Get documents about "Essay Outlining
Document Sample
Essay Outlining
• An essay is longer and more complex than
a paragraph
• Making an outline might help you to
organize your thoughts and to plan your
essay before you begin to write.
• For an example, please see p. (84 & 85)
Essay outline (p. 85)
• Look at the examples and answer the
following questions:
1. How many paragraphs will essay (2)
include?
2. How many paragraphs are in the body of
the essay?
Transitional Signals Between Paragraphs
• Transition signals are used not only within a
single paragraph, but also between paragraphs.
• Transition signals help to show the relationship
between the different parts of an essay.
• They function as the ‘links of a chain’ because
they hold the paragraphs of one essay together
and link all the ideas together.
Transition Signals- continued
• Notice!
- you link the first and second paragraphs by
adding a transition signal to the …(second
paragraph)
* The transition signal could be:
- A single word
- A phrase
- A dependent clause that repeats or summarizes
the main idea in the first paragraph.
Types of Transition Signals (p.87 & 88)
• Introduction: Topic Sentence
---------------------------------------------------------------------
B • Transition word: The first advantage is…
• Transition word: The second advantage is..
O • Transition phrase:
- In addition to increased output and worker satisfaction,
D factory managers report that …
• Transition clause:
Y - Although flextime has produced these three positive results
in some industries, it is not as a advantageous in all types of
businesses.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
• Conclusion: To summarize, to conclude, to sum- up,. etc.
Practice 6 + 7 (p. 87& 88)
• A. Connect the ideas in the following
paragraphs by adding a transition word,
phrase, or clause to the topic sentences of
the second, third, fourth, and fifth
paragraphs.
*Try to vary the linking expressions that you
use
Essay Writing Process (Continued)
• Writing a good essay takes time and
effort.
• See p. (89-92) for a model on how one
student worked through the process of
writing and revising drafts of a multi-
paragraphs essay before arriving at the
final copy.
Essay so far! (Review of main points)
• 1. An essay has three main parts: an introduction, a
body, and a conclusion.
• 2. The introductory paragraph: attracts the reader’s
attention and informs the reader what your main topic of
discussion will be. (General statements+ Thesis)
• 3. The body: discusses your subdivided topics one by
one.
• 4. The concluding paragraph (a concluding transition
signal + a summary or restatement)
• _________________
• Transitional signals …to show the relationships
between the paragraphs.
• Outlining an essay …to organize your ideas before you
start writing l.
• P.S. : See essay checklist p. 94
General Statements
Introductory P.
Thesis Statement
Topic sentence
Supporting sentence
P1
An Essay Concluding sentences
Topic sentence
P2
Supporting sentences
Concluding sentence
Topic sentence
P3
Supporting sentences
Concluding sentence
Concluding P.
Restatement
Essay Organization
Essay Organization is: the Arrangement of an
essay’s parts to form an effective whole which
communicates your thoughts more clearly, more
effectively, and more interestingly.
* (You simply decide what information belongs in
each paragraph, and then in what order you
should arrange the paragraphs.)
Patterns of Essay Organization
You can organize your essay by using one of
four patterns:
1. Chronological Order
2. Logical Division
3. Cause and Effect
4. Comparison and Contrast
Patterns of Essay Organization
You can organize your essay by using one of
four patterns:
1. Chronological Order
Essay Organization
by Chronological Order
• Chronological order: List of events in order
of their occurrence order by time
Usage:
- Technical process essays
- Instructive (How to) essays
- History, biography, auto-biography, etc.
- (List of events over a period of time)
Essay Organization
by Chronological Order
• See p. 8-9 for a model essay based on
chronological order organization and
answer the following questions:
1. Underline the thesis statement twice.
2. Underline the topic sentence of each
paragraph.
3. Underline the passive verb forms.
4. Circle the transition signals.
• Why do you think there are a lot
of passive verb forms in this
essay p. (8-9)?
• Ex. The hot water is circulated…
• A General Outline to Write an
Organized Process Essay
(p. 98)
Organization
• 1. Introduction: (an overview on the process)
• A. Give a definition of the process.
• Explain why the process is performed
• By whom it is performed
• In what way it is performed
• B. List the equipment, supplies, etc., needed
in the process.
• C. List the main steps of the process in the
order they are performed.
• 2. Body
• A. Write a topic sentence to introduce the
first step.
1. Define the step and state its purpose.
2. Describe the apparatus or equipment
used.
3. Divide the main step into as many details as
necessary.
B. For all subsequent steps, follow the same
genreral procedure outlined above until you
have explained all of the steps.
• 3. Conclusion
Summarize the essay by:
- Restating what the steps of the process
- How it operates
- Why it is important.
* The conclusion repeats the informaiton
given in the body of the essay, without
going into specific details.
• Process essay: passive form
• How to essays:
- imperatives (fold) +
- second-singular verb forms (you should….)
• Events over a time (biography, history,
.etc.):
• You will write about events in the order that they happen.
• Your paragraphs will be blocks of time: morning, afternoon,
and night/ before…, and after…
• Time expressions are needed in all types!
Practice! (p. 99)
• Write a thesis statement for one of the
topics in each group:
• 1. Scientific/technical processes
• 2. Instructions/directions
• 3. Chronologies
Writing Practice!
• Choose one of the topics from practice 7 above and write an
essay using chronological order as a method of organization.
Please follow these steps to success:
1. Brainstrom by freewriting, listing, or clustering all the steps in your
process or events in your chronology.
2. Draw a simple diagram or flow chart which shows the steps and
substeps in the process of chronology.
3. Develop an outline from your flow chart. Use the outline on page 89
as a guide.
4. Write your first draft from your outline. Be sure to use chronological
transition signals.
5. Revise your rough draft as you have learned in Chapter 7. Check
your final copy against the essay Checklist on p. 94
Essay Organization:
2. (Logical Division)
• Grouping related items according to some quality they
have in common.
• A broad subject can be subdivided into several
categories or groups that will narrow the topics for
discussion. Then, each subdivided topic can be
discussed in order. (e.g. Civil engineering/ electrical
engineering/ Space engineering/ mechanical
engineering, etc.)
• By dividing the field into subclasses, you can discuss
each one separately, which simplifies the task of
explaining a broad subject.
( Model: Essay, p. 101)
• Step1: Locate and underline the thesis statement twice.
How many subtopics does it list?
• Step2: Locate the main sentence in the concluding
paragraph and underline it twice. Is it a paraphrase of
the thesis statement or a summary of the main points?
• Step3: Underline the topic sentence in each paragraph.
• Step4: Notice the transition expressions between
paragraphs. Do all of the paragraphs contain one?
Practice 9, p. 102
• Transition between paragraphs:
• Copy the words, phrases or clauses that
serve as links between the six paragraphs
or the model essay.
Logical Division:
(Transition Signals and Thesis Statements)
- See p. 102 for transition signals.
- Example thesis statements:
• A college education is a necessary in today’s competitive world for
two main reasons. (subtopics not named)
• A college education is a necessary in today’s competitive world not
only because of the knowledge you gain but also because of the
personal contacts you make. (subtopics are named)
• To many men, an automobile symbolizes three things: money,
power, and success. (subtopics named)
Writing Practice: (p. 103)
• A. Write an essay in which you explain the influence of one culture
on another.
(Choose two cultures with which you are familiar.)
- You might discuss things such as: language, food, clothing, music,
family customs, business methods, educational methods, etc.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- B. Write an essay in which you discuss some of the customs or
traditions of your culture you wish to preserve as a part of your
lifestyle, such as food, religion, holidays, etc.
Essay Organization:
3. Cause and Effect
• In cause and effect essay, you discuss the
reasons of something, and then you
discuss the results.
• Examples for cause and effect essay examination (see p.
104)
Essay Organization:
3. Cause and Effect
• There are two ways of organizing a cause and effect essay: (1)
Block organization
• (2) Chain organization.
• 1. Block organization: you discuss all of the effects together as a
block.
• Causes Cause
Effects Effect
• 2. Chain organization: You discuss a Causes
• first cause and its effect, a second cause
• and its effect, and a third cause and its effect, in a chain.
Effect
Block or Chain?
• It depends on the topic!
• If complex and interrelated (not easy to divide
into cause and effect blocks), use chain cause
organization.
• In larger essays and when there is no direct
cause and effect relationship, use block style.
• In block organization, there is often a short
paragraph that separates the ‘causes’ part from
the ‘effects’ part. This is called a transition
paragraph.
Cause and effect
(Block Organization)
• The transition sentence can be placed at
the beginning of the next paragraph or at
the end of the previous one.
• See, p. 105 (step 1, 2 & 3)
Chain Organization
• - One event causes a second event, which
in turn causes a third event, which in turn
causes a fourth event, and so ,on.
• See model example p. 107.
Cause and Effect Structure Words
• Cause structure word:
- The first cause………………..
- The next reason…………………
- Because of……………………….
Effect structure words:
- The first effect……………………
- As a result…………………
- Therefore…………………………..
* Learn to use different ones so that you don’t always use
because or as a result in your sentence. See p. 108 &
109
• Cause structure word:
• For
• Because
• AS
• Resulted from
• Because of
• The effect of
• Consequence of
• The effect of
• As a result of
• As a consequence of
Effect structure words:
• As a result
• As a consequence
• Therefore,
• Thus,
• Consequently,
• Hence, etc.
See Writing practice p. 113
• Choose one of the suggested topics that follow and write an essay
that discusses it in terms of cause and effect. Use either block or
chain organization or a combination of both. If you use block
organization, be sure to insert a transition paragraph between the
two parts of the body of the essay.
• Topic suggestions:
- Cultural shock
- Pollution
- Inflation
- Stress
- Why women outlive men
- Rising divorce rate
- Sex discrimination/ racial discrimination
- Increasing life expectancy in a country
- The refugee problem
- Student Cheating.
Essay Organization
4. Comparison and Contrast
• - This form of organization is used frequently in college
work, and in business and the professions as well.
• - You can compare and contrast different things, but you
should observe that you compare and contrast things of
like nature. Or the compare and contrast will not be
valid: e.g (apples with bananas, not with pencils)
• A comparison answers the question:
‘What features do X and Y have in common?’ or
‘How X and Z are similar?’
• A contrast answers the question, ‘What are the
differences between X and Y’? Or,
‘How are X and Y different?’
Essay Organization
4. Comparison and Contrast
• Specific techniques to write good
comparison and contrast essays:
1. Appropriate use of comparison and
contrast structure words.
2. Logical organization of the points of
comparison and contrast.
3. See Model essay, p. 114 and answer the
questions
Essay Organization
4. Comparison and Contrast
There are words that introduce points of
comparison and points of contrast.
Comparison Structure Words:
• (table, p. 116)+ Examples+
• Practice 15 (Recognize Comparison Structure words.)
• Practice 16 ( Use Comparison Structure words)
Contrast Structure Vocabulary
• Contrast (Concessive) Structure Words)
• (table, p. 119) + Examples
• Contrast (Strong Opposition) Structure Words.
• (table + Examples
• Practice 17 (Recognizing Contrast Structure Words)
• Practice 18 (Using Contrast Structure Words)
•
Comparison and Contrast
Organization
• There are at least two ways to organize a
comparison and contrast essay:
- Block organization: (All the similarities in one block (can be in more than
one paragraph, and all the paragraphs in another block (which can be one
or more paragraphs) – You need a transitional paragraph here!
- Point by point organization
With this type of organization, as you discuss each feature of Y, refer back to
the same feature of X and use comparison and contrast structure vocabulary
to show whether they are the same of different.
• To compare two jobs for example, you might need to discuss points
such as: salary, fringe, opportunities for advancement, workplace
atmosphere.
• See model (1), p. 123
• See model (2), p. 123.
Comparison and Contrast
Organization
Summary so far!
1. Arrange your points of comparison and contrast in
logical order. Use either point- by- point or block
organization.
2. Use enough comparison and contrast strucutre
vocabulary to make points of comparison and contrast
very clear.
Essay Organization
(Comparison and Contrast)
• Choose one topic and discuss it in terms of comparison and
contrast. Use either point-by- point or block organization
• 1. Write your thesis statement at the top of your paper.
• 2. Brainstorm by using one of the prewriting techniques that you
prefer. (Use pre-writing activity)
• 3. Then, brainstorm for ideas to support each comparison and
contrast in the second column.
• 4. Write an outline from your brainstorming activity.
• 5. Write your first rought draft from your outline. Be sure to use a
variety of comparison and contrast structure words, and begin each
paragraph with transition expression.
• 6. Revise your rough draft as you have learned in Chapter 7. Check
your final essay against the Essay Checklist on page 124.
• See topic suggestions, p. 124
Review
• - There are four common patterns of essay organization in English
you should have learned:
•
1. Chronological order
2. Logical division of ideas
3. Cause and effect
4. Comparison and contrast.
• With each pattern you use special transition
signals and structure words.
• There are still other ways of essay organization.
• For long essay or term papers , you may need to use a
combination of patterns.
Quiz
• Write an essay on one of the following topics using a suitable pattern of essay
organization:
• Generation Gap
• Learning English as a Foreign Language
• Team work
• Peace Process
• Power-cut in Gaza
• Generosity
• You are required to show all steps on paper.
-
• Punctuation
Punctuation
(p. 253- p. 261)
• 1. Commas
• 2. Semicolons
• 3. Colons
• 4. Quotation marks
Punctuation
1. Commas
• Commas functions as:
• 1. Introducers
• 2. Co-ordinators
• 3. inserters
• 4. linkers
Punctuation
1. Commas
• Commas functions as:
• 1. Introducers:
• e.g. Recently, the legislature banned smoking in public places.
• _______, (main clause).
• 2. Coordinator
• Many people opposed the new law, but it finally passed.
• Main clause___ (coordinating conjunction)__ Main clause
•
Punctuation
1. Commas
• Commas functions as:
• 3. Inserter:
Smallpox, once a widespread disease, is under control.
Main ----------------------------------------clause
• 4. Linkers:
• e.g. (1): The word color is spelled colour in British English, for
example.
• Main Clause-----------------------------, ----------------.
• e.g. (2): Cecile speaks English, French, Spanish, and Italian.
• -----------, ---------, ---------,
Punctuation
1. Commas
See p. 254 & 256 for words used for different kinds of commas
See practice I, p. 255
Punctuation
semi - colons
• The semi-colon is more like a period than a comma.
• It is used between:
• 1. Between two sentences that are closely
connected in idea.
e.g. Alice is going to Harvard; she isn’t going to M. I. T.
Punctuation
semi - colons
• It is used between:
• 2. Before conjunctive adverbs and some
traditional phrases.
• Skiing is dangerous; nevertheless, hundreds of people
ski.
Punctuation
semi - colons
• 3. Between items in a series if the items
already contain commas.
• See p. 257
Colons:
• 1. Lists
• 2. Long quotations
• 3. Subtitles
• 4. Time
• 5. Formal salutations
Quotation marks
Quotations, Paraphrases,
and Summaries
Quotations, Paraphrases,
and Summaries
• Academic writing requires that you write about a
subject knowledgeably and accurately, you can
not rely only on your memory.
• Dr. Samuel Johnson (an 18th century writer and
critic says: ‘’ Knowledge is of two kinds. We
know a subject ourselves or we know where we
can find information on it.’’
Quotations
• Example:
• He said, “Since 1980, famine has killed 3
million people around the world.’’
• Importance:
• Quoting an authority who agrees with you
makes y our arguments more convincing.
Paraphrasing
• Rephrasing information in different words
without changing its original meaning.
(Stating the author’s thoughts in your own
words)
Summarizing
• A summary is shorter than a paraphrase.
• Compressing large amount of information
in to the fewest possible sentences.
• (include main points and main supporting
points)
Review (Chapter 9, p. 144)
• These are the important points you
should learn from this chapter.
1. When you include information in your
paper from a book, journal, newspaper,
magazine, etc. use any of the following
methods:
Review (Chapter 9, p. 144)
• Direct quotations- Use the author’s exact words, and
place them within quotation marks.
• Paraphrasing- Rephrase the author’s published
information into your own words without changing his/
her intended meaning. It is not necessary to condense
the original information .
• Summarizing_ Compress large amounts of the author’s
published information into your own words, using as few
sentences as possible. Use only the author’s main
points, and leave out the unnecessary details.
Review (Chapter 9, p. 144)
2. Document your sources when you use the published
words and ideas of another person in order to give credit
to the author and to help your reader find the source of
your borrowed information.
• Use citations within the text.
• Prepare an alphabetical list of words cited.
Parallelism
(p. 168)
• Using similar grammatical structures to
balance your writing.
• If the first structure is a noun, make all the others nouns; if it is
an infinitive verb phrase, make all of the others infinitive verb
phrases; if it is a dependent clause, make all of the others
dependent clauses.
• with conjunctions (And, Or, But)
• Correlative conjunctions
Sentence Problems
• 1. Sentence Fragments
• 2. Choppy Sentences
• 3. Run-On sentences and Comma Splices
• 4. Stringy Sentences
Sentence Problems:
Sentence fragments (p. 171)
• Sentence fragments are incomplete
sentences or parts of sentences.
• (A complete sentence must contain at
least one main or independent clause)
• See p. 171
Sentence Problems:
Choppy Sentence
• Choppy sentences are sentences that are
too short. They are the result for using too
many simple sentences.
•
• Although simple sentences are quite effective sometimes, overuse of
them is considered poor style in academic writing.
• See, p. 173.
Sentence Problems:
Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices (p, 175)
• A run-on sentence is a sentence in which two or more
independent clauses are written one after another with
no punctuation.
• A similar error happens when two independent clauses are
incorrectly joined by a comma without a coordinating conjunction
• N.B This kind of error is also called a comma splice.
• Comma Splice means joining end to end.
