Tugas Bab IX

							Nama           :         Evan Sahputra
NIM            :         01071001034
Mata Kuliah :            Aplikasi Komputer (Teori)



   1. What are the features of the new information technology (IT) infrastructure?
       The new information technology (IT) infrastructure: The new IT infrastructure
       link desktop workstations, network computers, LAN and server computers in
       an enterprise network so that information can flow freely between different
       parts of the organization. The enterprise network may also be linked to kiosks
       point-of-sale (POS) terminals., PDAs and information appliances, digital
       cellular telephones and PCS, and mobile computing devices as well as to the
       internet using public infrastructures. Customers, suppliers, and business
       partners may also be linked to the organization through this new IT
       infrastructure.


   2. Why is connectivity so important for the digital firm? List and describe the
       major connectivity standards for networking and the internet.
       Today’s firms can use the information technologies we have described in
       previous chapters to create an information technology (IT) infrastructure
       capable of coordinating the activities of entire firms and even entire
       industries. By enabling companies to radically reduce their agency and
       transaction cost, this new IT infrastructure provides a broad platform for
       electronic commerce, electronic business, and the emerging digital firm. This
       new IT infrastructure is based on powerful network and internet technology.


   3. What is the internet? List and describe alternative ways of accessing the
       internet.
   An internet provider (ISP) is a commercial organization with a permanent
   connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers.
   Individuals also can access the internet through such popular on-line services
   as prodigy and American Online and through networks established by such
   giants as Microsoft and AT & T.


4. List and describe the principal Internet capabilities.
   E-mail :: Person-to-person messaging, document sharing.
   Usenet newsgroups :: Discussion groups on electronic bulletin boards.
   LISTSERVs :: Discussion groups and messaging using E-mail mailing list
                    server
   Chatting :: interactive conversations
   telnet :: long on to one computer system and do work on another
   FTP :: transfer files from computer to computer
   Gophers :: locate information using a hierarchy of menus
   World wide web :: retrieve, format, and display information (including text,
   audio, graphics and video) using hypertext links.


5. What is the internet2? How does it differ from the first generation internet?
   What benefits does it provide?
   Internet2 is a research network with new protocols and transmission speeds
   that are much higher that the current internet. The internet2 infrastructure is
   based on a series of interconnected giga pops, which are regional high-speed
   points-of-presence that serve as aggregation points for traffic form
   participating institutions.


6. Why is the Word Wide Web so useful for individuals and business?
   The World Wide Web ( the Web) is as the heart of the explosion in the
   business use of the Net. The web is a system with universally accepted
   standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information using
   a client/server architecture. The web combines text, hypermedia, graphics, and
   sound. It can handle all types of digital communication making it easy to link
   resources that are half-a-world apart. The web uses graphical user interfaces
   for easy viewing. It is based o a standard hypertext language called hypertext
   markup language (THML). Which formats documents and incorporates
   dynamic link to other documents stored in the same or remote computer.


7. List and describe alternative ways of locating information on the web.
   Locating information the web critical function, with the more that one billion
   web pages in existence expected to double eight months. No comprehensive
   catalog of web sites exists. The principal methods of locating information on
   the web are web site directories, search engines, and broadcast or “push”
   technology.


8. What are intranets and extranets? How do they differ form the web?
   Organization can use internet networking standards and web technology to
   create private network called intranet. We introduced intranet in Chapter 1,
   explaining intranet is an internal organizational network that can provide
   access to data across the enterprise.


9. Wireless web applications enable mobile users to access digital information
   from the internet and be connected anywhere, anytime, anyplace. Specialized
   portals steer users of Web-enable wireless devices to the information they are
   most likely to need. Wireless Web =web based applications enabling users to
   access digital information from the internet using wireless mobile computing
   devices.
10. m-commerce, the use of the internet for purchasing goods and services as well
   as sending and receiving message using handheld wireless devices. With cell
   phones, PDAs, and other wireless computing devices becoming internet-
   enabled, many believe m-commerce represent the next wave of internet
   computing.
   M-commerce will become a significant subset of e-commerce. Businesses will
   increasingly incorporate wireless internet access into their information
   technology infrastructures so that employees can access information wherever
   they are, and make decisions instantly without being tethered to desk or
   computer.


11. I-mode is a rival standard developed by japan’s NTT DoCoMo mobile phone
   network. It is widely used in Japan and is being introduced to Europe. I-mode
   uses compact HTML to deliver content, making it easier for businesses to
   convert their HTML Web sites to mobile service.


12. Bilities can be used to creates interactive applications, and provide services
   and products. By using internet technology, organizations can reduce
   communication and transaction costs.
   Internet Benefits to Connectivity and global reach Reduced communication
   costs Lower agency cost Interactivity flexibility, and customization
   Accelerated distribution of knowledge


13. Businesses seriously pursuing electronic commerce and electronic business
   need special tools for maintaining their web sites. These tools include web
   server and electronic commerce survey software, customer tracking and
   personalization tools, Web content management tools, and site performance
   monitoring                                                               tools.
   Web server as the software necessary to run web sites, internets, and
   extranets. The core capabilities of web server software revolve around
   locating and managing stored web pages.
   Customer Tracking and Personalization Tools
          Collecting and storing data on the behavior of on line customers and
           combine that data with data already stored in the company’s back-
           office systems.
          Analyzing the data in order better to understand the behavior of on line
           customers.
          Identifying developing customer trends.


14. Companies that lack the financial or technical resources to operate their own
   web sites or electronic commerce services can use web hosting services. A
   web hosting service maintains a large web server computer or a series of
   server and provides fee-paying subscribers with space to maintain their web
   sites. The subscribing companies may create their own web pages or have the
   hosting service or a web design firm create them.


15. The challenge of man managing the new information technology
   infrastructure
          Loss of management control
           Managing information system technology and corporate data are
           proving much more difficult in a distributed environment because of
           the lack of a single, central point where needed management can
           occur.
          Connectivity and application integration
           We have already described the connectivity problems created by
           incompatible networks and standard, including connectivity problems
           for wireless networks.
          Organizational change requirements
           Enterprise-wide computing provides an opportunity to reengineer the
           organization into a more effective unit, but it will only create problems
           or chaos if the underlying organizational issues are not fully addressed
           (Duchessi and Chengalur-smith, 1998)
          Hidden coast of enterprise computing
           Many companies have found that the saving they expected from
           distributed client/server computing did not materialize because of
           unexpected costs.
          Scalability, Realibility, and security
           Companies seeking to digitally enable their business require robust IT
           infrastructures providing plentiful bandwith and storage capacity for
           transmitting and maintaining all of the data generated by electronic
           commerce and electronic business transactions.
16. Some solutions
   Organizations can meet the challenges posed by the new IT infrastructure by
   planning for and managing the business and organizational changes;
   increasing end-user training; asserting data administration disciplines; and
   considering connectivity, application integration bandwidth, and cost controls
   in their technology planning.