UNIVERSIDAD LATINA DE PANAMÁ
DAVID BRANCH
ENGLISH CAREER
COURSE:
GRAMMAR II
PROFESSOR
LUISSANA GÓMEZ L.
FEBRUARY, 2012
This English Grammar course pretends to encourage the
students to put in practice the grammar structure with sentences
completion and error correction items, both of which represent
common structures found in conversational, professional, and
academic English settings.
During the course, the participants will active their
understanding of what grammar is and how it works in the
language they already know. In the communicative competence,
the purpose of learning grammar is to learn the language of
which the grammar is a part. The students will develop different
workshops in order the put in practice the grammar structure in
writing sentences, dialogues, readings, narratives, and so on, that
they can make in group during the class.
CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES
INDEX
Introduction 4
Week 1 7
Simple present 8
Week 2 13
Simple past 14
Week 3 19
Future 20
Week 4 25
Comparative adjectives 26
Annex 30
Bibliography 31
INTRODUCTION
Many countries around the world have adopted the English Language
as their second language. They used it in different fields for communicate a
message or send any product to another country; therefore, many people
are interesting for learning and speaking English as a good way to get a
better job.
As all languages, English language also has its grammar structure;
however, the learners get mad when they hear the word GRAMMAR
because of they think it is so complicated. But, English language is very
interesting and if you put all of you for learning it, you will receive
successful results.
The Grammar studies the rules and particles that regulate the use of
languages and the organization of the words into a sentence. Moreover,
grammar is part of the general study of a determine language known as
Linguistics.
The study of a language is divided in f25or important levels:
Phonetics and phonology level2
Syntax and morphological level
Lexical and semantic level
Pragmatic level
This document, according to the program of Grammar II b provides you
some workshops that can help you to understand the application of
grammar tenses as present, past, progressive, future tenses, auxiliaries,
comparative adjectives and so on.
Don’t be afraid, I am sure you will enjoy practicing
English Grammar.
The present tense form may be used to express action in the present, a current state of
being, an occurrence in the future, or an action that started in the past and continues.
The present simple or simple present is used in several ways:
to describe both habits and or routines (habitual aspect) (I eat breakfast every morning at 6:30;
I go to work every day), and general facts or the truth (The earth revolves around the sun);
to present thoughts, feelings, and other unchanging states (stative aspect) (I think so; I like it; It
is hot; The sun always shines in the desert);
to indicate scheduled events in the near future (so that the simple “present” verb form actually
indicates future tense) (I take the train tomorrow at 6:00);
to indicate events at any time in the future in a dependent clause (I’ll retire when I reach age
65);
to provide narratives such as instructional narratives (Now I mix the ingredients; now I put the
pan in the oven).
In the present simple, English uses the verb without an ending (I get the
lunch ready at one o’clock, usually.) except that in the third person singular,
(after he, she, it, your friend, etc.) the suffix -s or -es is appended to the verb
(It gets busy on the weekends; Sarah catches the early train).
The present simple tense is often used with adverbs of repeated time, as in
these examples with the adverbs shown in italics:
I never come to school by cycle.
He always forgets to do his homework.
I never catch the late bus home.
The emphatic present: The present tense can be expressed with emphasis
by using the auxiliary verb do and the uninflected main verb, (I do walk, He
does walk).
The simple present tense is one of the most common tenses in
English.
1. Forming the simple present tense
There are only two basic forms for the simple present tense; one
ends with -s and the other doesn't. Here are the rules, using the
example verb "sing":
In other words, only THIRD PERSON SINGULAR subjects (he,
she and it) have to have a verb with -S.
2. -s or -es ?
With most verbs, the third person singular form is
created simply by adding -S. However, with some
verbs, you need to add -ES or change the ending a
little. Here are the rules:
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/pres1.htm
WORKSHOP Present Tense Exercise #1
Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb OR the correct
“helping” verb.
A. AFFIRMATIVE (use the verb “to walk”)
1. I ____________ to school every day.
2. You ____________ to school every day.
3. He/She/It ____________ to school every day.
4. They ____________ to school every day.
5. We ____________ to school every day.
B. NEGATIVE (use the verb “to walk”)
6. I ____________ walk to school every day.
7. You don’t ____________ to school every day.
8. He/She/It ____________ walk to school every day.
9. They ____________walk to school every day.
10. We don’t ____________ to school every day.
C. YES/NO QUESTIONS (use the verb “to walk”)
11. Do I ____________ to school every day?
12. ____________ you walk to school every day?
13. Does he/she/it ____________ to school every day?
14. ____________ they walk to school every day?
15. Do we ____________ to school every day?
D. SHORT ANSWERS)
16. Yes, I ____________. 17. No, I _______________.
18. Yes, you ____________. 19. No, you ____________.
20. Yes, he/she/it ____________. 21. No, he/she/it ____________.
22. Yes, we ____________. 23. No, we ____________.
24. Yes, they ____________. 25. No, they ____________.
E. WH—QUESTIONS
26. When do you ___________ to school every day?
27. Why do ___________ walk to school every day?
28. Where ___________ she go to school every day?
29. How does ___________ get to school every day?
30. What ___________ they do in school every day?
Courtesy of www.teaching-esl-to-adults.com
FOR MORE PRACTICES, VISIT: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-present-1
If you feel confuse,
Remember, on the platform you can find a
lot of documents that can help you to
understand this unit.
And the most important, your Teacher is
here to help you!
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time
in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do
have one specific time in mind.
The Simple Past in English may look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning
may be different.
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration
is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all
day, all year, etc.
Simple past, regular verbs
Affirmative
Subject verb
+ ed
I washed
Negative
Subject did not infinitive without to
They didn’t visit …
Interrogative
Did subject infinitive without to
Did she arrive…?
Interrogative negative
Did not subject infinitive without to
Didn’t you like..?
Pronunciation
If the base verb ends in /d/ or /t/, the regular past-tense ending -ed is pronounced /ɨ d/; after
all other unvoiced consonants it becomes /t/, and in all remaining cases (other voiced
consonants and vowels) it is pronounced /d/.
Form: regular verbs
The simple past is formed by adding -ed to the end of an infinitive and then removing the
to, for example:
to play becomes played
Verbs ending in -e add -d instead, for example:
to place becomes placed
Verbs ending in a consonant, containing one vowel and having one syllable add a second of
the last consonant and then -ed, whilst also removing the to to form the simple past, for
example:
to stop becomes stopped
Verbs of which the final letter is -y replace the y with an i. For example:
to try becomes tried
VERB TENSE EXERCISE
PRESENT AND PAST TENSE REVIEW
USING THE WORDS IN PARENTHESES, COMPLETE THE TEXT BELOW WITH
THE APPROPRIATE TENSES
Lars: Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?
Tony: We (wait) for the new Stars Wars movie. In fact, we (wait)
here for more than five hours.
Lars: Five hours? When did you arrive?
Tony: We (get) here at 6:00 o'clock this morning. More than forty people (stand,
already) here waiting for tickets when we arrived.
Lars: I can't believe that! Are you serious?
Tony: Yeah, people (take) Star Wars movies seriously. In fact, this particular showing
has been sold out for over a week. We (wait, just) in line to get a good seat in the
theater.
Lars: When did you buy your tickets?
Tony: I (buy) them last week by phone. I (know) tickets would be hard
to get because I (see) a news interview with a group of people standing in line to get
tickets. They (wait) in line for almost a month to buy tickets for the first showing.
Lars: I don't believe that!
Tony: It's true. They (camp) out in front of Mann's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles
for about a month because they (want) to be the first people to see the movie
.
You learn something every day if
you pay attention.
~Ray LeBlond
Fill in the puzzle with the simple past tense forms of the verbs in the clues. After group the verbs
into regular vs. irregular verbs
Simple Future-Will: Decisions - to make decisions that are made at the time of
speaking.
Desire - Willingness - to state desire or willingness for something or someone.
Facts - to state a fact about the future.
My teacher will be happy, the whole class passed the test.
The phone bill will be very very high, my father will be very upset.
Predict - to predicate a future event or action..
Formal Statements - to make a formal statement about a future action or event
Suggestions - to make suggestions or state ideas.
Request - to make a request.
Positive Sentences
Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb + Continue
"will"
She will go to the doctor.
Negative Sentences
Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Not + Main Verb + Continue
"will"
She will not go to the doctor.
Future-Going to:
Planned Events - When a future event that has been planned before the time of
speaking.
Predictions - To make a future prediction based on facts.
Intentions - To state the something that is intended to take place in the future, in
informal conversations.
Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb + continue
"to be" "going to"
They are going to university next year.
WORKSHOP
Look at these sentences and questions with will.
She’ll call back in an hour. OK. I’ll call her later.
I won’t call before noon.
Will you come at 6:00? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
When will Gary arrive? At 10:00.
FIGURE IT OUT . . .
Complete these statements.
1. Use ____________ and the base form of a verb to talk about the future.
2. Won’t is the contraction of ____________.
3. Yes / no questions in the future tense begin with the auxiliary verb ____________.
4. In information questions in the future tense, the ____________ comes between will
and the base form of a verb.
CONTRACTIONS WITH WILL
Practice with a partner. Take turns reading the following sentences out loud.
Note the pronunciation of the contraction of will. Follow the stress patterns.
1. I’ll be at the hotel at nine.
. __ . . . __ . __
2. I’ll call you after seven.
. __ . . . __ .
3. He’ll meet you at the hotel.
. __ . . . . __
4. She’ll meet you at the restaurant.
. __ . . . __ . .
5. She’ll call you after the meeting.
. __ . . . . __ .
6. He’ll be at the restaurant before six.
. __ . . __ . . . . __
7. We’ll send you an e-mail.
. __ . . __ .
8. We’ll fax you the bill.
. __ . . __
9. They’ll need a reservation.
. __ . . . __ .
10. They’ll want a larger room.
. __ . . . __
We use the comparative adjectives to
compare two persons, places, events
or things.
In English, some comparisons are
regular, like the ones that add -(i)er ,
more and less. And some are irregular,
like good-better.
Mary is taller than Max.
Max is older than John.
My hair is longer than your hair.
Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -
est and with more and most.
Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form
clever cleverer
clever more clever
gentle gentler
gentle more gentle
friendly friendlier
friendly more friendly
quiet quieter
quiet more quiet
simple simpler
simple more simple
Irregular adjectives.
Irregular Adjective Comparative Form
good better
bad worse
far farther
little less
many more
Adjectives with three or more syllables.
For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the
superlative with most.
Adjective with Three or More Syllables Comparative Form
generous more generous
important more important
intelligent more intelligent
Live as if you were to die tomorrow.
Learn as if you were to live forever.
- Gandhi
Proof yourself
G
1. Apples are than chips. (healthy)
2. Elephants are (big) than bears.
O
3. Gold is than silver. (expensive)
O
4. Bikes are than cars. (slow)
5. I am at English than my brother .(good)
D
6. My friend is than me. (tall)
7. Sandy is than Tamara. (thin)
8. My father is than Tom's father. (strong)
9. "Harry Potter "books are than "The Book of the Jungle". L
(interesting)
10. The tiger is than a fox .(heavy) U
11. The weather is than yesterday . (hot)
C
12. The girls are than the boys. (happy)
13. Berta is than Debby.(beautiful) K
14.French is than English. (difficult)
15. Tina is 5 years old. Sandra is 10 years old. Sandra is than
Tina.(old)
16. Russia is than France. (large)
17. I am at maths than my best friend (bad)
18. Love is than money.(important)
19. His car is than mine. (cheap)
20. The first movie is than the second.I don't recommend
it. (boring)
I was >
You were > The past progressive is formed with
He was > the past of be + the -ing form.
She was >
It was > waiting.
We were >
You were >
They were >
Uses of the Past Progressive Tense
1. Actions in progress in the past
We use the Past Progressive to describe past situations or actions that were in progress at
some time in the past:
I was living abroad in 1987, so I missed the general election.
Often we don't know whether the action was completed or not:
Philippa was working on her essay last night.
Adverbials beginning with all emphasize continuity:
It was raining all night/all yesterday/all the afternoon.
In the same way, still can emphasize duration:
Jim was talking to his girlfriend on the phone when I came in and was still talking
to her when I went out an hour later.
2. Actions which began before something else happened
The Past Progressive and the Simple Past are often used together in a sentence. The Past
Progressive describes a situation or action in progress in the past, and the Simple Past
describes a shorter action or event. The action or situation in progress is often introduced by
conjunctions like when and as, just as, while:
Just as I was leaving the house, the phone rang.
Jane met Frank Sinatra when she was living in Hollywood.
Or the shorter action can be introduced by when:
We were having supper when the phone rang.
We can often use the Simple Past to describe the action in progress, but the Progressive
puts more emphasis on the duration of the action, as in the second of these two examples:
While I fumbled for some money, my friend paid the fares.
While I was fumbling for some money, my friend paid the fares.
3. Parallel actions
We can emphasize the fact that two or more actions were in progress at the same time by
using e.g. while or at the time (that):
While I was working in the garden, my wife was cooking dinner.
4. Repeated actions
This use is similar to that of the Present Progressive:
When he worked here, Roger was always making mistakes.
5. Polite inquiries
This use is even more polite and tentative than the Simple Past:
I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
www.eslflow.com
Pronunciation Activity
USED TO
A. Practice with a partner. Take turns saying each statement out loud.
1. I used to like fast foods.
2. I used to like big dinners.
3. We used to listen to jazz.
4. We used to go running on the weekend.
5. My brother used to eat a lot of sweets.
6. My brother used to eat fatty foods.
7. My sister used to go out to restaurants a lot.
8. My sister used to study French.
9. My mother and father used to live in an apartment.
10. My mother and father used to walk in the park every day.
B. Read each statement out loud again. This time, change each statement to a
negative statement. Note the reduced /u/ to /ə/ in to.
Present Simple Positive with other verbs
Make positive present simple sentences:
1. (he / go to school every day)
_____He goes to school every day___________________________________
2. (I / like swimming)
__________________________________________________________________
3. (you / play badminton on Saturdays)
__________________________________________________________________
4. (the class / begin at 9 a.m.)
__________________________________________________________________
5. (they / sometimes go to the cinema)
__________________________________________________________________
6. (she / love chocolate)
__________________________________________________________________
7. (we / study French)
__________________________________________________________________
8. (they / live in London)
__________________________________________________________________
9. (he / work in a restaurant)
__________________________________________________________________
10. (Lucy / play the guitar)
__________________________________________________________________
11. (we / cook every day)
__________________________________________________________________
12. (he / clean the house at the weekends)
__________________________________________________________________
13. (I / like reading detective stories)
__________________________________________________________________
14. (you / come from France)
__________________________________________________________________
15. (John and David / often go to restaurants)
__________________________________________________________________
16. (Susie / study English every night)
__________________________________________________________________
17. (the train / leave at 6 p.m.)
__________________________________________________________________
18. (we / go to the park on Sundays)
__________________________________________________________________
19. (he / likes taking photographs)
__________________________________________________________________
20. (the moon / go round the earth)
__________________________________________________________________
© 2008 www.perfect-english-grammar.com
May be freely copied for personal or classroom use.
Present Simple or Simple Future
Put the verb into either the present simple or the simple future tense:
available on www.perfect-english-grammar.com
1. I’ll call you when I ________ (arrive) at my hotel.
2. He ________ (text) you as soon as he’s on the bus.
3. Let’s eat dinner when John ________ (get) here.
4. Julie ________ (be) late tomorrow evening, so I’ve booked a table at a
restaurant for 10pm.
5. As soon as I ________ (be) able to, I’m going to get a new job.
6. Please wait here until the nurse ________ (call) you.
7. I ________ (get) up early tomorrow morning and finish the report then.
8. Before you ________ (leave), please make sure you’ve locked the door.
9. She ________ (let) us know later, when she’s ready to leave.
10. I must clean the kitchen before my mother ________ (get) here.
11. I ________ (come) to meet you at the station next weekend.
12. I ________ (wait) until you’re finished – then we can go.
13. John will study until he ________ (know) all the answers.
14. She thinks that it ________ (rain) next weekend.
15. What do you want to do after the class ________ (finish)?
16. I think that the Democrats ________ (win) the next election.
17. Jenny will come here after she ________ (finish) work.
18. She’s going to look for a job as soon as she ________ (arrive) in London.
19. I ________ (give) up smoking!
20. She ________ (send) me an email before she leaves the office later today.
Spelling Changes with Present Simple ‘S’
Put the verb into the present simple. Be sure you spell it correctly!
1. She __________________ (play) tennis every Sunday.
2. He __________________ (buy) a cup of coffee every morning.
3. Julie __________________ (study) French at school.
4. Luke __________________ (try) hard to be polite.
5. She __________________ (enjoy) going swimming.
6. Lucy __________________ (wash) her hair every day.
7. John never __________________ (cry).
8. My mother always __________________ (say) that love is more important than
money.
9. I hope Julie __________________ (pass) the exam.
10. The plane __________________ (fly) low over the airport.
Past Simple or Past Continuous?
Choose the past simple or past continuous:
1. He _________________________ (sleep) when the doorbell
_________________________ (ring).
2. We _________________________ (eat) dinner at 8pm last night (we started
eating at 7:30).
3. Yesterday I _________________________ (go) to the post office,
_________________________ (buy) some fruit at the supermarket and
_________________________ (read) a book in the park in the afternoon.
4. We _________________________ (watch) TV when we
_________________________ (hear) a loud noise.
5. Julie _________________________ (be) in the garden when Laurence
_________________________ (arrive).
6. A: What _________________________ (you / do) at 3pm yesterday?
B: I _________________________ (clean) my house.
7. Last year I _________________________ (visit) Paris and Rome.
8. They _________________________ (have) dinner when the police
_________________________ (come) to the door.
9. He _________________________ (work) in the garden when he
_________________________ (find) the money.
10. Laura _________________________ (study) at 11pm last night.
11. I _________________________ (walk) along the road when I
_________________________ (meet) an old friend.
12. It _________________________ (be) a day in December. Snow
_________________________ (fall), children _________________________
(sing) carols and people _________________________ (do) their Christmas
shopping.
13. My ex-boyfriend _________________________ (be) so annoying! He
_________________________ (always / miss) the bus and
_________________________ (arrive) late.
14. When I _________________________ (call) Julie, she
_________________________ (work).
15. Why _________________________ (you / cry) when I
_________________________ (arrive)?
16. When he _________________________ (get) home, we started to eat dinner.
17. At 10am yesterday I _________________________ (sit) on a bus.
18. I _________________________ (enjoy) my book so much that I
_________________________ (not / notice) the train had stopped.
19. David _________________________ (not / sleep) when I
_________________________ (arrive), he _________________________
(study)!
20. Mr Black _________________________ (not / work) in the garden at 10pm
last night.
Future Simple Questions Exercise
Make future simple questions:
1. ____________________ (they / come) tomorrow?
2. When ____________________ (you / get) back?
3. If you lose your job, what ____________________ (you / do)?
4. In your opinion, ____________________ (she / be) a good teacher?
5. What time ____________________ (the sun / set) today?
6. ____________________ (she / get) the job, do you think?
7. ____________________ (David / be) at home this evening?
8. What ____________________ (the weather / be) like tomorrow?
9. There’s someone at the door, ____________________ (you / get) it?
10. How ____________________ (he / get) here?
Future Continuous Exercise
1. I ___________________________ (not/read).
2. You ___________________________ (sleep), will you?
3. We ___________________________ (work).
4. Julie ___________________________ (not/ watch) a film.
5. It ___________________________ (snow).
6. We ________________________ (get) ready to go out.
7. They ________________________ (not/ meet) their parents.
8. He ________________________ (study) in the library.
9. She ________________________ (exercise) at the gym.
10. I ________________________ (sleep).
COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
Exercises
1) She’s much __________ her husband. (young)
2) It’s a __________ day _____ yesterday. (warm)
3) The vegetables in the shop are __________ _____ the one ones in the supermarket.
(fresh)
4) The train is __________ _____ the bus (expensive)
5) The new TV programme is __________ _____ the old one. (funny)
6) Mrs. Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr. Andrews. (good)
7) My office is __________ _____ Helen’s. (near)
8) The traffic is _______________ it was last year. (noisy)
9) You have a __________ life _____ I have. (busy)
10) Drivers in this country are _______________________ _____ drivers in my country.
(dangerous)
11) The exam today was _______________ _____ last year’s exam. (difficult)
12) She’s __________ _____ her sister. (smart)
13) Micheal is __________ _____ than Mathew. (Rich)
14) The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before. (intelligent)
15) Her second book is _______________ _____ her first one. (interesting)
http://www.inglestotal.com/comparative-form/
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Simple Present. Available on http://www.english4today.com/usr/video/ytv/?p=79
Simple Past. Available on http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.html
Future Tense. Available on http://www.english-the-easy-way.com/future-verb-
tense/future-simple-verb-tense-qgoing-toq
Adjectives. Available on http://www.eflnet.com/tutorials/adjcompsup.php
Verbs. Available on
http://www.znanje.org/knjige/english/grammar/verbs/pastprogress.htm
Comparative Form Adjectives. Available on
http://www.inglestotal.com/comparative-form/
Perfect English Grammar. www.perfect-english-grammar.com
Worksheet. www.eslflow.com
CD-ROM Extra Activities. http://www.pearsonlongman.com/topnotch1e/