1.Bioactive Compounds Technology (Project Cost – Rs.5 Crores) Consultancy fee – Rs.25 Lakhs The good news is that red wine in moderation remains a highly beneficial drink, while tea, especially green or unfermented tea, and even coffee have good effects as well as bad ones. Their magic ingredients are flavonoids, phenolic compounds that counteract the damage done by living in an oxygen-rich environment. Although essential to support life, oxygen also forms reactive compounds that are implicated in many human diseases including cancer, arthritis and fatty degeneration of the arteries, not to mention common or garden ageing. The phenolic rings mop up the reactive free radicals and help to prevent tissue damage. The polyphenols in cocoa also counteract inflammation and damaging nitration reactions. A growth area for research is the role of flavonoids, a family of over 6,000 compounds with claimed benefits against almost every known human malady. We already know that berries, tomatoes, lemons, broccoli and leafy vegetables should appear frequently on our menus. Less common sources of bioactive compounds being explored include several types of mushroom, edible seaweeds and maple syrup. The flower garden does not escape scrutiny - extracts from varieties of chamomile, flax, valerian, broom and rosemary have been found to be useful. Even wood and plant residues such as corncobs, barley bran, onion peel and the sludge left over after making blackcurrant juice are potential sources of natural compounds that could replace synthetic antioxidants. Opportunities exist for speeding up production facilities, based on licensing and other forms of cross-border relationships for all therapeutic products approved for marketing in India, namely Insulin, Alpha, Interferon, Hepatitis B surface antigen based vaccine, Erythropoietin, Streptokinase, Chymotrypsin, PGF, GCSF, Gm-CSF, Interleukins and others, which is expected to grow to US$200 million in 2005.
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2.Bovine Serum Albumin (Project Cost – 45 Lakhs ) Consultancy fee – Rs.8 Lakhs Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) has many uses as a carrier protein and as a stabilizing agent in enzymatic reactions. In Northern, Southern and dot blot hybridizations, BSA is also used as a blocking agent. It is recommended in buffers for nick translation, polymerase reactions and ligations. BSA is also a common additive for PCR amplifications, footprinting and gel shift assays. In restriction digests, BSA has been shown to enhance enzyme activity. Since preparations of BSA usually contain high amounts of nucleases, the BSA is often acetylated. The acetylation process inactivates these enzymes, particularly RNase. However, acetylation also modifies the BSA. While acetylated BSA functions in restriction digests, the acetylation process does change BSA's binding characteristics as a blocking agent. Acetylated BSA has also been shown to inhibit PCR amplification.
3.Cattle Semen Preparation & Preservation (Project Cost Rs 5 Crores) Consultancy fee – Rs.25 Lakhs Methods and apparatus for processing sperm cells to accomplish preservation for future use while minimizing the adverse effects of such preservation. Sperm cells may be collected from a male animal and subjected to a first preservation step, including potentially a first cryopreservation step. Preserved sperm may then be revived, including potentially by thawing, and treated by any of various processing steps to mitigate the adverse effects of preservation. Treated sperm may then be subjected to a second preservation step, including potentially a second cryopreservation step, perhaps enabling a delayed use of the sperm at a future time.
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4.Embryonic Stem Cell Banking (Project Cost – Rs 2 Crores) Consultancy fee – Rs.15 Lakhs Cord blood banking refers to the storage of blood from the umbilical cord. Blood in the umbilical cord is rich in blood cells that are able to replenish the bone marrow. Freezing cord blood cells immediately after delivery preserves these cells should the baby need a bone marrow transplant in the future. The number of parents choosing to bank their child’s umbilical cord blood is doubling each year. To meet market demand, new companies offering cord blood banking services continue to enter into the marketplace. Donating cord blood is medically safe. Donating poses no health risks. Donating does not affect the baby or the birth experience because the cord blood is collected after the baby is born.
5.Animal Cell Culture Technology (Project Cost Rs.5 Cores) Consultancy fee – Rs.25 Lakhs Mass culture of animal cell lines is fundamental to the manufacture of viral vaccines and many products of biotechnology. Biologicals produced by recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology in animal cell cultures include enzymes, hormones, immunobiologicals (monoclonal antibodies, interleukins, lymphokines), and anticancer agents. Although many simpler proteins can be produced using rDNA in bacterial cultures, more complex proteins that are glycosylated (carbohydrate-modified), currently must be made in animal cells. An important example of such a complex protein is the hormone erythropoietin. 6.Dehydrated Culture Media (Project Cost Rs.50 Lakhs ) Consultancy fee – Rs.9 Lakhs Dehydrated Culture Media conductive to growth of microorganisms and therefore find their primary use in the development and growth of microorganisms in clinical diagnosis production of vaccines, antibiotics, antisera as well as checking sensitivity in antibiotics, evaluating bacterial contamination in food and water. These products find their applications in industries like veterinary science, health care, dairy,
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cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, brewing, medical microbiology, food industry, drinking water and wastewater treatment.
7.Diagnostic Biochemistry Products ( Project Cost Rs. 25 Lakhs) Consultancy fee – Rs.5 Lakhs The market for diagnostic tests in India is estimated at Rs.3000 million. This segment of diagnostic market is increasing at the rate of 100% per annum. There is a very big market for diagnostic for blood grouping, thyroid panel and fertility hormones diagnostic reagents. The diagnostics thus have taken an important place in the logistics for better patient care. 8.Biosweet from Stevia Plantation (Project Cost Rs.2 Crores) Consultancy fee – Rs.15 Lakhs Stevia is a genus of about 150 species of herbs and shrubs in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), native to subtropical and tropical regions. As a sweetener, stevia's sweet taste has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar. With its extracts having up to 300 times the sweetness of sugar, stevia has garnered attention with the rise in demand for low-carbohydrate, low-sugar food alternatives. Stevia also has shown promise in medical research for treating such conditions as obesity and high blood pressure. Stevia has negligible effect on blood glucose, therefore it is attractive as a natural sweetener to diabetics and others on carbohydrate-controlled diets. 9.Herbal Extraction (Project Cost Rs.2 Crores ) Consultancy fee – Rs.15 Lakhs The Indian herbal health segment grew at a rate of 12 per cent last year, and there is no immediate sign of the momentum slowing down, with an expected growth rate of 20 per cent this year. The domestic herbal market has now crossed the Rs 5,000 crore mark, and is set to reach further heights this year.
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Herbal exports from India is worth Rs 450 crore, whereas even a decade back the amount was barely Rs 100 crore. This may not be a huge sum when compared to the Chinese herbal exports market which is worth Rs 2,000 crore. 10.Homeopathic Remedies (Project Cost Rs.50 Lakhs ) Consultancy fee – Rs.9 Lakhs Homeopathy first entered India in 1810 when German missionaries began distributing the medicines. It received a fillip in 1839 when Dr John Hoenigberger was called to treat Maharaja Ranjit Singh for paralysis of vocal cords and edema. Hoenigberger later shifted to Kolkata, India, and practiced for quite some time. Official recognition began with the passing of the first resolution by the government in 1937, followed by another in 1948. But it was only in 1952 that homeopathy began gaining recognition in the states. In 1973, a Central Act was passed, recognizing this system of medicine. Since its constitution in 1973, the Central Council of Homoeopathy has set minimum standards of education related to graduate and postgraduate courses and only approved colleges can provide education in homeopathy. Correspondence courses are not recognized and any practice on this basis is illegal. Today, it is part of the national network of health services, provided through hospitals, dispensaries and private practitioners. With nearly 1,50,000 practitioners, India has the world's largest pool of homeopaths. Commenting on the success story in India, an article in the WHO's journal, World Health Forum, says: “Homeopathic treatment seems well suited for use in rural areas where the infrastructure, equipment and drugs needed for conventional medicine cannot be provided. In the Indian subcontinent the legal position of the practitioners of homeopathy has been elevated to a professional level similar to that of a medical practitioner”.
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11.Adhesives (Fevicol & Quick Fix Type) (Project Cost Rs.50 Lakhs ) Consultancy fee – Rs.9 Lakhs Most Indians know it as the company that makes the big sticker. But the cool white adhesive is not merely the carpenters' answer to all problems, it's also the jewel in the crown for Mumbai-based Parekh family, owners of Pidilite Industries. Not only is it responsible for most of the company's sales and profits (and all of its image), the 41-year-old brand commands a 60% market share in the Rs 500-crore-plus adhesives market. That will leave Pidilite with just the branded products (or 'bazaar products') which contribute 65% to turnover. More important, the operating margins of the bazaar products business is almost double that of the chemicals unit. One of the key strengths is that it already has a comprehensive range both in the furniture and consumer adhesives business, catering to everyone from retail consumers to carpenters to cigarette manufacturers. But so far, most of its brands are concentrated in the high-priced segment of the market. Now the company is trying to expand into niche and lower-end markets and increase it's rural and small-town penetration. For instance, it has launched Parcol, a cheaper version of Fevicol. 12. Jatropha Farming (Project Cost – Rs 2 Crores) Consultancy fee – Rs.15 Lakhs The potential of Jatropha oil ( when converted to Biodiesel )as a diesel substitute has already been recognized by Indian scientists, and several landowners in India have even started plantations of this tree. The oil content is 35 – 40% in the seeds and 50 – 60% in the kernel. The oil contains 21% saturated fatty acids and 79% unsaturated fatty acids.There are some chemical elements in the seed which are poisonous and render the oil not appropriate for human consumption. Raw material Oil has a very high saponification value and is being extensively used for making soap in some countries. Also, the oil is used as an illuminant as it burns without emitting smoke.
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Medicinal plant The latex of Jatropha contains an alkaloid known as "jatrophine" which is believed to have anti-cancerous properties. It is also used as an external application for skin diseases and rheumatism and for sores on domestic livestock. In additon, the tender twigs of the plant are used for cleaning teeth, while the juice of the leaf is used as an external application for piles. Finally, the roots are reported to be used as an antidote for snake-bites. Raw material for dye The bark of Jatropha curcas yields a dark blue dye which is used for colouring cloth, fishing nets and lines. 13. Chitosan From Prawn Shell (Project Cost Rs 10 Crores) Consultancy fee – Rs.45 Lakhs Chitin, the main constituent of the crustacean shells, is an excellent cosmetic product that is remarkably well tolerated by the skin. The chemical structure of chitin, a natural polymer, is very close to that of mucopolysaccharides (heparin and hyaluronic acid), whose biological tolerance has been demonstrated for a long time. In addition, it is an efficient trapper of heavy metals that are responsible for very many contact allergies; therefore it is really interesting for skin allergies. Chitin is a particularly effective hydrating agent. It has two advantages: it supplies water and it avoids dehydration. In addition, the great advantage of chitin and its derivatives is the lasting quality of their hydrating effect. Chitosan forms a protective tensor film on the skin's surface that can fix other active principles for the skin. Thus other hydrating agents, solar filters, organic acids or other active principles can be combined with the derivatives of chitin. Chitin facilitates their effects. Chitin and its derivatives allow active principles to be placed in close contact with the skin by means of a medium that is not only a filmforming tensor but is especially hydrating. This is a new double advantage that makes chitosan of great interest in cosmetics.
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Therefore chitin and chitosan are now used in skin creams, shampoos, lacquers, varnishes, etc. It is in medicine that the bacteriostatic, immunologic, antitumoral, cicatrizant, hemostatic and anticoagulant properties of chitin and its derivatives have been of the greatest use. Due to its biocompatibility with human body tissue, the cicatrizant properties of chitin and chitosan have demonstrated their effectiveness for all forms of dressings - artificial skin, corneal bandages and suture thread in surgery - as well as for implants or gum cicatrization in bone repair or dental surgery. The many applications include artificial skin and suture thread that are absorbed naturally after cicatrization, and contact lenses that are well tolerated. Betschitib W, an artificial skin based on chitin, has been made in Japan since 1987. This skin is in the form of a tissue that is applied to the wound in one single operation: the dressing does not have to be changed.Betschitib W is gradually biodegraded until a new epidermis is formed. In dental creams, it keeps the paste healthy and regenerates gums that are in poor condition. Chitosan is an excellent medium for carrying and slow release of medicinal active principles in plants, animals and man. Since it is undigested by the stomach, it is, for example, a good means of retarding the release of encapsulated products that must reach the intestine without undergoing any transformation. Since chitosan is not digested by the human body, it behaves like a fibre, which is an important element of diet. But above all, it is an excellent fat trap. It precipitates lipids when they arrive in the intestine, reducing the human body's rate of cholesterol absorption by 20 to 30%. It has become the leading natural slimming product. One of the main dietetic advantages of chitosan is its interactivity with proteins, which gives it foaming properties. Thus a chitosan of low viscosity produces a spectacular increase in the foaming properties of proteins such as egg white or whey. This foaming occurs even when lipids are present. As any good cook knows, a small amount of egg yolk can spoil a meringue. By preventing this, a chitosan of low viscosity can simplify the manufacturing process and considerably increase the performance and the development of aerated food
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products containing small amounts of fats. Dessert creams are an example. In solution, chitosan becomes a thickener and a stabiliser - two useful qualities for the good consistency of sauces, among other applications. Its flocculating property is used for clarifying drinks, or for trapping toxic heavy metals or tannins in order to purify water. With its phytopathological properties, it can be sprinkled on food to keep it fresh for a longer time. It can also be used in films and moulded packaging. Chitin and its derivatives have two major properties that are of interest for industry and for nature conservation: they are remarkable chelation agents and heavy metal traps. Employed as a chelation agent, chitin and its derivatives are used for treating drinking water by separating organic compounds and heavy metals, and for treating sewage by precipitating certain anionic wastes and capturing pollutants such as DDT and PCBs (polychlorobenzene). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has already approved the use of chitosan in water at concentrations of up to 10 mg per litre. For sewage treatment, chitosan can be used at up to 5 ppm. It reduces the oxygen demand by 80 to 85% and reduces the phosphates level to less than 5 ppm. Chitosan and its derivatives have plant protecting and antifungal properties. They can trigger defensive mechanisms in plants against infections and parasite attacks, in very low concentrations in the order of a few milligrams per cubic metre of water. They can be used in solution, in powder form or as coatings of seeds. Thus, in the USA, in a region where there are major fungal attacks, crop yield increases of more than 20% have been obtained in tests of coated seeds in comparison with uncoated seeds. Chitosan acts on several levels. Apart from its specifically antifungal action, it strengthens the root system and thickens the stem. Some studies also show that chitosan stimulates the plant's synthesis of protective agents.
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14. Formic Acid (Project Cost Rs.50 Lakhs ) Consultancy fee – Rs.9 Lakhs Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its formula is HCOOH or CH2O2. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most famously in the venom of bee and ant stings. In nature, it is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera, including bees and ants. It is also a significant combustion product resulting from alternative fueled vehicles burning methanol (and ethanol, if contaminated with water) when mixed with gasoline. Its name comes from the Latin word for ant, formica, referring to its early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies. A chemical compound such as a salt from the neutralization of formic acid with a base, or an ester derived from formic acid, is referred to as formate (or methanoate). The principal use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. When sprayed on fresh hay or other silage, it arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer, and so it is widely used to preserve winter feed for cattle. In the poultry industry, it is sometimes added to feed to kill salmonella bacteria. Other uses: It is used to process organic latex (sap) into raw rubber. Beekeepers use formic acid as a miticide against the Varroa mite. It is of minor importance in the textile industry and for the tanning of leather. Some formate esters are artificial flavorings or perfumes. It is the active ingredient in some brands of household limescale remover. In synthetic organic chemistry, formic acid is often used as a source of hydride ion. The Eschweiler-Clarke reaction and the Leuckart-Wallach reaction are examples of this application. It is also used as a source of hydrogen in transfer hydrogenation. Fuel cells that use modified formic acid are promising.
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15. Starch from Tapioca (Project Cost Rs.50 Lakhs ) Consultancy fee – Rs.9 Lakhs Food Applications Tapioca starch is a thickener and stabilizer in fruit pies, soups, puddings, breads, sauces, soy and meat products. It can withstand long cooking times without breaking down. And products made with tapioca don’t lose their quality when frozen or reheated because tapioca retains its thickening capabilities throughout these processes. Tapioca becomes clear and gel-like when cooked and dissolves completely when used as a thickener. Chocolates, biscuits, cakes, ice creams, vermicelli. And many more. These winning goodies contain tapioca starch, which is preferred over other starches due to its better gelling properties and usability as a thickening and bodying agent. Sauces made with cornstarch turn spongy when they're frozen. If you plan to freeze a dish, use tapioca starch as a thickener. Starch thickeners don't add much flavor to a dish, although they can impart a starchy flavor they're undercooked. If you worried that your thickener will mask delicate flavors in your dish, choose tapioca starch. It's neutral tasting. Tapioca starch thickens quickly, and at a relatively low temperature. It's a good choice if you want to correct a sauce just before serving it. Starch thickeners give food a transparent, glistening sheen, which looks nice in a pie filling, but a bit artificial in a gravy or sauce. If you want high gloss, choose tapioca starch. Tapioca starch creates a perfectly smooth filling and imparts a high gloss for a tasty-looking result. It’s the perfect product to use with high-acid fruits or a lattice-type pie. Tapioca needs to dissolve before baking. The fruit, sugar and tapioca must be combined in a bowl, and sit for at least 15 minutes before filling. If a recipe calls for cornstarch, it can be interchanged one for one with tapioca.
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Instant noodles, Noodles, Vermicelli and Sago - all of them are based on tapioca starch which is advantageously to other kinds of starches.
Various Applications TAPIOCA STARCH Starches are basically carbohydrates, known as polysaccharides, i.e., multiple molecules of sugar. For commercial use, they are derived from a variety of cereals like rice, wheat, sorghum, corn and tubers like potato, tapioca, sweet potato, etc. Internationally popular forms of starch are mostly derived from corn and tapioca due to their easy availability. Due to a peculiar phenomenon called gelatinisation – an irreversible swelling of starch granules when treated with hot water, starch turns into a thick paste. When cooled and with certain additives, it forms a gel. This gives it high viscosity which forms the basis of its many uses. What is tapioca starch used for? Starch has a number of commercial and industrial applications and these invariably find their way into our routine life. In our clothes. Our stationery. Our food. And in a host of other ways. Adhesive and Glue Its relatively high viscosity affords an appreciable binding capacity, which is why starch finds much favour in the adhesive industry. Tapioca starch becomes sticky when it is mixed with water or certain chemicals. It stays sticky over a very long period of times. However, high quality tapioca starch fits for making industrial glues. Plywood Tapioca starch is applied for making glue which is an important raw material of the plywood industry. The strength and the quality of plywood depend largely on the quality of glue. Conversion industry Tapioca starch is devoid of major contaminants found in cornstarch and sorghum starch. It is much better suited for hydrolysis and so is widely used by industries manufacturing downstream products like liquid glucose, sorbitol, maltodextrin, etc.
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Animal feed Starch is highly economical and therefore extensively used as a filler in the manufacturing of compounded animal feeds Pharmacy Native starch is used as binders, fillers and disintegrating agents for tablet production Textiles Starch is perfect for textile applications. This is why it is widely used in the sizing of yarns and finishing of cotton and polyester fabrics. The starch has a important role in three stages of production of textiles : mixing, printing and finishing. Mixing: Starch is applied as sizing agents to stiffen and protect the thread for improved weaving efficiency. It is also used as finished agents to obtain smooth fabrics and color thickeners to obtain sharp and durable printed fabrics. The viscosity has to be reduce either by the starch maker or by in-line during jet cooking with heat stable amylase. Printing works: Starch is used in printing more even and preventing the contamination while printing. mostly a prgelatinezed modified starch is used. Finishing stage: The tapioca starch is applied in different proportion to make the cloth glossy and permanent, for example 12% for cotton, 8% for rayon and 18% for synthetic cloth. Paper Tapioca starch will be used in three stages of production process; Beater Sizing or Wet-end, Surfacing Sizing or Size-press and Surface Coating The first stage : Cationic starches are employed to flocculate pulp, increasing de-watering rates on the wet end. Faster machine speeds and better pulp yields result. The starch remains in the finished paper, acting as an internal sizing agent to increase the paper strength. The second stage : The stage of processing the pulp into sheets. The tapioca starch solution will not only fill up the pores on the sheets while passing through and oven dryer, but also increase the
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smoothness of the sheet surface, making the sheet smoother to write on and harder for ink to penetrate. Low viscosity starches are applied. The third stage : The stage of producing special condensed paper for book cover, calendar paper and boxes. Thin boiling starches and more sophisticated modified starches are used or native starch is jet-cooked with enzymes. Confectionery Native tapioca starch and diverse types of modified starch are used in confectionery for different purposes such as gelling, thickening, texture stabilizing, foam strengthening, crystal growth control, adhesion, film foaming and glazing. Jellies and gums: Low viscosity tapioca starch are widely used in gelled confectioneries. The most often used one is acid-thinned starch or enzymatically jetcooked starch due to its high retrogradation and gel formation characteristics, which are enhanced by the presence of sugars. Powder starches are used as mould release agents when casting. Beverages and Alcohol Modified tapioca starch is used as a colloid stabilizer in beverages that include solid constituents. Tapioca starch based sweeteners are preferred to sucrose in beverages for their improved processing characteristics and product enhancing properties. High dextrose equivalent syrups of tapioca based hydrolysate are also excellent source for easily fermentable sugar for brewery applications. Alcohol. Ethanol is derived from tapioca starch and used as fuel. It accounted for 70% supplied to alcoholic beverage industry and lysol industry. One ton of tapioca starch yields 720 litre or 95% ethanol
16. Antibody Production (Monoclonal & Polyclonal) (Project Cost Rs.10 Cores) Consultancy fee – Rs.50 Lakhs The worldwide market for therapeutic and diagnostic monoclonal antibodies is expected to reach $26 million by 2010, buoyed on by technological advances that allow antibodies to exhibit a specified targeted attack on disease-causing cells or compounds.
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The remarkable variety in which these antibodies may be used has had some analysts hailing this technology as the medicine of the future. Monoclonal antibodies are effective in a broad range of diseases including autoimmune, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, cancer and inflammation. Market drivers for this sector are seen as more important than other sectors of the pharmaceutical industry partly because they are seen as one of the main indicators of the direction drug treatments are shaping towards. Currently the limited efficacy of conventional therapies combined with serious side effects, has increased demand for monoclonal (mAbs). One of the great advantages of this therapy is its low or negligible toxicity. Indeed, another one is that the antibody itself may be used as a weapon or the antibody may serve as the vehicle to deliver a drug. Indeed, beyond fully human antibodies, conjugated antibodies (linked to small molecule drugs, toxins, or radioactive payloads) have shown strong theoretical potential, particularly in the treatment of cancers. According Dynamic Company, antibodies to a soon-to-be-released updated report: "RC-088Z Antibody Industry," from Business Communications the worldwide market for therapeutic and diagnostic is estimated at $15 billion in 2005.
With the rollout of more than a dozen new therapeutic monoclonal antibody products and expanded indications for existing products expected during the forecast period, the market is expected to rise at an average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 11.5 per cent to nearly $26 billion in 2010. As of May 2005, there were 18 therapeutic monoclonal antibody products on the US market. Worldwide, there were an estimated 500 monoclonal antibody products in development by more than 200 companies for the treatment of virtually every debilitating disease. Approximately 80 of these monoclonal antibody products are in clinical trials. The report stated that therapeutic antibodies currently dominate the market and are projected to have an AAGR of 11.4 per cent, reaching $25.7 billion in 2010. The therapeutic monoclonal antibody market is projected to have an AAGR of approximately 12.4 per cent through the
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forecast period. The therapeutic polyclonal antibody market, which is driven more by volume and demand than innovation, is projected to see an AAGR of approximately 4 per cent. The report also predicted the diagnostic imaging market, though small, would do well, with average annual growth approaching 17 per cent reaching $147 million in 2010. 17. Poultry & Meat Product Processing (Project Cost Rs.10 Cores) Consultancy fee – Rs.50 Lakhs In India, the production of processed meat products in the organized sector got a boost in 60's with the establishment of bacon factories. Now the production of processed meat has touched 2,00,000 tons/annum. Over 220 licensed meat processing units, eight bacon factories and five meat corporations are the main meat processors of the country. Their products comprise 50 percent cured meats, 20 percent sausages, 20 percent canned meats, the rest being of miscellaneous nature. Though India has the largest livestock populations, the meat production in 1995-96 was hardly 2 percent (4.12 MMT) of the world meat production (211 MMT). The per capita availability / annum of meat is low (2 kgs) against the world average of 14 kgs. Water buffalo (Bubalis bubalis ) is one of the world's most important domestic animals. The river type buffalo that originated in Indian subcontinent are the well -known breeds as the Murrah, Jafarabadi, NiliRavi and Surti have excellent muscle conformation that demonstrate potential for veal or beef production. The buffalo along with cattle contribute nearly 15% of the gross national income. Meat production form buffalo is 0.13 million tonnes per anum (9%total meat production). Production of Quality meat The objective of meat quality is to offer to the consumer wholesome, tasty and safe meat at a reasonable price. This is possible to achieve if one can understand the simple meat science and the safety levels. A quality meat production involves:
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Raw material ,Selection and care of animal ,Slaughtering and processing ,Preservation, coldstore and transport ,Consumption, shelflife. Other Quality Contributing Factors are: A good maintenance of the plant hygiene and sanitation both inside and outside the premises is utmost important to produce quality meat. This applies to transport vehicles and retail outlets also along with the tools and the equipment's associated. Selection of correct packing material i.e., Polyethylene is crucial to retain the quality of meat and sustain the freezing and handling pressure through out the shelf life period. Correct packing method for better and longer shelf life like MAP (Modified Atmospheric Pack) vacuum, tin packing, tetra packing or simple polyethylene packing (Grade I ). Disease Management Parasitic diseases in calves: The increasing export of frozen buffalo meat to various Middle East countries confirms the scope for increasing meat production through systematic rearing of Male Buffalo 'calves for meat production .It has almost 3-4 fold cost advantage over goat of chicken meat. About 10 million male buffalo calves are born annually. Considering a mortality rate of about 10% surviving calves will be about 9 million, about 10% of these calves may be retained for draught and breeding purpose for some time but ultimately these animals too will be used for meat production. Costs in Meat Production Though 86 percent of the world meat production is in India. The meat available is mostly from old and culled animals, which is dark, less tender and has a strong odour. However, when buffalo calves are reared under scientific feeding conditions, their meat is lean, tender and highly palatable. Slaughter Houses There are about 3600 licensed slaughter houses run by local bodies.Five modern abattoirs, one integrated abattoir, 24 bacon factories and 5 poultry processing plants. At present other than poultry
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almost 91 million animals are slaughtered / annum, yielding a total of 3.9 MMT of meat. Of this 63.4 percent is from Cattle and Buffaloes, 16 percent by Sheep and Goats, 10.5 percent by Poultry and 9.5 percent by Pigs. Objective of a Slaughter House Meat and meat products are important sources of nourishment for mankind. The developed countries since long have realized the financial and sanitary advantage of full use of animal - meat from slaughtered animal and also condemned carcass / slaughter house edible and inedible waste. Objective of a slaughter house: to provide proper remuneration to the farmers of the area for live / dead animals and also the keep the area clean from environmental pollution. In order to create hygienic conditions to produce good quality meat and also to put to use the offal's etc. thus produced efficiently to make it into offal meal and other products of use. To make available a facility whereby good quality meat can be made available to the consumers. As a welfare activity to prevent zoonotic infections and spread of animal diseases. To reduce environmental pollution from slaughter house waste. To reduce risks for bird hazards to civil and military aviation. To achieve material benefit by production of high quality end-products. Opportunities The carcasses from the slaughter house will be able to feed the domestic market and also to some extent the export market by way of providing a facility to slaughter the animal in hygienic conditions, as per the requirements of the buyers. It can help in making good quality end products as under: Hides and skins can be used to make good quality shoe uppers. Demand exits in the local market as well as for exports. Tallow can be used for making candles, inexpensive soap and also as source of Energy in the Poultry Diets. Meat-cum-bone meal can provide the much needed protein to the livestock sector for better production from the animals.
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Organised Meat Processing Sector There are about 20 modern meat processing plants and 4 modern abattoirs in the country in private sector which provide adequate hygienic conditions. These plants have chilling deponing, freezing and packaging facilities and mostly cater to the export demand. However, there are still 3643 recognised municipal slaughter houses in India which needs improvement. The capacity of these units varies from 100 to 500 for large animals and 25 to 800 small ruminants per day. Now a few modern mechanised abattoirs-cum-meat processing plants have come up meeting EEC and USDA phyto-sanitary conditions. Modern state owned meat processing complex have been set up in Goa, Durgapur (West Bengal), Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai and near Ambala in Haryana. There are plans to set up modern abattoirs in Calcutta, Delhi, Srinagar and other important cities. Recent Advances in Buffalo Meat Processing Total meat production is estimated at 4.3 million tonnes valued at Rs. 20587 crores (1997-98) and by products worth Rs. 2281 crores are produced annually. This meat production from various species comprise of beef (30%), buffalo meat (28%), mutton (4.2%), goat meat (11.4%), pork (9.8%), chicken (13.5%), and other meat (3%). Export of livestock products has been considered an important sector to harness higher returns as value added agro products. During 199798, 1.84 lakh tonnes of meat and meat products valued at Rs. 794 crores were exported. Ministry of Commerce has envisaged that meat export could be increased to over Rs. 100 crores by 2000 A.D. if the working conditions in the meat industry are streamlined with better processing, hygiene and quality control. Buffalo meat exports form 95% of total meat exports in value term and 89% in quantitative terms. Processing of Buffalo Meat For efficient utilization of such fibrous and tough meat from spent animals, a great deal of research work has been carried out to develop appropriate technologies for improving the physico-chemical and functional properties and palatability of market buffalo meat and its use in convenience and value added processed meat products.
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Ground Meat In ground meat products, meat and other components are not only minced but other ingredients are added to improve the processing quality and palatability. Further, mincing and emulsification facilitate the moulding of meat into several types of meat products thus adding to variety and convenience that can be offered to the consumers. Processing of ground meat into processed comminuted meat products offer wide scope for fabricated products of desired composition/quality such as health foods, low cost formulation, and specialty products besides blending meats from different species for synergistic effect. Indigenous Products The demand for traditional meat products is bound to increase further in the coming years due to rapid urbanization and rising living standards. Buffalo meat is also consumed in the form of conventional preparations or as processed products. Traditional meat products like "seekh kabab", "Shammi kabab", "Tikka" and "kofta" are popular. The future development of these nutritious foods has great potential, but its realization will depend upon raising their production and quality improvement. Comminuted Meat Products Addition of fat enhances juiciness and palatability of the products but incorporation of buffalo fat in the products formulations caused mouth coating and/or after taste problems thus lowering palatability of emulsion based buffalo meat products. Processing techniques have been developed for convenience, value added and highly acceptable buffalo meat sausages, patties, blocks, loaves, nuggets, rolls, etc. Cured and Smoked Products Cured and smoked products are being relished for their attractive colour and flavour. Nitrite level of 150 ppm in product formulations was found necessary for producing smoked buffalo meat chunks for better colour and flavour. Curing and smoking improved the storage stability of the products. Smoked buffalo meat is being made commercially. Tumbling and vacuum tumbling processing schedules have been developed to facilitate uniform distribution of curing mixture and hasten the curing process in order to obtain cured and smoked products of high sensory quality.
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Restructured Products Restructuring of meat offers several benefits. Meat from the calves (about a year) is found to be suitable for production of restructured blocks, nuggets and roils. However, restructured products made from the meat of market/adult buffaloes will be relatively less palatable. Intermittent vacuum tumbling of r18 hrs has significantly improved the yield cohesiveness and sensory attributes of restructured meat blocks. Future strategies The export of livestock product from this country is expected to cross Rs. 5000 million during 1995-96 and major contribution will be from Buffalo meat. India is having vast resources and cheap labour, therefore, the figure may just be doubled if the potentiality of male buffalo calves for meat production could be harvested optimally. 18. Egg Powder (Project Cost Rs 5 Crores) Consultancy fee – Rs.25 Lakhs The egg is the most nutritious natural product. Eggs are rich in protein, vitamins and minerals. During last three decades, the poultry industry in the country has made remarkable progress and grown into an organized and highly productive industry. Dried egg powder can be stored and transported at room temperatures. It is quite stable and has long shelf life. The manufacture of egg powder is an important segment of egg consumption. There is enough scope of an egg powder manufacturing plant, with a suitable capacity. Egg powder is one of the most common products in poultry industry in the country. Attempts have been made to prepare egg pudding also but this product has not yet been accepted by the consumers, whereas demand for egg powder is increasing year after year. This project can be set up in UP, WB, Maharashtra and AP. The preferred location is Maharashtra in view of vast market. Eggs are full of nutrients and minerals and are consumed in different forms since centuries.There was misconception that they are from non-vegetarian food category but now people at large have accepted them as a vegetarian item and their consumption is increasing year after year. Transportation of eggs is difficult as chances of breakage during transportation are higher and it is costly also. Egg powder is
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comparatively easier to transport and there is no question of any breakage during the transit. Both poultry egg processing units have come in a very big way in the country. Karnataka’s egg production accounts for 2.5 million eggs / day to 7.5 million eggs, that in Punjab expanded from 5.0 million 15.0 million eggs per day in the past two years. Tamil Nadu was producing 8.0 million eggs / day while Maharashtra 6.0m, Rajasthan 1.5m, Gujarat 2.5m, Madhya Pradesh 4.5m and Orissa 1.5m eggs per day. Egg output in the northeastern states is estimated at 1.5m. Both public and private sector organizations have their contribution in the poultry industry that has made India among the top players. There are about 15 pure line and grand parent franchise projects in India. There are 115 layer and 280 broiler hatcheries producing 1.3 million layer parents and 280 million broiler parents. They in turn supply 95 million hybrid layer and 275 million broilers, day- old chick. Presently there are only five egg powder plants in India which is considered insufficient in view of growing export demand for different kind of powder - whole egg, yolk and albumen. The scope of foreign investment and state-of-the-art technology in this field is therefore tremendous. 19. Tanin Extract from Harra / Wattle (Project Cost Rs 5 Crores) Consultancy fee – Rs.25 Lakhs Tannins are astringent, bitter-tasting plant polyphenols that bind and precipitate proteins. The term tannin refers to the source of tannins used in tanning animal hides into leather; however, the term is widely applied to any large polyphenolic compound containing sufficient hydroxyls and other suitable groups (such as carboxyls) to form strong complexes with proteins and other macromolecules. Tannins have molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3,000.[1] Tannins are usually divided into hydrolyzable tannins and condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins). At the center of a hydrolyzable tannin molecule, there is a polyol carbohydrate (usually D-glucose). The hydroxyl groups of the carbohydrate are partially or totally esterified with phenolic groups such as gallic acid (in gallotannins) or ellagic acid (in ellagitannins). Hydrolyzable tannins are hydrolyzed by weak acids or weak bases to produce carbohydrate and phenolic acids. Condensed tannins, also known as proanthocyanidins, are polymers of 2 to 50 (or
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more) flavonoid units that are joined by carbon-carbon bonds, which are not susceptible to being cleaved by hydrolysis. While hydrolyzable tannins and most condensed tannins are water soluble, some very large condensed tannins are insoluble. Tannins may be employed medicinally in antidiarrheal, hemostatic, and antihemorrhoidal compounds. Also, they produce different colors with ferric chloride (either blue, blue black, or green to greenish black) according to the type of tannin. Tannins are an important ingredient in the process of tanning leather. Oak bark has traditionally been the primary source of tannery tannin, though synthetic tanning agents are also in use today. Tannin is a component in a type of industrial particleboard adhesive developed jointly by the Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization and Forintek Labs Canada. Harra with the botanical name of Myrobaan is a tree born wild nut found in all the tropical forests in the country extensively. It is a somewhat round oblong green coloured fruit which turns yellowish brown with very hard outer surface when ripe. One mature tree yields around 40 quintals of Harra. Tanin extract is obtained by processing Harra powder under specific conditions of temperature and pressure. It is a high value added 300 mesh fine powder, dark brown in colour. Tanin extract is basic raw material required by chrome leather tanneries all over the world as a tanning agent for conversion of blue wet or semi finished hides and skins into fully tanned chrome leather used in leather garments, shoe uppers & soft luggage etc. Tanin extract is also used as textile auxiliary in dyes and pigments. Presently Tanin is produced in India in three large scale plants based on technology and machineries imported from Germany. These plants with combined capacity of 3000 Tonne per annum are located in the eastern part of the country . Two plants with combined capacity of 1000 Tonne utilising a similar type of wild nut called 'wattle' are located in southern part of the country. Wattle extract is considered a less powerful tanning media per square foot of leather as compared to tannin extract which has remained the high preference media of the tanners all over the world. The demand for Tanin extract is primarily from leather tanners all over the world. Around 90% of tanin extract produced presently, is exported to Italy and Germany with marginal availability for tanners
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in the country. Being rich in its cattle wealth, India has the requisite raw material base for a prosperous leather industry. In year 1994-95 the production of hides & skins was 31.7 million Pieces of cattle hides, 20.7 million Pieces of buffalo hides, 115.4 million Pieces of goat skins and 55.4 million Pieces of sheep skins. The major centres of leather production are Tamilnadu accounting for 65%, West Bengal 15% and U.P. 10%. The total no of hides & skins available in the country to tanners are thus 52.4 million pieces of hides and 170.8 millions pieces of skins. The tanin requirements are 100 Tonne/million pieces of hide and 30 Tonne/million pieces of skins. The gross requirement of Tanin for Indian leather market will be around 10,364 Tonne per year. The figures for last three years tanin exports are dismal mainly due to the limited availability of the product. Considering the export figures as such without any incremental increase yearly the tannin demand can be placed around 12864 to 13000 Tonne per annum against the present production of 3000 Tonne . The present animal demand growth achieved by Indian Leather industry is around 33%. Even if the tanin production is doubled every year from the present level of 3000 Tonnes, there is no conceivable way to fulfil this demand. 20. Oil from spices (Project Cost Rs.50 Lakhs ) Consultancy fee – Rs.9 Lakhs If any body want to do something which is not very commonly done by many, exploration of oil from spices could be one of the most ideal and profitable industry. This product has established its existence in pharmaceutical, confectionary, perfumery, toiletry and on the large scale in non alcoholic & alcoholic beverages. Some of the uses are as under. Pepper oil is used in perfumery & toiletries and also in food stuffs. Cardamom oil is used in food as well as perfumery besides pharmaceuticals. Ginger oil is mainly used in various types of beverages both alcoholic and non alcoholic. All the products where oil is used are catching market in geometric proportion every day. Hence the market is having immense potential for its consumption
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The product also has immense export potential as India is the largest producer of spices in the world and some of the products are not available elsewhere. Our participation in the world market has been 10 to 12 tonnes per annum of ginger oil only. And the consumption of this product is increasing day by day across the globe with change in taste of the people for soft drinks and confectionery. No synthetic substitute is available for such kind of products which makes the project more viable in the future also. Kerala is the largest producer of pepper and cardamom. We produce almost 50% of the total pepper production in the world. We produce about 50,000 tonnes of pepper. about 1.5 lacs tonnes of ginger. about 9000 tonnes of Cardamom.
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