BIO 201 Articulations Stu

							    ARTICULATIONS - DEFINITION

• any point of joining between:
   – bones
   – bones and cartilage
   – bone and teeth
   – cartilages
• strength versus movement
  ARTICULATIONS - STRUCTURAL
        CLASSIFICATION
• Bony fusion
   – synostosis
• Fibrous joint
   – no joint cavity
• Cartilaginous joint
   – no joint cavity
• Synovial joint
   – synovial cavity
  ARTICULATIONS - FUNCTIONAL
        CLASSIFICATION
• Synarthrosis
   – immovable joint
• Amphiarthrosis
   – slightly moveable
• Diarthrosis
   – freely moveable
              FIBROUS JOINT

1. Suture
   – bones of skull
   – thin layer of dense
     connective tissue
     early
               FIBROUS JOINT

2. Gomphoses
   – periodontal
     ligament
   – articulation of tooth
     in its bony socket
                 FIBROUS JOINT
3. Syndesmoses
    – greater amount of
      connective tissue than
      a suture
    – fibers called
      __________
    – examples:
        • distal articulation
          between tibia and
          fibula
        • articulation between
          shafts of ulna and
          radius
        CARTILAGINOUS JOINT

1. Synchondrosis
   – held by _________
     cartilage
   – examples:
      • epiphyseal plate
      • costal cartilage
        between ribs
        and sternum
        CARTILAGINOUS JOINT

2. Symphysis
   – held by
     _______________
   – examples:
      • symphysis pubis
      • intervertebral
        discs
      • menisci
                 SYNOVIAL JOINT

• Components
   – articular cartilage
      • ___________
         cartilage
      • contains thin
         collagenous fibers -
         weeping lubrication
   – articular capsule
      a. fibrous connective
         tissue
            – connects to the
              ______________
              _
               SYNOVIAL JOINT

b. synovial membrane
    • _________
      connective tissue
    • produces synovial
      fliud
         – __________ acid
           and _________
         – provides
           lubrication and
           nourishment
         – shock absorber
         – knee - 3 to 4 ml
 SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES NOT PART OF
          SYNOVIAL JOINT
1. Bursae
   – small sacs filled with
     synovial fluid
   – found between bone
     and skin, between
     tendons and bone,
     muscles and bone,
     ligaments and bone
   – bursitis
       • inflammation of
         bursa
 SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES NOT PART OF
          SYNOVIAL JOINT
2. Tendon sheath
   – where tendons cross
     joints
   – cylindrical double
     synovial sac
   – tendinitis -
     inflammation of
     tendon sheath
          ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
               KNEE JOINT
• Extracapsular ligaments
   – popliteal -- prevents
      hyperextension
   – collateral -- medial and
      lateral
        • prevents knee from
          rotating when joint
          is extended
• Intracapsular ligaments
   – anterior and posterior
      cruciates
        • stabilized knee
          when rotating
• Intracapsular Cartilage
   – fibrocartilage -- medial
      and lateral menisci
     MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

1.   Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension

•    Abduction and Adduction

•    Elevation and Depression

•    Protraction and Retraction
   MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

5. Lateral and Medial Excursion
   •   biting and chewing

6. Circumduction

7. Rotation

8. Supination and pronation
   MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

9. Opposition and Reposition

10. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
   • Dorsiflexion -- raise toes
   • Plantar flexion -- standing on toes

11. Inversion and Eversion
       TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

1. Nonaxial or gliding
   – between flat surfaces
   – examples
      • articular surfaces
        of vertebra
      • between
        intercarpals and
        intertarsals
      • sternoclavicular
        joint
        TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

2. Pivot -- only rotation
       • 1st and 2nd
         cervical vertebrae
       • proximal
         articulation
         between radius
         and ulna
    TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

3. Hinge
   • only flexion and
     extension
      – elbow, toes,
        knee
      – joints between
        phalanges of
        fingers and
        toes
         TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

4. Condyloid or ellipsoid
      • one surface is concave
        and one surface is
        convex
      • examples
         – radius and carpals
         – occipital condyles
           and atlas
         – metacarpophalangeal
           joints
         – metatarpophalangeal
           joints
       TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

5. Saddle
   – each surface is
     convex and concave
      • thumb --
        carpometacarpal
        joint
        TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

6. Ball and socket joints
   – all movements
   – examples
       • shoulder
       • hip