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Chapter 2 – Your Family Health History: Understanding Your Genetic
Inheritance
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the purpose of creating a family health tree?
A. to discover your personal health risks and strengths
B. to identify environmental factors that influence your health
C. to illustrate patterns of lifestyle habits in your family
D. to estimate your life expectancy
Answer: A
Page(s): 21
Objective(s): 1
2. Which of the following statements about family health trees is TRUE?
A. Lifestyle habit information should not be included.
B. Results from genetic testing are required to create a family health tree.
C. Basic information for each relative in the family health tree includes date of birth,
major diseases, and age and cause of death.
D. A family health tree traces a family’s origin.
Answer: C
Page(s): 21-22
Objective(s): 1
3. What information found in a family health tree indicates that a disease might have a
genetic link?
A. presence of a disease in family members with poor health habits
B. onset of disease at late age
C. appearance of a disease in one family member
D. a family member with multiple cancers
Answer: D
Page(s): 22
Objective(s): 1
4. Which of the following statements about cells and genes is FALSE?
A. The sequencing of bases within a gene is of little significance.
B. Each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
C. Our bodies are made up of about 260 different types of cells.
D. Each chromosome contains from hundreds to thousands of genes.
Answer: A
Page(s): 23
Objective(s): 2
5. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, includes which of the following?
A. a triple helix
B. proteins
C. a nucleus
D. four types of nucleotide bases
Answer: D
Page(s): 23
Objective(s): 2
6. Which of the following statements about chromosomes is FALSE?
A. Chromosomes are composed of tightly wound molecules of DNA.
B. Different cell types contain different chromosomes.
C. Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of a cell.
D. DNA is divided into 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Answer: B
Page(s): 22-23
Objective(s): 2
7. Genetic disorders caused by multiple genes interacting with the environment are called
A. polygenic.
B. autosomal.
C. multifactorial.
D. ecological.
Answer: C
Page(s): 25
Objective(s): 2
8. When a change occurs in a gene, it is called a(n) __________________.
A. recessive gene
B. allele
C. mutation
D. chromosomal disorder
Answer: C
Page(s): 24
Objective(s): 2
9. Alternative forms of the same gene are called __________________.
A. recessive genes
B. alleles
C. mutations
D. chromosomes
Answer: B
Page(s): 24
Objective(s): 2
10. Any of the chromosomes that do not contain genes that determine sex are called
__________________.
A. carrier chromosomes
B. allele chromosomes
C. autosomal chromosomes
D. sex-linked chromosomes
Answer: C
Page(s): 25
Objective(s): 2
11. Jen and Eric are both carriers of sickle cell disease, an autosomal recessive disorder.
Their newborn baby has a _____ percent chance of developing the disease.
A. 100
B. 25
C. 50
D. 75
Answer: B
Page(s): 26
Objective(s): 2
12. Joy has an autosomal dominant disorder; her husband Thad is not a carrier of the same
disorder. Their son has a _____ percent chance of being a carrier.
A. 50
B. 100
C. 75
D. 25
Answer: A
Page(s): 26
Objective(s): 2
13. Josie and Elijah’s children have a 100 percent likelihood of being carriers of an
autosomal recessive disorder. Which of the following scenarios is TRUE?
A. Josie and Elijah are carriers.
B. Josie is affected; Elijah is a carrier.
C. Josie and Elijah are affected.
D. Josie is affected; Elijah is not a carrier.
Answer: D
Page(s): 25-26
Objective(s): 2
14. Carriers will pass on a carrier status to their children _____ percent of the time.
A. 100
B. 33
C. 25
D. 50
Answer: D
Page(s): 26
Objective(s): 2
15. Which of the following statements about X-linked disorders is TRUE?
A. A carrier mother has a 50 percent chance of passing her mutated X gene to her
daughters and a 25 percent chance of passing it to her sons.
B. Most X-linked disorders are recessive.
C. X-linked disorders usually affect females.
D. An affected father passes the mutated gene on to all of his offspring.
Answer: B
Page(s): 26
Objective(s): 2
16. Who is more at risk for acquiring sex-linked disorders?
A. daughters
B. sons
C. daughters and sons equally
D. sex-linked disorders are not genetically linked
Answer: B
Page(s): 26
Objective(s): 2
17. Heart disease is an example of a multifactorial illness. Which of the following reasons
does NOT support this statement?
A. Smoking tobacco and high blood pressure increase the risk for heart disease.
B. First-degree relatives have a six-fold increase in risk for heart disease.
C. Genetic screening and information may lead an individual to modify his or her
environmental risk factors to prevent the disease from developing.
D. Random error in formation of ovum or sperm causes heart disease.
Answer: D
Page(s): 26-27
Objective(s): 2
18. Down syndrome is what type of disorder?
A. chromosomal
B. polygenic
C. X-linked
D. multifactorial
Answer: A
Page(s): 27
Objective(s): 2
19. Which of the following statements about Down syndrome is FALSE?
A Down syndrome cannot be diagnosed during pregnancy or shortly after birth.
B. Down syndrome occurs in about 1 in every 800 live births.
C. An individual with Down syndrome is born with an extra copy of
chromosome 21.
D. The risk associated with giving birth to a baby with Down syndrome increases
with maternal age.
Answer: A
Page(s): 27
Objective(s): 2
20. The Human Genome Project confirms that
A. there are clearly defined genetic differences among human races.
B. a human has the same number of genes as a mouse.
C. humans have more genes than scientists expected.
D. the majority of DNA is used in protein-coding genes.
Answer: B
Page(s): 24
Objective(s): 2
21. Which of the following groups has the highest incidence of sickle cell disease?
A. Chinese
B. Ashkenazi Jew
C. Caucasian
D. African American
Answer: D
Page(s): 28
Objective(s): 3
22. European Caucasians have a greater risk of acquiring cystic fibrosis. This fact
demonstrates that
A. closely-knit populations do not necessarily share the same genes.
B. certain genetic disorders occur more frequently within particular ethnic groups.
C. cystic fibrosis is unique in that it occurs more frequently in one ethnic population
than in others.
D. genetic screening is not necessary for couples sharing the same ethnic
background.
Answer: B
Page(s): 28
Objective(s): 3
23. Research studies have shown that genes may affect human behavior. According to this
research, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Core temperament traits are inherited at conception.
B. Genes may affect sexual orientation.
C. There is no clear genetic role in addiction.
D. Gene variations cause a reaction to alcohol known as flushing syndrome.
Answer: C
Page(s): 31
Objective(s): 3
24. Gene variations can affect the rate at which alcohol is metabolized. Which population
has high frequency of these gene variations and, therefore, a significantly reduced risk of
alcoholism?
A. Southeast Asian
B. Ashkenazi Jew
C. Caucasian
D. African American
Answer: A
Page(s): 31
Objective(s): 3
25. Which of the following mental disorders is known to have a genetic component?
A. bipolar disorder
B. anorexia nervosa
C. adjustment disorder
D. PTSD
Answer: A
Page(s): 30
Objective(s): 3
26. Which of the following is TRUE regarding Alzheimer’s disease?
A. A mutation in the APOE gene increases a person’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s
disease.
B. Alzheimer’s disease is a rare cause of dementia.
C. The most common form of Alzheimer’s disease is an autosomal dominant
disorder.
D. People with Alzheimer’s disease experience some memory loss but are capable of
continued high functioning.
Answer: A
Page(s): 30
Objective(s): 3
27. Which of the following disorders is associated with the European Caucasian population?
A. familial hypercholesterolemia
B. sickle cell disease
C. thalassemia
D. cystic fibrosis
Answer: D
Page(s): 28
Objective(s): 3
28. Mackenzie is a newborn infant who shows symptoms of cystic fibrosis. Her parents have
her tested to confirm or exclude the possibility of the disease. Mackenzie had what type
of test performed on her?
A. diagnostic
B. presymptomatic
C. predispositional
D. predictive
Answer: A
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
29. Which type of genetic testing is used when an asymptomatic individual has a family
history of a disorder with a genetic association?
A. retrospective
B. diagnostic
C. predictive
D. carrier
Answer: C
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
30. Todd’s father developed Alzheimer’s disease at age 46. Todd has no symptoms, but took
a genetic test for early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. What type of test did Todd undergo?
A. predispositional
B. diagnostic
C. presymptomatic
D. carrier
Answer: C
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
31. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding newborn screening tests?
A. Newborn screening tests require a signed consent form.
B. The PKU genetic mutation is a model condition for genetic testing.
C. Federal mandates determine disorders to be included in newborn screenings.
D. Sickle cell disease is federally mandated to be included in newborn screening.
Answer: B
Page(s): 33
Objective(s): 4
32. Which of the following is NOT considered a treatment for genetic disorders?
A. medications
B. experimental gene therapy
C. diet modification
D. genetic counseling
Answer: D
Page(s): 33-34
Objective(s): 4
33. Rachel has cystic fibrosis. She takes vitamin supplements for vitamins A, D, E, and K
every day. What dietary modification practice does Rachel exhibit?
A. exclusion
B. restriction
C. substitution
D. supplementation
Answer: D
Page(s): 33
Objective(s): 4
34. Katelyn has both PKU (phenylketonuria) and a peanut allergy. She should practice
which dietary modification type(s)?
A. restriction and exclusion
B. exclusion and supplementation
C. exclusion only
D. restriction and supplementation
E. supplementation only
Answer: A
Page(s): 33
Objective(s): 4
35. Which of the following statements about viral gene therapy is TRUE?
A. Potentially fatal immune responses can result from viral gene therapy.
B. Viral gene therapy is ready to be used widely.
C. The healthy gene always works once it is inside the cell.
D. Scientists have developed methods to transport a gene that is larger than a virus.
Answer: A
Page(s): 34
Objective(s): 4
36. Which of the following is a source of concern related to the research on genes and the
related medical advances?
A. Medical care may be based on a personal genetic profile.
B. More genetic diseases may be treated using gene therapy.
C. Athletic performance may be enhanced.
D. Symptoms of aging may be alleviated.
Answer: C
Page(s): 35
Objective(s): 5
True/False Questions
37. The most relevant information from a family health tree includes major diseases as well
as age and cause of death.
Answer: True
Page(s): 21
Objective(s): 1
38. A family health tree should be shared with your health provider.
Answer: True
Page(s): 22
Objective(s): 1
39. When evaluating a family health tree, a family member who has a heart attack at age 70
raises more genetic concerns than a relative who develops colon cancer at age 28.
Answer: False
Page(s): 22
Objective(s): 1
40. Sally’s aunt and sister-in-law both recently developed breast cancer. Courtney’s mother
and sister both recently developed breast cancer. Courtney has a higher risk of breast
cancer than Sally.
Answer: True
Page(s): 22
Objective(s): 1
41. A family health tree is also called a genogram or a genetic pedigree.
Answer: True
Page(s): 21
Objective(s): 1
42. Twenty-two of our 23 chromosome pairs are the same for women and men.
Answer: True
Page(s): 22-23
Objective(s): 2
43. The complete set of DNA is called a person’s genome.
Answer: True
Page(s): 22
Objective(s): 2
44. Genetic mutations can be either beneficial or harmful to one’s health.
Answer: True
Page(s): 24
Objective(s): 2
45. Most genetic disorders are caused by single-gene mutations.
Answer: False
Page(s): 25
Objective(s): 2
46. If an individual receives a faulty, mutated copy of a gene from his or her mother, that
person will most likely acquire a genetic disorder.
Answer: False
Page(s): 24
Objective(s): 2
47. Autosomal dominant disorders occur equally among women and men.
Answer: True
Page(s): 25
Objective(s): 2
48. An autosomal recessive disorder requires only one copy of a mutated gene for a disorder
to be present.
Answer: False
Page(s): 25
Objective(s): 2
49. Jan is a carrier of cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disorder; she has a 25 percent
chance of passing the mutated gene on to her sons and daughters.
Answer: False
Page(s): 26
Objective(s): 2
50. The X chromosome is small and contains few genes, so it has a much lower likelihood of
mutations causing a genetic disease.
Answer: False
Page(s): 26
Objective(s): 2
51. Fathers rarely pass sex-linked disorders on to their sons.
Answer: True
Page(s): 26
Objective(s): 2
52. If a disease has a genetic link, it will usually occur more frequently among first-degree
relatives of a person with an illness than it occurs in the general population.
Answer: True
Page(s): 27
Objective(s): 2
53. An illness with a significant genetic contribution will occur more frequently among
fraternal twins than among identical twins.
Answer: False
Page(s): 27
Objective(s): 2
54. Chromosomal disorders are caused by mutations in multiple genes within a chromosome.
Answer: False
Page(s): 27
Objective(s): 2
55. Many chromosomal disorders lead to a fetus being unable to survive the prenatal period.
Answer: True
Page(s): 27
Objective(s): 2
56. A child with Down syndrome can be born to parents of any age and maternal age has
little significance.
Answer: False
Page(s): 27
Objective(s): 2
57. A child born with Down syndrome has an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Answer: True
Page(s): 27
Objective(s): 2
58. Genetics cannot distinguish one race of people from another.
Answer: True
Page(s): 24
Objective(s): 2
59. The risk of a child receiving the same genetic mutation from both parents is higher if both
parents share the same ethnic background.
Answer: True
Page(s): 28
Objective(s): 3
60. The genetic mutation that causes Tay-Sachs disease, a degenerative brain disorder, is
found at higher frequency in the African American population.
Answer: False
Page(s): 28, 29
Objective(s): 3
61. Research suggests that our core temperament traits are inherited at conception.
Answer: True
Page(s): 30
Objective(s): 3
62. The only clearly identified genes having a role in alcoholism are genes that protect
against alcoholism.
Answer: True
Page(s): 31
Objective(s): 3
63. A positive result for a predispositional test ensures the eventual development of the
genetic disorder being tested.
Answer: False
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
64. Carrier tests are frequently offered to individuals in certain racial and ethnic groups that
are known for having high carrier rates.
Answer: True
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
65. Prenatal screening prevents genetic diseases.
Answer: False
Page(s): 32-33
Objective(s): 4
66. The disorders included in routine screening programs at birth vary from state to state.
Answer: True
Page(s): 33
Objective(s): 4
67. In gene therapy, abnormal genes are replaced by healthy genes.
Answer: True
Page(s): 34
Objective(s): 4
68. Scientists have used viruses to inject healthy genes into cells with abnormal genes.
Answer: True
Page(s): 34
Objective(s): 4
69. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) prohibits group health
plans from using genetic information as a basis for denying or limiting an individual’s
coverage. However, individuals who are seeking health care on their own, rather than as
a part of a group, are not protected under HIPAA.
Answer: True
Page(s): 35
Objective(s): 5
Short Answer
70. A method of illustrating an individual’s family genetic history is called a(n)
_______________.
Answer: family health tree
Page(s): 21
Objective(s): 1
71. A series of paired nucleotides at a certain location on chromosome that codes for a
specific protein is called a ___________________.
Answer: gene
Page(s): 22
Objective(s): 2
72. The molecule that encodes, or controls the production of, genetic information located
tightly coiled in the chromosome is ____________________.
Answer: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Page(s): 22
Objective(s): 2
73. The two chains that DNA consists of are joined in a(n) ___________________ structure.
Answer: double helix
Page(s): 22
Objective(s): 2
74. Twenty-two of our 23 chromosome pairs are the same for men and women. These
chromosomes are called ____________________.
Answer: autosomal chromosomes
Page(s): 25
Objective(s): 2
75. One chromosome pair is referred to as the ___________________, because it determines
sex.
Answer: sex-linked chromosome
Page(s): 25
Objective(s): 2
76. Changes that occur during the process of parents passing genes to their children are called
____________________.
Answer: mutations
Page(s): 24
Objective(s): 2
77. A(n) __________________ is the result of a mutation in just one gene.
Answer: single-gene disorder
Page(s): 25
Objective(s): 2
78. Interactions among one or more genes and the environment cause
____________________ or traits.
Answer: multifactorial disorders
Page(s): 25
Objective(s): 2
79. Only one copy of a mutated gene is required for a(n) __________________ disorder to
be present.
Answer: autosomal dominant
Page(s): 25
Objective(s): 2
80. A mutated gene that is not expressed when paired with a healthy gene is called
___________________.
Answer: recessive
Page(s): 24, 25
Objective(s): 2
81. A person with one healthy gene and one mutated autosomal recessive gene is a(n)
________________.
Answer: carrier
Page(s): 26
Objective(s): 2
82. Because sex-linked disorders are almost all caused by mutations on the X chromosome,
they are sometimes called ____________________ disorders.
Answer: X-linked
Page(s): 26
Objective(s): 2
83. In a(n) _____________________, an entire chromosome may be added, lost, or altered.
Answer: chromosomal disorder
Page(s): 27
Objective(s): 2
84. The ___________________ was launched in 1990, as scientists organized to discuss
plans to map and sequence human genetic information.
Answer: Human Genome Project
Page(s): 23
Objective(s): 2
85. The process of determining the position of genes in relation to one another and their
location on the chromosomes is called __________________.
Answer: genetic mapping
Page(s): 23
Objective(s): 2
86. The foundation of personality that remains stable across the lifespan and appears to be
inherited is __________________,
Answer: temperament
Page(s): 30
Objective(s): 3
87. The tendency to become addicted to alcohol has been found to run in families;
______________ factors, however, also play a critical role in the development of
alcoholism.
Answer: environmental
Page(s): 31
Objective(s): 3
88. Three gene variations affect the way alcohol is metabolized and are found in higher
frequencies in ______________ populations.
Answer: Asian
Page(s): 31
Objective(s): 3
89. A(n) _____________________ can help an individual and his or her family evaluate risk
for a specific disease, learn about the diagnostic test available, discuss treatment options,
and consider the possible consequences of the test.
Answer: genetic counselor
Page(s): 31-32
Objective(s): 4
90. When an individual shows signs of an illness, a(n) _________________ test may help
confirm or exclude the possibility of certain diseases.
Answer: diagnostic
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
91. If an individual is healthy, a(n) ___________________ test can be used to assess the
individual’s risk for developing a particular genetic disease in the future.
Answer: predictive
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
92. ___________________ tests are predictive tests that identify the presence of genetic
mutations that are associated with autosomal dominant disorders.
Answer: Presymptomatic
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
93. Predictive tests associated with multifactorial diseases are called ___________________
tests.
Answer: predispositional
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
94. A genetic test performed to look for a recessive gene is called a(n) ______________ test.
Answer: carrier
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
95. A(n) ________________ blood test conducted during the early part of pregnancy can
possibly suggest an increased risk for a neural tube defect or chromosomal abnormality.
Answer: triple screen
Page(s): 32-33
Objective(s): 4
96. Dietary modification can be used to treat some genetic conditions. A child with
phenylketonuria (PKU) must limit his or her intake of phenylalanine. This form of
dietary modification is called ____________________.
Answer: restriction
Page(s): 33
Objective(s): 4
97. Dietary modification can be used to treat some health conditions. A person with a severe
food allergy must completely remove the food from his or her diet. This form of dietary
modification is called ____________________________.
Answer: exclusion
Page(s): 33
Objective(s): 4
98. Dietary modification can be used to treat some health conditions. A person with cystic
fibrosis poorly absorbs fat-soluble vitamins and will need to take more than the
recommended daily amounts. This form of dietary modification is called
__________________________.
Answer: supplementation
Page(s): 33
Objective(s): 4
99. The federal act intended to address concerns regarding genetic testing and health
insurance is called the ___________________.
Answer: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Page(s): 35
Objective(s): 5
100. The ____________________ of 2008 is federal legislation designed to fill in gaps in the
current protections against discrimination based on genetic information.
Answer: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
Page(s): 37
Objective(s): 5
101. The practice of selectively breeding or controlling a group’s reproductive choices in an
attempt to improve the human race is called ________________.
Answer: eugenics
Page(s): 37
Objective(s): 5
Matching Questions
Match the following:
A) autosomal recessive disorder
B) autosomal dominant disorder
C) mutifactorial disorder
D) chromosomal disorder
E) sex-linked disorder
102. People with this type of disorder have a 50 percent chance of passing the condition on to
their children.
Answer: B
Page(s): 25
Objective(s): 2
103. Most of these disorders are caused by genes on the X chromosome.
Answer: E
Page(s): 26
Objective(s): 2
104. Lifestyle habits contribute to the risk posed by these disorders.
Answer: C
Page(s): 26
Objective(s): 2
105. Two copies of the disease-causing allele are required for this sort of disease to be present.
Answer: A
Page(s): 25
Objective(s): 2
106. Many of these disorders lead to fetal death or death in the first year of life.
Answer: D
Page(s): 27
Objective(s): 2
Match the following:
A) predispositional test
B) carrier test
C) presymptomatic test
D) diagnostic test
107. A test designed to look for a gene associated with an autosomal recessive disorder
Answer: B
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
108. A test that helps confirm or exclude the possibility of certain diseases once symptoms of
an illness have surfaced
Answer: D
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
109. A test designed to detect a mutation that increases an individual’s risk of developing a
disease
Answer: A
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
110. A test intended to detect a mutation that indicates the eventual onset of a disorder
Answer: C
Page(s): 32
Objective(s): 4
