigrant Assimilation
Schools: Seen as providing the necessary tools for personal
achievement. Leveling Playing Fields
Socialization Messages in
Also Created a Unified Primary Schools, 2001
American Citizenry
that:
spoke the same
language
read the same
literature
knew the same
history
honored the same
heroes
respected the same
norms http://www.jstor.org/view/00380407/di020079/02p0117i/5?frame=noframe&userID=c0e77c0c@lemoyne.edu/01cc9933
Functionalist View
Compulsory Education Does 2
Things
Transmitting Culture
--transmits the dominant culture,
exposing young people to the
existing beliefs, norms, and values
of their culture.
Promoting Social and Political
Integration
--Education transforms a diverse
population into a society whose http://www.ailf.org/exhibit/ex_caricature.htm
members share a common identity. +
Source: Schaefer 2004
http://www.ailf.org/exhibit/ex_caricature.htm Functionalist View
Land-Grant And State College System
Morrill Acts (1862, 1890)
federal lands given to each state for establishment of colleges
Mission: teach agriculture and the mechanic arts
emphasis on pragmatics, (not classics as taught at private
universities)
1887 Hatch Act- funding
based on # of farmers in state
???
1914 Smith-Lever Act-
Cooperative Extension Service
- disseminate research to
agricultural stations
Also make higher education
more widely available
http://www.suny.edu/student/campuses_map.cfm (Source: Rahm 2004)
Post Standard Tuesday July 8, 2003 A-8
Back
From Burtless 2006. Income supports for Workers. in Holzer and Nightengale
2006. Reshaping the American Workforce in a Changing Economy. P.239-271
Government-University-Private
Partnership
Morrill’s Mission of Research,
Teaching, and Extension
(Service/fiduciary responsibility)
modified.
Farm population Dropped
Private Sector Shift from Farming to
Industry
R&D for military, international
industry competitiveness
(Commercialization of Research)
http://www.suny.edu/student/campuses_map.cfm
Fiduciary--> Financial incentive +
(Source: Rahm 2004)
Who Is An ERISA Fiduciary?
A fiduciary is an party who holds assets and
can make decisions for another party with
regards to financial matters. The fiduciary role
is an extremely important one for any
retirement plan and is well defined under
ERISA .
http://www.erisalawfirm.com/faq/definition_o
f_a_fiduciary.asp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._F
erguson
Race and Class Inequality
1896 Plessy v. Fergueson
(separate but equal trains ~ schools is OK)
1954 Brown v Board of Ed.
Educational separation in the
(separate but equal is unequal) US prior to Brown
1971 Busing
1960’s Affirmative Action,
1978 Univ. Calif v. Bakke
2003 Univ Michigan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education
(Source: Rahm 2004)
Conflict Perspective
Schools as a Contested Site
•Education as an instrument of elite
domination.
•Schools seen as reinforcing
existing social class inequality.
•Convincing subordinate
groups of their inferiority.+
http://cnyvitals.org/onondaga/education/grade-8-mathematics-scores http://www.google.com/imgres?q=we+don%27t+need+no+education&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1280&bih=631&tbm=isch&tbnid=sopHVYjRy123UM:&imgrefurl=http://www.demotivationalposters.org/we-dont-need-no-education-we-don-t-need-no-education-double-
demotivational-posters-95933.html&docid=Z5Vcp3p17ymvbM&imgurl=http://www.demotivationalposters.org/image/demotivational-poster/1003/we-dont-need-no-education-we-don-t-need-no-education-double-demotivational-poster-
1269683302.jpg&w=640&h=388&ei=5p6yToWBDOf40gGKgrnNBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=315&vpy=154&dur=156&hovh=175&hovw=288&tx=187&ty=137&sig=116910733075290489952&page=1&tbnh=100&tbnw=165&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=we+don%27t+need+no+education&u
m=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1280&bih=631&tbm=isch&tbnid=wJw7V1aw http://www.google.com/imgres?q=we+don%27t+need+no+education&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1280&bih=631&tbm=isch&tbnid=wDUWhfTiEBczRM:&imgrefurl=http://workingthejob.blogspot.com/2010/11/we-dont-need-no-
education.html&docid=VUCA4bMDDbxqHM&imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_1-31eyeTik0/TOiEtGR1OdI/AAAAAAAAACM/Hk2gnm1ugmo/s1600/Brick2-
dZ_Z5M:&imgrefurl=http://justwilliam1959.wordpress.com/2010/12/14
/we-dont-need-no-education-we-dont-need-no-thought-
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=schools+conflict+perspective+oppression&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=631&tbm=isch&tbnid=mN2GWU3PutHomM:&imgrefurl=http://www.gonzotimes.com/2011/08/being-an-anarchist-in-a-catholic-
school/&docid=INLWrjkEb5uh4M&imgurl=http://www.gonzotimes.com/wp-
Source: Schaefer 2004
4.JPG&w=1280&h=720&ei=5p6yToWBDOf40gGKgrnNBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=428&vpy=303&dur=2075&hovh=168&hovw=300&tx=171&ty=72&sig=116910733075290489952&page=1&tbnh=140&tbnw=206&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0
content/uploads/2011/08/pedagogy_of_the_oppressed1.jpg&w=300&h=286&ei=TJ6yTpyLI6f00gHUnuHCBA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=312&sig=116910733075290489952&page=4&tbnh=127&tbnw=133&start=65&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:65&tx=58&ty=25
Religion and Schools http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/01/28/limiting-f ree-sp eech-14 -religio us-edu cation-in-public-schoo ls/
1947 Everson v. Board of Ed (could use tax $ to
bus to Parochial Schools)
1962 Engle v. Vitale (non-denominational prayer
violates separation of church & state)
2002 Zelman v.
Simmons-Harris
(Vouchers to Parochial
Schools constitutional)
Creationism v
Evolution http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/01/28/limiting-free-speech-14-religious-education-in-public-schools/
(Source: Rahm 2004)
Le Moyne has the Roper database through
Lexis-Nexis.
http://www.lemoyne.edu/library/resources/titl
es/public_opinion_online.htm
The library has a Feb & March trial version of
the Gallup Brain: the Gallup Poll's online
product.
The direct URL is
http://www.lemoyne.edu/library/resources/titl
es/gallup_brain.htm
School Quality Debate
Baker Article
US HS since inception in early 1900’s both
a blessing a bane.
How do you personally think of US high
schools?
Continue from here….
(Source: Rahm 2004)
Baker
• Blessing (1900’s-50): • Bane (post 1950s):
• Exemplary World • Broken Institution in
Model Need of Reform
• Rational • Social Decline
• Bureaucratic • Persistent Poverty
Is this your experience?
• Robust
• Progressive and
• Racial Disparities
• Educational Failure in
modern urban communities
• Met demands of • Looks Weak in Int’l
industrial-urban society Comparison
Declining
performance in
comparison to other
nations and
domestically, as
measured by
standardized tests.
Where an “Average” School gets its
Funds.
Local funds raised via property taxes --> inequalities.
Many localities unable to fund solutions.
Suggests need for national involvement in policy
response. (Source: Rahm 2004)
As a Result
Shift from end of 1970’s great
opposition to Federal involvement in K-12 http://www.niuzer.com/Greeley-CO/Republican-candidates-assail-
Dept.-of-Education-Returning-to-Reagan-roots-candidates-vow-to-
dismantle-Federal-department-7386118.html
Reagan attempted to eliminate the Federal
Department of Education and return control to
localities.
Bush re-invigorated Federal
involvement (though he didn’t
necessarily provide funding for
his mandates)
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=george+bush+no+child+left+behind&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=631&tbm=isch&tbnid=DoDHgBXX2MkFHM:&imgrefurl=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/gallery/2010/11/05/GA2010110502574.html&docid=HWTDrj3tqy9JCM&imgurl=http://media3.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/gallery/101104/GAL-10Nov04-6320/media/PHO-10Nov04-
266054.jpg&w=1024&h=926&ei=Kp2yTtfGO8Tw0gH88_SwBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=894&vpy=137&dur=187&hovh=213&hovw=236&tx=115&ty=113&sig=116910733075290489952&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=147&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0
(Source: Rahm 2004)
Quality of Schools I
Bush: No Child Left Behind Act 2002
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=george+bush+no+child+left+behind&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=631&tbm=isch&tbnid=DoDHgBXX2MkFHM:&imgrefurl=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/gallery/2010/11/05/GA2010110502574.html&docid=HWTDrj3t
promised stronger federal
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government role in k-12 (increased funding)
mandates yearly testing in grades 3-8
provides mechanism for students to transfer out of
failing schools
recruitment of more math, science, and special ed
teachers (via forgiving loans for 5-year teaching
commitment to poor schools)
(Drastic Shift from Reagan)
(Source: Rahm 2004)
Ideas in Quality of Schools Debate
1. Pay increases for teachers
2. National Qualifications and
Testing for Teachers
3. Testing Student School test Trouble
Digital Video Clip
Performance
4. Charter Schools
5. Mechanisms to allow
parents to move children
Voucher Video Clip – a
out of failing schools direct implication for
(vouchers) – see reading Catholic schools
(Source: Rahm 2004)
Film clip, vouchers and schools.
1. How do Vouchers work?
2. How might they impact Catholic Schools?
According to video, what would happen to their
enrollment?
3. What do you see as pros and cons of
vouchers? To political cartoon…
Supreme Court and vouchers
http://www.solidarity.com/HKCARTOONS/teachertoons/mikevouchers1.html
Quality of Schools II
School Choice
Pro:
current inequality and
monopoly
economically disadvantaged
parents
Con:
collapse of free universal
public school system,
especially if vouchers used
for private schools…..church
and state? (Source: Rahm 2004)
From here on not on exam.
On to video of suburban creation and service
learning.
Politically Correct Cartoons
http://www.conse
rvativecartoons.co
m/cartoon.php?to
on=voucher.gif&
year=1998
http://www.conservativecartoons.com/archives.php?year=1998
Left off here 10-7-04
The Gallup Poll 1971 Return
http://0-institution.gallup.com.library.lemoyne.edu/searchresults.aspx?tab=search&stext=Catholics&startdate=&enddate=&criteria=all
Following cartoon (introduces all the main
players for today) as well as Helps us review
Jansson’s 6 aspects of policy strategy for the
exam. (Question 13)
What can you identify? All 7 are here though
some less visible (i.e. in the background).
Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Policy Strategy
1. Constitutions
2. Public policies
3. Budget and spending programs
4. Court decisions
5. Stated or implied objectives
6. Rules, Procedures, and Regulations
7. (Evaluation)?
Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Policy Strategy
1. Constitutions
education is not a federal constitutional right,
though many state constitutions guarantee it.
2. Public policies
states and localities hold primary responsibility
for Elementary and Secondary ed policies.
run by School Districts, separate gvt units
14,000 in the US
some Federal Involvement
1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Title
1--Federal aid to low income/SES schools
Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Policy Strategy
3. Budget and spending programs
not a large expense for the federal government
the single largest area of expenditures for the
states
(~1/3+ of state expenditure goes to elementary and
higher ed)
(Source: Rahm 2004)
Where would you place Federal Contributions?
(Source: Rahm 2004)
Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Policy Strategy
4. Court decisions
Cleveland Schools, Supreme Court Case (big man)
Public $ for Private Religious Schools
5. Stated or implied objectives
campaign issues Winerip etc.
No Child Left Behind “School Choice”
6. Rules, Procedures, and Regulations
the specifics of how districts can and cannot run schools. At the
center of the cartoon.
7. (Evaluation)?
Baker and Winerip readings
Supreme Court and vouchers
http://www.solidarity.com/HKCARTOONS/teachertoons/mikevouchers1.htm
l
Winerip on Vouchers?
The Evaluation Component.
The Importance of Following Scientific
Method. Replication of research.