Department of Defense
AT Level I
Family Member Training
Introduction
May 2010 1
About This Training
• Designed by JCS in coordination with OSD
and Services
• Designed to increase awareness of terrorism
and improve ability to apply personal
protective measures
• Meets the annual requirement for Level I
antiterrorism training prescribed by DoDI
.
2000.16
• Complements Web-based and CD-ROM
training
2
Learning Objectives
• Understand the terrorist threat
• Understand how to employ situation-based
measures to lower your vulnerability
• Recognize proper responses to threat actions
• Understand how to support unit security
3
Introduction to the AT Level I Training
Threat is a real and present danger
Remain vigilant while executing
responsibilities
International terrorist network may be
present where you serve
Personal safety is important
• Remain alert
• Be aware of your surroundings
America's effort to fight • Report suspicious activity
terrorism includes everyone • Pay attention to antiterrorism
briefings
• Make security part of your routine
Do not be a tempting target!
4
Threat Factors
There are eight factors you should
consider to understand the threat.
1. Are terrorist groups in the area?
2. Are they violent?
3. Do they attack Americans?
4. How active are they?
5. How sophisticated are they?
Weapons seized after a failed 6. Are they predictable?
terrorist attack in Iraq
7. Will local citizens warn Americans?
8. What tactics and weapons are
used?
5
How Terrorists Identify and Select Targets
Consider ways you might become a
victim of a terrorist attack.
• Location: Avoid possible target
locations
• Association: Avoid disclosing your
DOD or US Government affiliation
• Opportunity: Terrorists look for "soft
targets”
To attack you, terrorists generally must
While overseas it is advisable to perceive you, your association, or your
conceal your DOD affiliation location as a target.
6
Combatant Command Overview
DOD personnel and assets have been
targeted in virtually every region of the
world.
• When traveling, you should receive a
Combatant Command terrorist
threat briefing 90 days prior to
departure
• Modify your personal protective
measures based upon the
information in these briefings
Threats vary in different parts of
the world
7
NORTHCOM Region
Within the United States, several
organizations and individuals use
terrorist tactics to achieve their goals.
Prior attack methods include:
• Vehicle bombs
• Letter bombs
• Skyjacked aircraft
• Biological weapons
In 2001, anthrax tainted letters
Prior attacks in NORTHCOM include:
were sent to several prominent
individuals • Plot to attack Ft Dix
• United Flight 93
• Oklahoma City Bombing
8
CENTCOM Region
Within the CENTCOM Region, the
primary terrorist threat is from Islamic
extremists.
Prior attack methods include:
• Vehicle bombs / IEDs
• Assaults with small arms
• Kidnappings
• Murder
Terrorists used a VBIED to attack
Prior attacks in CENTCOM include:
Khobar Towers in 1996
• USS Cole
• Deir el-Bahri
• Khobar Towers
9
EUCOM Region
The EUCOM region threats include
traditional nationalist, ethnic, and leftist
terrorist groups.
Prior attack methods include:
• IEDs
• Suicide bombers
• Kidnappings
• Assassinations
Suicide bombers attacked the Prior attacks in EUCOM include:
London mass transit in 2005 • London subway bombing
• Madrid subway bombings
• Bombing of the La Belle Discotheque
• Attack against CAPT Tsantes
10
AFRICOM Region
Stability in the AFRICOM region is
threatened by nationalist, tribal, and
ethnic groups. The region is also
threatened by Islamic extremists.
Prior attack methods include:
• Vehicle bombs
• Kidnappings
• Arson / sabotage
In 1998, terrorists attacked the • Murder
US Embassies in Kenya and Prior attacks in AFRICOM Include:
Tanzania almost simultaneously
• African embassy bombings
• Paradise hotel
11
PACOM Region
Primary threat from various religious
extremists and separatists.
Prior attack methods include:
• Vehicle bombs / IEDs
• Kidnappings
• Murder
• Biological weapons
Prior attacks in PACOM include:
Shoko Asahara, leader of Aum
Shinrikyo • Multiple attacks in Mumbai, India
• Bali nightclub bombing
• Attack on Japanese subway
12
SOUTHCOM Region
The primary terrorist threat in the
SOUTHCOM region is narcoterrorism
and radical leftist groups.
Prior attack methods include:
• Bombings
• Arson
• Assassination
• Kidnapping
Assassination and kidnapping
Prior attacks in SOUTHCOM include:
common threats
• Diplomatic residence in Lima, Peru
• Albert Schaufelberger
• Zona Rosa
13
Terrorist Planning Cycle Overview
Be alert to signs of intelligence
gathering, surveillance, collecting
materials for attack, and rehearsals:
• Taking photos or videos of potential
targets
• Writing notes or sketching
• Showing abnormal attention to
details of security measures
• Using false identification
Terrorists prepare for and
conduct attacks through • Paying cash for items normally
predictable steps bought on credit
. • Purchasing large quantities of items
such as chemicals or cell phones
14
Terrorism Planning Cycle – Phases 1 and 2
Phase 1: Broad Target Selection
• Terrorists collect information on
numerous targets
• Evaluate target potential in terms of
symbolic value, casualties,
infrastructure criticality, or public
attention
Phase 2: Intelligence Gathering and
Surveillance
• Targets able to meet attack
Murrah Federal Building in objectives are selected for additional
Oklahoma City prior to vehicle surveillance
bomb attack • Terrorists seek information on guard
forces, physical layout, personnel
routines, and standard operating
procedures
15
Terrorist Planning Cycle - Phases 3 & 4
Phase 3: Specific Target Selection
• Specific targets identified based on
anticipated effects, publicity,
consistency with objectives, and
costs versus benefits
Phase 4: Pre-attack Surveillance and
Planning
• Terrorists may conduct additional
surveillance to confirm previous
information and gain additional
Diagram showing the placement details
of the vehicle bomb outside the
• Terrorists select attack method,
Murrah Federal Building obtain weapons and equipment,
. recruit specialized operatives, and
design escape routes
16
Terrorist Planning Cycle - Phases 5 & 6
Phase 5: Rehearsals
• Terrorists rehearse the attack
scenario to confirm planning
assumptions, enhance tactics, and
practice escape routes
• May also trigger an incident at the
target site to test response actions
Phase 6: Actions on the Objective
• Terrorists execute attacks when
A diagram drawn by McVeigh conditions favor success with the
lowest risk
showing the configuration of the
vehicle bomb • Factors include surprise, time and
place, use of diversionary tactics,
and ways to impede response
measures
17
Terrorist Planning Cycle - Phase 7
Phase 7: Escape and Exploitation
• Escape routes are carefully planned
and rehearsed
• Terrorists may exploit successful
attacks by releasing pre-developed
statements to the press
Timothy McVeigh’s getaway car
after his arrest
18
FPCONs
US military facilities use protective
measures organized in a system called
Force Protection Conditions, or FPCONs.
As the threat of attack changes,
Commanders change the FPCON to
protect personnel.
FPCONs are organized in five levels with
increased protection at each level:
NORMAL, ALPHA, BRAVO, CHARLIE, and
Terrorists used a VBIED to attack DELTA.
Rhein-Main Air Base in 1985
19
Homeland Security Advisory System
The Homeland Security Advisory System
was created to better inform the
American public of changes in the
threat of domestic terrorism.
Color code system is adjusted at
national and local levels based on
intelligence and law enforcement
information.
The Homeland Security Advisory System
Monitor the Homeland Security applies only to the United States and its
Advisory System. It can alert you territories.
to developing threats
20
Section 2: Situation-Based
Training
21
AT Fundamentals Introduction
Modules presented:
• Surveillance detection
• Security at a Government facility
• Residential security
• Off-duty / free time activities
• Air travel security
• Ground travel security
AT Level I themes: • Hotel security
Anticipate; Be Vigilant; Don’t be a • Hostage survival
Target; Respond and Report
• CBRNE
22
Anticipate
Anticipating threats, risks, and
vulnerabilities is fundamental to
antiterrorism and personal security.
Ways to do this include:
• Research terrorist activity
• Understand the tactics and
techniques
• Know types of targets and locations
Several sources allow you to Consider consulting these sources:
research threats for yourself • State Department Travel Warnings
• Other internet and media resources
23
Be Vigilant
Vigilance is required to continuously
observe your surroundings and
recognize suspicious activities.
Understand your environment's normal
conditions.
Knowledge of the normal amplifies
abnormal activities.
• Items that are out of place
Vigilance can thwart many • Attempted surveillance
terrorist attacks • Circumstances that correspond to
prior criminal activity in your area
Informed vigilance is fundamental to
personal security.
24
Don't be a Target
Blend in with your surroundings.
• Do not wear clothing or carry items
that identify your DOD affiliation
• Remain low key
• Avoid places were Americans are
known to congregate
Reduce your vulnerability and exposure:
• Select places with security measures
DOD affiliation may also identify • Be unpredictable
you as a potential target • Travel in a small group
• Use automobiles and residences
with adequate security features
25
Report and Respond
Report suspicious activities to
appropriate authorities.
• Report suspicious activity, do not try
to deal with it yourself
• In threatening situations, take steps
to reduce your exposure
• Follow the instructions of your DOD
sponsor, emergency personnel and
first responders
The Fort Dix attack plot was Security is a team effort.
thwarted by an alert store clerk
26
AT Fundamentals Quiz 1
To reduce your exposure you should
wear clothing with DOD logos and
symbols.
True
False
AT Fundamentals quiz question
number one
27
AT Fundamentals Quiz 2
Security is a team effort.
True
False
AT Fundamentals quiz question
number two
28
AT Fundamentals Quiz 3
Which of the following is not an
Antiterrorism Level I theme?
1) Anticipate
2) Be Vigilant
3) Don't be a Target
4) Counter-surveillance
5) Report and Respond
AT Fundamentals Quiz question
number three
29
Surveillance Detection Introduction
Personnel surveillance to determine:
• Residential security measures
• Modes of travel
• Routes and times of travel
• Typical behavior
• The target's security awareness
Facility surveillance to determine:
Terrorists conducted extensive • General security posture
surveillance against a USAF • Security SOPs
installation in Singapore • Information on force shift rotations
• Physical security weaknesses
• Reaction times to emergencies
30
Surveillance Detection Fundamentals
Be vigilant for anything that might be a
sign of surveillance:
• People loitering in the same general
area without a recognizable
legitimate reason
• Certain civilian vehicles that seem to
appear repeatedly
• Utility and construction workers that
do not appear to be performing a
Terrorists performed extensive specific job
surveillance of the Terror Club in • People that loiter near your home
Singapore • Electronic audio and video devices in
unusual places
31
Methods of Surveillance 1
Surveillance may be conducted over a
long period of time and employ various
methods:
Stationary surveillance: a common method
in which operatives observe from a fixed
location.
Moving surveillance: conducted on foot or
in vehicles.
Vary your routes and routines.
Terrorists performed extensive
surveillance of the Terror Club in
Singapore
32
Methods of Surveillance 2
Additional surveillance methods
include:
Technical surveillance: uses electronic
means to record or gain access to security
information.
Casual questioning: used to elicit security
information from approachable personnel.
Be aware of terrorist surveillance
methods.
Surveillance and recording devices
used by terrorists
33
Surveillance Detection Situation 1
You know you should note the
occupants' description. What else do
you do?
1) Wait until the vehicle leaves and
then follow him
2) Continue to observe the vehicle to
collect as much information as
possible
You see a suspicious vehicle 3) Note the vehicles make, model and
circling the park license plate number
34
Surveillance Detection Situation 2
How do you respond?
1) Try to end the conversation politely
and quickly
2) Ask the couple why they have
asked the question
3) Try to change the subject
A nearby couple begins asking
very specific questions
35
Surveillance Detection Quiz 1
Surveillance can be performed through
either stationary or mobile means.
True
False
Surveillance detection quiz
question number one
36
Surveillance Detection Quiz 2
Electronic audio and video devices are
never used by terrorists for surveillance
purposes.
True
False
Surveillance detection quiz
question number two
37
Surveillance Detection Quiz 3
What is not a terrorist method of
surveillance?
1) Stationary surveillance
2) Moving surveillance
3) Technical surveillance
4) Casual questioning
5) Breaking and entering to steal
valuables
Surveillance detection quiz
question number three
38
Government Facility Security Introduction
Attacks and plots against US
Government facilities overseas include:
• US Embassy in Athens: 2007
• Singapore Plot: 2001
• US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania:
1998
• Rhein-Main AB: 1985
Terrorists used a VBIED, grenades,
and small arms to attack the US
Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya in 1998
39
Government Facility Security Fundamentals
The success of installation security
protocols and procedures depends
upon everyone.
• Understand your installation's
security system
• Recognize problems and take steps
to correct them
• Recognize threats and report them
• Know proper incident response
Be a team player, cooperate with
Installation security is a team effort.
installation security procedures
40
Recognizing Problems in Government Facility Security
Report problems you observe:
• Inattentive guard personnel
• Weapons, identification badges, or
keys improperly handled
• Persons with an inappropriate
curiosity in security measures
• Persons photographing sensitive areas
• Persons attempting to conceal items
Report suspicious behavior to the
appropriate personnel
41
Government Facility Incident Response
Incident response preparation:
• Be aware of emergency contact
phone numbers and procedures
• Be familiar with the location and use
of fire fighting equipment and first
aid kits
• Know and rehearse evacuation and
accountability procedures for work
places, your residence, and other
frequently used facilities
Be familiar with emergency
response procedures • Be aware of normal patterns of
activities and respond quickly to
things that are unusual
• Be aware of the current (FPCON)
42
Government Facility Security Situation 1
What else can you do to be better
prepared for an emergency?
1) Check to see if there are signs with
emergency procedures posted
2) The distance to the nearest fire
hydrant
3) Different ways to reach first
responders in an emergency for
You arrive at a new location. each location you are routinely in
43
Government Facility Security Situation 2
What do you do?
1) Stop and tell the senior person on
the gate security detail they should
be more diligent
2) Stop and tell him he should be
checking identification more
carefully
3) Tell your sponsor or call the
security office and tell them what
You stop a man wearing an "Escort
you observed
Required" security badge
44
Government Facility Security Quiz 1
Everyone on an installation has shared
responsibility for security.
True
False
Government facility security quiz
question number one
45
Government Facility Security Quiz 2
Installation security personnel are solely
responsible to contact first responders
in an emergency.
True
False
Government facility security quiz
question number two
46
Government Facility Security Quiz 3
Which of these does not pose a risk to
security at a government facility:
1) Inattentive guard personnel
2) A visitor showing an unusual
interest in details of security
procedures
3) A person found in an inappropriate
portion of the facility
Government facility security quiz 4) An "escort required" visitor found
question number three without an escort
5) A person expressing boredom with
the US mission
47
Active Shooter Introduction
Early recognition of an Active Shooter
threat can prevent an incident. Some
Pre-attack indicators may include:
• Anti-American statements
• Aggression or threats
• Unauthorized weapons
• communication with US enemies
• Allegations of US persecution or
prejudice
An attack can occur anywhere, • Abnormal mood swings
even on your own installation • Flashbacks to traumatic events
• Domestic / financial problems
If you notice questionable behavior, tell
your supervisor. If you perceive an
immediate threat, alert unit security.
Active Shooter Fundamentals
Responses to an Active Shooter include:
• Evacuate, shelter in place, take action
against the active shooter
Adapt your response to the weapons
used:
• Ricocheting bullets tend to hug the floor;
crouching on the floor may reduce
exposure
• Grenade shrapnel rises from the
detonation; lying on the floor reduces
If you are in an exposed position, exposure
try to seek cover in a place that
An active shooter situation may be over
can be sealed off or barricaded within 15 minutes, before law
enforcement arrives.
Responding to an Active Shooter
Evacuate: If possible. Be sure to:
• Have a route and plan in mind
• Evacuate regardless of whether
others follow
• Leave your belongings behind
• Help others escape, if possible
• Prevent others from entering the
area
In an active shooter situation, • Follow instructions of police officers
evacuate if possible • Do not move wounded people
• Call 911 when you are safe
Evacuations is not always possible.
Responding to an Active Shooter 2
Shelter in Place:
• Be out of the shooter's view
• Not trap you
• Have locks on the door
• Have furniture to blockade the door
• Silence your cell phone, hide behind
large items, remain quiet and calm
Take action against the active shooter:
If necessary, you should be
• Act aggressively, yell
prepared to shelter in place
• Throw items and improvise weapons
Taking action against the shooter may
be risky, but it may be your best chance
for survival.
Arrival of First Responders
When first responders arrive, support
their efforts and do not be a distraction:
• Remain calm and follow instructions
• Put down any items in your hands
• Raise hands and spread fingers
• Evacuate in the direction first
responders are entering
Provide the following information:
Cooperate with first responders • Location / number / description of
and don’t be a distraction active shooter(s)
• Type of weapons held by the
shooter(s)
It is normal to feel helpless; however,
you can support first responder efforts.
Active Shooter Situation 1
What should you consider as part of
your first response to the active shooter
threat?
1) Identify items that can be used to
attack the active shooter
2) Decide if evacuation is possible
3) Do what everybody else does
You consider the Active Shooter
Threat
Active Shooter Situation 2
What do you do if there is an active
shooter threat involving firearms and
you have no opportunity to evacuate?
1) Diver for cover and run for the exit
at the first opportunity
2) Dive behind something solid and
crouch to the floor
3) Dive behind something solid and lie
You consider the Active Shooter flat on the floor
Threat
Active Shooter Quiz Question 1
Knowing indicators of an unstable
person can allow you to identify a
potential active shooter before an
incident?
True
False
Active Shooter Quiz Question 1
Active Shooter Quiz Question 2
Active resistance should be the
immediate response to an active
shooter incident
True
False
Active Shooter Quiz Question 2
Active Shooter Quiz Question 3
Which of the following is not an early
indicator of a potential active shooter:
1) Aggression or threats towards
others
2) Presences of unauthorized
weapons
3) Abnormal mood swings,
depression, and suicidal remarks
Active Shooter Quiz Question 3 4) A reasonable disagreement with a
US Government policy
5) Anti-American statements asserting
that US Policy and authority is
illegitimate
Residential Security Introduction
In selecting a new residence, some
security considerations include:
• Location in a low crime area
• Access to US facilities and host nation
emergency services
• Security measures such as visitor
control
• A concentration of American
residences
Consider the local threat when
selecting your home
58
Residential Security – Physical Security
Consider these physical security
measures:
• Solid doors, quality locks, deadbolts,
slide locks, and reinforcing plates
• Ensure sliding doors cannot be lifted
out and lay a rod in the track
• Keep valuables out of sight
• Do not hide spare keys outside
• Use an alarm system
There are many things you can do
• Improve exterior lighting
to enhance your home's security
• Put gravel outside windows
• Consider replacing locks
59
Residential Security Practices
Good habits are essential for good
security. Ways to improve your security
and confidence:
• Carefully control keys
• Permit access to known personnel
• Verify utility company employees
• Be wary of strangers showing interest
• Check with the US Embassy or US
Command before hiring workers
Information provided over the • Be on good relations with your
internet may put you at risk neighbors and look out for each other
• Do not assume telephone
conversations are secure
• Watch all Internet traffic
• Participate in a neighborhood watch
60
Residential Preparation for Emergencies
Consider what your family should do in
case of an emergency situation:
• A utility worker says he needs to
check a gas line in your house
• Your children come home from
school and unexpectedly no one is
there to care for them
• Someone breaks into your home and
demands money and valuables
Emergency preparedness kits Discuss contingencies so your family is
ready.
61
Residential Security Situation 1
What do you consider for better
security?
1) A house on a cul-de-sac
2) Visitor access control in a gated
community or an apartment
3) Good community services like a
pool and recreation center so you
will not need to travel far for
You must select a new place to recreation
live
62
Residential Security Situation 2
What can you do to improve the
physical security of your new residence?
1) To ensure family members can get
in if lose their key, hide a key near
the front porch
2) Ask your neighbors if there are
crime problems in the
neighborhood; if not, you do not
need to do anything special
Change locks to ensure keys are
under your control 3) Make sure windows lock securely
and put a dowel or rod in sliding
door tracks to keep them from
being forced open
63
Residential Security Situation 3
What do you do?
1) Be on good relations with your
neighbors so you can look out for
each other
2) Keep a low profile and do not
initiate contact with neighbors
3) Feel free to tell your neighbors
about your sponsor's work for DOD
You are discussing getting to as a way to boost mutual trust
know your neighbors
64
Residential Security Quiz 1
Home security can be improved with
self-help measures like changing locks,
securing windows, and improving
outdoor lighting.
True
False
Residential security quiz question
one
65
Residential Security Quiz 2
Internet acquaintances can pose a
security threat and should be carefully
monitored.
True
False
Residential security quiz question
two
66
Residential Security Quiz 3
What is not a physical security
consideration for your home?
1) Changing locks to ensure key control
2) Contacting the US Embassy or US
Command before hiring a maid
3) Hiding a key outside to ensure
family members can get in if they
lose their keys
Residential security quiz question 4) Monitoring internet acquaintances
three for all family members
5) Having good relations with neighbor
and look out for each other
67
Off-Duty Security Introduction
Civilian. sites may be easier and more
appealing targets than DOD
installations.
Examples are:
• Places of worship and religious events
• Common tourist attractions
• Restaurants and coffee shops
• Public transportation hubs
Public sites with large crowds,
Personal security should be considered
may be targeted by terrorists
in all off-duty activities.
68
Off-Duty Fundamentals
Enhance your personal security by:
• Travelling in a small group
• Not drawing attention to yourself
• Ensuring children carry emergency
phone numbers
• Identifying play areas for children
• Letting someone know your plans
• Know where your children are
Terrorists targeted tourists at the
• Be aware of holidays or
Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el
anniversaries that might signal a
Bahri, Egypt killing 62 threat
69
Public Transportation
Consider public transportation options:
• Select major hubs
• Do not wait in large groups
• Change times and routes for places
you visit often
• Ensure older children know how to
use the public transportation system
• Do not let younger children use
public transportation alone
A backpack IED exploded on the
If taxis are used, consider these:
Madrid subway system in 2004
• Look for legitimate taxi company
• Verify the photo on the license
• Children should not use taxis alone
70
During Your Activity
Reduce your risk at locations you visit:
• Identify a location to meet if
separated
• Closely supervise small children
• Learn enough of the local language
to be able to ask for help
• Watch for suspicious behavior in
others
• Notice suspicious objects
Four bombers attacked the
London subway system July 2005
71
Off-Duty Situation 1
What type of location should you visit?
• Common tourist attractions
• Places where Americans and other
Westerners congregate since they
will probably have better security
• Places where Americans and other
Westerners do not congregate
You are selecting a place to go
72
Off-Duty Situation 2
Where should you stand on the
platform while waiting for your train?
• A non-crowded, but not isolated
part of the platform
• The most congested area of the
platform
• An isolated area of the platform
You have decided to take the local
subway
73
Off-Duty Situation 3
What should you do?
1) Watch the protest for a few
minutes from a distance and if it
remains orderly continue to the
museum
2) Try to determine the nature of the
protest and if it might turn violent
3) Return to the subway and pick
You see a large crowd at the place another location to visit
you intend to visit
74
Off-Duty Quiz 1
Your sponsor's unit, Regional Security
Officer, and State Department Travel
Warnings provide sources of
information on places you should avoid
visiting.
True
False
Off-Duty quiz question number
one
75
Off-Duty Quiz 2
Children should carry with them
emergency phone numbers and be
instructed on how to use the local
phone system in case of an emergency.
True
False
Off-Duty quiz question number
two
76
Off-Duty Quiz 3
What is not a good selection for where
to go during off-duty activities?
1) A place approved by your sponsor's
unit and Regional Security Officer
2) A place of religious association that
has caused local controversy
3) A place not commonly associated
with Americans
Off-Duty quiz question number 4) Areas away from local political
three events
5) A play area for children with
security
77
Air Travel Introduction
Examples and tactics since 2001:
• Midair explosion – December 2001
shoe-bomb plot
• Small arms attack – 2002 attack
against El Al ticket counter in LA
• VBIED – 2007 attack against the
Glasgow International Airport
• Attack against airport infrastructure
– 2007 plot against JFK airport
The Flight 93 Memorial • Skyjacking – several incidents in
Africa and the eastern
Mediterranean
78
Reducing Your Exposure
Keep a low profile by:
• Travelling with a tourist passport
• Not wearing clothing with DOD
symbols or slogans
• Using standard civilian luggage
instead of military duffle bags
• By not discussing military matters in
public
Conceal items that show your
DOD or Government affiliation
79
Security at the Airport
While at the airport terminal, be vigilant
for:
• Vehicles left unattended at the
curbside check-in areas
• Individuals that appear nervous
• Any activity that is out of place in an
airport environment
Report suspicious activity to airport
authorities immediately.
Terrorists ram a terminal building
at Glasgow International Airport.
80
Airline Skyjackings
If your aircraft is skyjacked, attempt to
do the following:
• Conceal any document that shows your
nationality or DOD affiliation
• If you can, shift to a middle or window
seat
• Do not make sudden movements or
sounds that draw attention
Threats to aircraft come in many • If skyjackers move passengers, try to
forms, and each terrorist may remain with your DOD sponsor
have a different motivation Follow the instructions of your DOD
sponsor.
81
Air Travel – Situation 1
What type of luggage should they use?
1) Standard civilian luggage
2) Military duffle bags with name and
Service on the side
3) Surplus military duffle bags with no
markings so you can easily identify
them at baggage claim
Your family members should wear
casual clothing on your trip
82
Air Travel – Situation 2
What do you do?
1) Watch the bag to see if anyone
comes to claim it
2) Walk over to get a better look at
the bag
3) Immediately inform your sponsor
or an airport official
You notice an unattended bag
near the ticket counter
83
Air Travel Quiz 1
In the event of a skyjacking, you should
follow instructions of your DOD sponsor.
True
False
Air travel quiz question number
one
84
Air Travel Quiz 2
Choosing a window seat on an aircraft
reduces your exposure in the event of a
skyjacking.
True
False
Air travel quiz question number
two
85
Air Travel Quiz 3
Since 9/11, which of the following
attack methods has not been attempted
against an airport or airline?
1) Small-arms attack
2) VBIED
3) Explosive carried onboard by passenger
4) Chemical or biological attack
5) Skyjacking for purpose of taking
Air travel quiz question number hostages
three
86
Ground Travel Introduction
For many decades, DOD personnel have
had to protect themselves against
threats while traveling in vehicles.
Terrorist tactics include:
• ambushes
• small arms fire
• occasional roadside explosives
Terrorists assassinated LCDR
Shaufelberger and Capt Tsantes,
both in their vehicles
87
Ground Travel Introduction
Security and safety measures:
• Limit attention to yourself. Avoid
advertising your nationality or
association with DOD on or in your
vehicle
• Ensure your vehicle is well
maintained. Tires properly inflated
and the gas tank at least half full
A car burning after a terrorist • Report suspicious behavior. If you
attack in Greece witness suspicious behavior or
possible threats, alert l authorities
immediately
88
Inspecting Your Vehicle
A vehicle inspection consists of the
following:
• Visual exterior inspection: Look for
any evidence of tampering
• Visual interior inspection: Look
through the windows for anything
unusual
• Complete interior inspection: Look
anywhere something may be hidden
Inspect all compartments of your
vehicle regularly If you believe your vehicle has been
tampered with or you see something
suspicious, report it to the proper
authorities immediately.
89
Ground Travel Situation 1
What are some basic security measures
that should always be used?
1) Drive up to the speed limit to make it
harder for someone to attack your car
2) Drive slowly to increase your reaction
time
3) Travel with a "buddy" when possible
and lock car doors while driving
You are driving in a foreign
country with unfamiliar roads and
laws
90
Ground Travel Situation 2
What should you do?
1) Casually make a few lane changes and
casual turns to see if the other car
follows
2) Pull over to the side of the road to see
if the car passes you
3) Stop your car, if the other car stops,
confront the driver
You believe you are being
followed
91
Ground Travel Quiz 1
Keeping a well maintained vehicle is
considered a "best practice" from both
a security and safety perspective.
True
False
Ground travel quiz question
number one
92
Ground Travel Quiz 2
Advertising or prominently displaying
your DOD affiliation can help protect
you against ground travel threats.
True
False
Ground travel quiz question
number two
93
Ground Travel Quiz 3
In response to a ground travel threat,
which of the following is not a good
standard personal protection measure?
1) Look for signs of unusual activity
2) Make a mental note of information that
can be useful to security personnel
3) Drive as fast as the law permits to make
it more difficult for someone to attack
your car
Ground travel quiz question 4) Go to a secure location such as a
military installation or police station
number three
immediately
5) Be prepared to take evasive action
94
Hotel Security Introduction
Criminals may attempt room invasions
to gain access to valuables.
Tactics to gain access include:
• Following families with children
from the lobby to their room and
then forcing their way in when the
door is unlocked
• Disguising themselves as hotel staff
and asking guests to open the door
Hotels are frequently targeted by • Attempts to force open hotel room
criminal for room invasions doors without warning
95
Selecting a Hotel
Certain features can enhance your
protection from a safety and security
perspective when selecting a hotel:
• Location in a non-violent and low-
crime area
• A common lobby through which all
persons entering the hotel must pass
• Protection by hotel security
personnel
Many hotels use CCTV camera • Electronic key card security
systems for surveillance
• Closed-circuit television (CCTVs)
monitoring common areas
96
Selecting Your Hotel Room
If you have the choice, consider the
following room preferences:
• 3rd to 5th floors –1st and 2nd floors
are easily accessible from the outside,
above the 5th floor is difficult to reach
by emergency services
• Not adjacent to fire escapes or exits –
criminals target these rooms because
of ease of escape
Hotel rooms should be selected • No balcony - criminals may use
with security in mind balconies to enter rooms and to go
from one room to the next
97
Inspecting Your Hotel Room
When inspecting your hotel room,
consider these things:
• Functioning locks on all doors and
windows
• Scratches or marks on the door frame
• Location of emergency exits and
escape routes
• Solid doors to help resist break-ins
Night latches are common in hotel • Operational telephone
rooms and should be used Be sure you know how to call the front
desk and to dial out of the hotel for 911.
Also, when you leave your room, give it
the appearance of being occupied.
98
Hotel Security Situation 1
What else should you ask for?
1) A room with a patio balcony
2) A room with metal bars on the windows
3) A room that is not directly beside an
emergency exit
You must select a hotel room
99
Hotel Security Situation 2
What do you want to check?
1) A solid door with a peephole and a night
latch to reduce the risk of room invasion
2) Privacy blinds on the windows
3) An operational smoke detector
You want to inspect your hotel
room
100
Hotel Security Situation 3
What do you do?
1) Ask him to leave the tray outside the
door, listen for him to leave, and
then open the door
2) Use the chain lock, put your foot
behind the door, and then open the
door slightly to get a better view of
the person
A man knocks your hotel door 3) Call the front desk to confirm the
and says he has a delivery from delivery
room service
101
Hotel Security Quiz 1
A major hotel security issue for families is
room invasions.
True
False
Hotel security quiz question
number one
102
Hotel Security Quiz 2
From a security perspective, the best
rooms are directly next to emergency
exits.
True
False
Hotel security quiz question
number two
103
Hotel Security Quiz 3
What is not a physical security feature
you should check when inspecting your
hotel room?
1) Lockbox or safe
2) Functioning locks on doors and windows
3) Whether or not the door is solid
4) Operational telephone
5) Proximity of room to emergency exits
Hotel security quiz question
number three
104
Hostage Survival Introduction
Hostage taking within CONUS is unlikely,
however, it is a threat.
Hostages may be taken to obtain political
concessions, ransom, or publicity.
In CONUS hostage situations usually
occur during a robbery and are resolved
through negotiations or rescue.
To prepare for this possibility, review
Hostages are taken for a variety of "Isolated Personnel Guidance," an annex
reasons and captivity may last for to CJCS Guide 5260. This is available from
a few hours or for years your Antiterrorism Officer.
105
Initial Response to Hostage Incident
The initial moments of a hostage taking
situation are the most chaotic. If taken
hostage, focus on defusing the situation:
• Control your fear and maintain your
dignity
• Follow instructions of your captors
• Avoid sudden movements that your
captors may view as hostile
Peru, 1996, MRTA took hundreds The initial moments and hours of a
hostage at the Japanese hostage situation can be the most
Ambassador's residence dangerous. Your decisions can increase
your chance for survival.
106
Time in Captivity
In a hostage situation try to maintain
your mental and physical health:
• Keep active and try to exercise
• Eat the food that is provided to you
• Get enough sleep
• Engage guards in conversation
In case of rescue attempt:
School facilities are sometimes • Immediately drop to the floor
attacked for the purpose of
holding children hostage • Do not make any sudden movements
• Do not attempt to assist rescue
personnel, and follow their
instructions
107
Stockholm Syndrome
The "Stockholm Syndrome" evolved from
a hostage situation during a failed bank
robbery in Stockholm, Sweeden.
Over time, hostages can become
attached to their captor and begin to see
the world from the captor's perspective.
Prolonged captivity, can reduce the ability
to see opportunities for escape or
increase safety.
"Stockholm Syndrome" occurs
when the hostages befriend their If you become a hostage, remain true to
your core values.
captors
108
Family Hostage Crisis
In the unlikely event that a family
member becomes a hostage, be prepared
for the following:
• Attempts by the captors to negotiate
the release of your family member
• Disturbing photos of your family
member on TV and in print
• Attempts by the press to interview
you and your family
Thomas Hamill's capture by
terrorists was caught on tape Coordinate all responses to the hostage
incident through the appropriate
Government or law enforcement agency.
109
Hostage Survival Situation 1
What should you do in the following
days?
1) Try to be patient and stay in close contact
with DOD authorities
2) Contact additional Government agencies
for help
3) Contact the news media to try to get
people focused on the situation
You receive a phone call stating
that your DOD sponsor has been
taken captive
110
Hostage Survival Situation 2
What do you do?
1) Try to negotiate the demands down
2) Contact authorities for an update and if it
seems like no progress is being made
meet the demands
3) Contact DOD or the appropriate law
enforcement agency with the new
information
The captors have contacted you
with their demands
111
Hostage Survival Quiz 1
In the event someone in your family is
taken hostage, you should cooperate with
authorities.
True
False
Hostage survival quiz question
number one
112
Hostage Survival Quiz 2
While in captivity it is important to stay in
good physical condition and develop a
daily routine.
True
False
Hostage survival quiz question
number two
113
Hostage Survival Quiz 3
What should you not do during a hostage
rescue attempt?
1) Remain still and low to the ground
2) Avoid making sudden movements
3) Try to assist hostage rescue team
4) Follow instructions of hostage rescue
team
5) Expect to be handcuffed and detained by
Hostage survival quiz question hostage rescue team
number three
114
CBRNE Introduction
The chemical, biological, radiological,
nuclear, and explosives (CBRNE) threat is
real.
• In 1995, terrorists attacked the Tokyo
subway using Sarin nerve gas
• In 2001, anthrax-laden letters were
mailed to targeted individuals and
places in the United States
Terrorist organizations are seeking new
First responders during the 2001
attack methods.
anthrax attacks
115
Responding to CBRNE Attacks
The exact nature of a CBRNE attack may
be hard to determine. Regardless of the
nature, you can protect yourself by:
• Covering as much of your body as you
can, especially your nose and mouth
• Washing any exposed part of your
body with soap and water
• Seeking medical attention as soon as
possible
Responders in protective gear at • Following instructions of local
the Hart Senate Office Building for authorities and first responders
the 2001 anthrax attacks
116
Responding to IEDs
IEDs can be disguised as everyday
objects. Be alert for:
• Suspicious objects and packaging:
• Unattended items that could
conceal a bomb
• Items with unusual batteries,
wires, cables, and strings
• Suspicious behavior:
July 2005 London IED attacks • Persons dressed in unseasonably
warm clothing or behaving
nervously
• Persons leaving a suspicious
object prior to leaving an area
117
Suspicious Letters and Packages
Mail and suspicious packages may also
contain a CBRNE threat. Potential
indicators may be:
• No return address
• Markings such as "personal”
• Excessive tape
• Misspelled words
• Unknown powder, oily stains, odor
Letters and packages displaying • Foreign / excessive postage
unusual markings may indicate a
potential threat • Addressed only to a person's title or
an incorrect title
• Protruding wires or package is
lopsided and uneven
118
CBRNE Situation 1
What do you do?
1) Shake the envelope and listen for any
loose materials
2) Open the envelope to examine the
contents
3) Check for errors in the mailing address
and return address
You receive an envelope you think
is suspicious
119
CBRNE Situation 2
What do you do?
1) Wash your hands with soap and water
2) Search the house for antibiotics
3) Use bleach to cleanse the area the letter
is in
After examining the envelope, you
determine that it might be a
threat
120
CBRNE Quiz 1
Early symptoms of a biological attack may
appear the same as common illnesses.
True
False
CBRNE quiz question number one
121
CBRNE Quiz 2
IEDs may come in many forms and may
be camouflaged to blend in to the
surrounding environment.
True
False
CBRNE quiz question number two
122
CBRNE Quiz 3
Which of the below items is a possible
indicator of a suspicious letter or
package?
1) Correct amount of postage
2) A return address that matches the
postmark
3) Evenly distributed and well balanced
parcel
CBRNE quiz question number 4) Misspellings of common words
three 5) Mailing address providing a complete
and correct name
123
Section 3: Historical Examples
124
Historical Examples Included in this Briefing
Historical Example Year Location(s) Attack Method(s)
Mumbai Terrorist Attacks 2008 Mumbai, India Assault Weapons / IEDs
Fort Dix Plot 2007 Fort Dix, NJ Automatic Weapons Fire
London Subway Bombing 2005 London, England Backpack IED (Suicide Bombing)
Camp Pennsylvania 2003 Camp Pennsylvania, Small Arms, Grenades
Kuwait
DC Sniper 2002 Washington, DC, Small Arms
Virginia, Maryland
Singapore Plot 2001 Singapore Improvised Explosive Device
US Anthrax Attacks 2001 NY, DC, FL Biological Weapon
United Flight 93 2001 Shanksville, PA Skyjacking of Passenger Jetliner
General Dozier 1981 Verona, Italy Kidnapping
Stockholm Syndrome 1973 Stockholm, Sweden Hostage Holding
125
Mumbai Terrorist Attacks
• Terrorists attacked multiple targets
in Mumbai, India:
– The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
– major transportation hub in
the city
– Leopold Café – popular restraunt
with tourists and affluent Indians
– Taj Mahal Hotel – hotel popular
with foreigner tourists,
diplomats, and affluent Indians
– Oberoi-Trident Hotel – hotel
Date: 26 November 2008 popular with foreigner tourists,
Killed: 165 diplomats, and affluent Indians
Wounded: Over 300 – Narimen House – hostel used by
jewish tourists
• Mumbai has a significant history of
terrorist attacks
126
Ft. Dix Plot
• Six Muslim extremists plot to attack
US military at Fort Dix, NJ
• Plot discovered by employee of
local electronics store when
terrorists asked to make copy of
terrorist training video
• Surveillance of several potential
targets did not raise suspicion
• Plot demonstrates the targeting of
US military at CONUS locations
Date: 2007
Killed: 0
Wounded: 0
127
London Subway Bombing
• Six Muslim extremists plot to attack
US military at Fort Dix, NJ
• Plot discovered by employee of
local electronics store
• Surveillance of several potential
targets did not raise suspicion
• Plot demonstrates the targeting of
US military at CONUS locations
Date: 7 July 2005
Killed: 52
Wounded: 700
Camp Pennsylvania
• US Army Sergeant Hasan Karim
Akbar killed to fellow Service
Members at Camp Pennsylvania,
Kuwait
• Akbar cut power to generator that
powered installation lights
• Proceeded to throw grenades and
shoot weapon stolen from
ammunition storage area
• Akbar claimed to be persecuted for
his religious beliefs, was upset
about recent reprimand, and
Date: 23 March 2003 disagreed with US entry into Iraq
Killed: 2
Wounded: 14
129
DC Sniper
• Two gunmen conducted multiple
sniper attacks in the Washington, DC
area
• Location of targets included:
– Parking lots
– Middle school
– Gas stations
– City bus
• Many victims shot from the trunk of
a car
• Suspects arrested when citizen
Date: 2 – 22 October 2002 reported location of vehicle sought
Killed: 11 by police
• Motivation for attacks are unclear
Wounded: 3 but may have included effort to kill
an ex-wife and Islamic jihad
130
Singapore Plot
• Three terrorist cells uncovered in
Singapore intent on attacking
Western interests throughout the
island
• Terrorist cells conducted extensive
surveillance of US military facilities
and Western diplomatic missions
• Terrorists in process of acquiring
explosives at time plot was
uncovered
Date: September 2001
Killed: 0
Wounded: 0
US Anthrax Attacks
• Letters containing anthrax mailed
to media outlets and US Senators
• Attack demonstrates the capability
and willingness to conduct attacks
using chemical / biological weapons
• Some victims were infected by
cross-contamination
• Indications of a biological attack
may not be immediately apparent
Date: September 2001
Killed: 5
Wounded: 17
132
United Flight 93
• Terrorists hijacked United Flight 93
with the intent of using it as a
guided missile
• After learning of other attacks
against the World Trade Center and
Pentagon passengers decided to
retake the plane over isolated area
• Actions of crew and passengers
may have saved countless
additional lives
Date: 11 September 2001
Killed: 39
Wounded: 0
133
General Dozier
• Italian Red Brigades kidnapped US
Army BG James Dozier
• Terrorists entered Dozier’s
residence posing as plumbers
• Terrorists performed extensive
surveillance
• Dozier was rescued by Italian police
42 days later
Date: 17 December 1981
Killed: 0
Wounded: 0
134
Stockholm Syndrome
• Named for a hostage situation
occurring during a Swedish
bank robbery
• In time, hostages saw captors
as reasonable and police as
source of danger
• Four contributing factors:
– Perceived threat to survival
– Perceived small kindness from
Date: 23 August 1973 the captor
Killed: 0 – Isolation from perspectives other
Wounded: 0 than those of the captor
– Perceived inability to escape
135