Environmental Protection and Municipal Waste Management
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Tietz, VES, Universität Dortmund
Ver- und Entsorgungssysteme in der Raumplanung Supply and Disposal System in Spatial Planning Course held at SPRING at Mai 10th, 2005
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
“The end of the pipe” - Solution
Example: Existing Landfill at the Holyday Island ARUBA
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
The Problem
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Impacts to health: air pollution
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odour
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Impacts to health: birds
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dogs
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Impacts to health: Leachate
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water contamination
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Impacts to health: landscape
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noise
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Example ARUBA: Proposed Site Alternative
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Example ARUBA: Noise Dispersion Declines
N W S E
Sanitary Landfill 80 dB(A) = 32 m 70 dB(A) = 86 m 60 dB(A) = 220 m 50 dB(A) = 550 m Coastline Roads Residence
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Potential Environmental Impacts by Solid Waste Collection and Disposal Systems
(selected notes from: World Bank Technical Paper No. 140: Environmental Assessment Source book, Vol. II, Sectoral Guidelines)
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Public Health Impacts Public health also can be affected when solid waste is inadequately disposed within an open dump. Although a number of solid waste projects have called for closure of open dumps and implementation of alternative sanitary disposal practices, few projects have been successful at implementing this component of the project because of land acquisition and local finance issues, as well as pressures from informal sector recycling.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
In an open dump, there is ready access to the waste by domestic animals and, subsequently, potential spread of disease and chemical contaminants through the food chain. From an open dump, windblown dusts may carry pathogens and hazardous materials. Gases generated during biodegradation within an open dump (and to a lesser extent, a sanitary landfill) may include toxic and potentially carcinogenic volatile organics (e.g., benzene and vinyl chloride), as well as typical biodegradation by-products (e.g., methane, hydrogen sulfide, and carbondioxide). Smoke generated from burning wastes at open dumps is a significant respiratory irritant and can cause affected populations to have a much increased susceptibility to respiratory illness.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Direct Impacts Environmental damage from solid waste disposal typically can include contamination of soil, groundwater, surface water and air quality. Adverse impacts result from improper siting, inadequate design and/or poor operation. For example, seepage from solid waste contains fine particulates and microorganisms which can be filtered by soil matrices. Seepage also contains dissolved solids which can be attenuated by soil through precipitation, absorption or ion exchange mechanisms. Under favorable hydrologic conditions, contaminated seepage (also called leachate) from solid waste can pass through the unsaturated soil beneath the solid waste deposit and enter groundwater.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Surface water can be contaminated as polluted groundwater is discharged into it, or by surface runoff directly from the solid waste deposit. Sources of air quality degradation include smoke from open burning; dust from inadequate containment, collection, and open dumping; and gases generated by decomposition of wastes within an open dump or sanitary landfill. (For a summary of the direct and indirect environmental impacts from solid waste collection and disposal, see Table 9.6 at the end of this section.)
The most obvious contamination of land is caused by windblown litter and clandestine dumping in open areas and along roadways. This contamination causes an aesthetic impact, which can result in diminished civic pride and loss of property value.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Soil underlying solid waste deposited within an open dump or sanitary landfill is typically contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals, salts and chlorinated hydrocarbons contained in seepage from the waste. The extent to which the soil attenuates such contaminants will depend on its porosity, ion exchange capacity, and ability to absorb and precipitate dissolved solids. Furthermore, not all contaminants can be attenuated by soil. For example, anions, such as chloride and nitrate, pass readily through most soils without attenuation. Soils consisting of clay and organic matter are more likely to attenuate contaminants than soils consisting of sand, silt and gravel. If seepage continues after underlying soils have reached their full capacity to attenuate contaminants, contaminants may be released to groundwater.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Water Issues Through biodegradation and chemical oxidation/reduction mechanisms on deposited solid wastes, dissolved byproducts of decomposition are added to the interstitial waters within the solid waste mass. Over time, the solid waste decomposes into smaller particles and the waste consolidates under its own weight, thus releasing the polluted interstitial waters. Both the initial interstitial waters and any infiltration waters contaminated by decomposition by-products can seep into groundwater under certain hydrologic conditions (i.e., saturation of the waste to the point of field capacity and permeable conditions in soils underlying the wastes, as well as other hydrologic connections such as fractures in rock and inadequate casing and seals on wells).
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Surface water can be polluted when it receives groundwater or surface runoff which has been contaminated with leachate from landfill areas. In the event that solid waste is placed in a sanitary landfill designed to enable leachate collection and leachate treatment, there may be a water quality impact attributable to the discharge of treated leachate into a receiving surface water. Potential impacts due to inadequate leachate treatment design, operational failures and bypasses, are as discussed for wastewater treatment under the category of “Wastewater Collection, Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal Systems.”
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Air Issues The most obvious air quality problems associated with solid waste collection and disposal are dust, odors and smoke. Less obvious air quality problems may arise when the biodegradation of hazardous materials in the solid waste leads to release of potentially toxic volatile organics. For the most part, following good design and operating practices can minimize these impacts.
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The air quality problem most associated with solid waste collection is dust created during loading operations. The level of dust created depends largely on the method of collection selected. Dust is primarily a nuisance and an eye irritant; however, it may also carry pathogenic microorganisms which could be inhaled when airborne.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
There is typically a putrid smell from hydrogen sulfide gas and other gases created by anaerobic biodegradation of wastes within an open dump or sanitary landfill. By contrast, at a compost facility where biodegradation is designed to occur by aerobic mechanisms, the odor is typically an un-offensive earthy smell. If the compost facility is not properly operated and anaerobic conditions develop, however, a foul odor could result.
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Burning at a disposal site may occur underground and on the surface. Once an open dump begins to burn underground, it can last for decades, or until sanitary landfill methods (including gas collection and venting) are implemented.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Siting Facilities In designing a solid waste disposal system, social and cultural issues arise during the siting of facilities especially. Facility siting needs to conform to land-use plans. Siting should provide for enough land area for a buffer zone to minimize aesthetic impacts. Consideration should be given to proximity to residential developments (because of noise and truck traffic impacts, as well as gas migration), prevailing wind direction (because of dust, odor, and smoke), and groundwater flow (because of water supply wells and receiving surface waters). Other Special Issues
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Landfill Gas Migration Landfill gas develops from anaerobic decomposition of wastes within a land disposal site. Unless there are competent gas control systems installed and operating at the disposal site, landfill gas can migrate underground along the paths of least resistance in the unsaturated zone (in either upgradient or downgradient directions). Landfill gas can accumulate in basements of buildings along its migration pathway. Because landfill gas contains high concentrations of methane, it is potentially explosive. Landfill gas can also contain potentially toxic organic gases.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Leachate Control Ideally, a solid waste landfill is located in an area where the permeability of underlying soils is very low, the nature of the soils is attenuative of dissolved chemical constituents, and uses of the receiving ground or surface waters would not be significantly affected by contamination. When less than ideal siting conditions prevail, design could include placement and compaction of a layer of relatively impermeable clay soils between the base of the landfill and the first layer of solid waste. When either the nature of the waste or the site necessitates leachate collection, the issue of treatment and control must be considered. If possible, the collected leachate should be discharged to the nearest sewer to be handled as part of the area’s wastewater treatment system.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
If no sewers are located in proximity to the landfill, on-site treatment by biological and sedimentation mechanisms should be undertaken. Recycling of the treated leachate back into the landfill system should be considered. In most cities of developing countries, there is no separate collection for medical wastes, and collection workers have no special protection for handling medical wastes and the vehicles receive no special cleaning. Medical wastes are discharged with other wastes at municipal disposal sites -with no special means of protecting disposal site workers or pickers. Furthermore, at disposal sites where domestic animals are allowed to graze, there is the risk of reintroducing pathogenic microorganisms into the food chain.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
To a limited extent, toxic wastes are similarly collected inadvertently as refuse collection workers service their normal routes. More commonly, however, toxic wastes are brought to municipal disposal sites by industries in their own trucks. Most disposal sites in developing countries do not have restricted access, nor do the disposal site supervisors keep any record of the nature and volume of wastes received. The wastes are dumped in the same work place as incoming refuse. Because there is no supervision of dumping, disposal workers or pickers have no forewarning of potential hazards to enable them to protect themselves. Also, there are no special safeguards at the disposal site to control the hazards that toxic wastes pose to the natural environment.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Sanitary Landfill and its Risks
landfill gas Non-point source (diffuse)
Sanitary landfill
agriculture with fertilizer and pesticides
dug well
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water source
protection layer
leachate
groundwater layer
impermeable mineral layer Nuisances like: dust, odour, vermin, birds, dogs
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Deponie:
Schematische Darstellung einer geordneten Deponie
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Low Cost Landfill Gas Colledtion System
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Types of simply gas-venting and discharge system
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Main Impacts of different Plant Types
T e c h n ic a l T re a tm e n t F a c ilitie s E n v iro n m e n t
L a n d ta ke T re a tm e n t p ro c e ss N o is e e m iss io n D u s t e m is s io n O d o r e m iss io n W a ste tra n s p o rta tio n D u s t e m is s io n N o is e e m iss io n
L a n d fill S ite s
E n v iro n m e n t
L a n d ta ke P o te n tia l d a n g e r to th e g ro u n d w a te r T re a tm e n t a n d ro ttin g d o w n N o is e e m iss io n D u s t e m is s io n O d o r e m iss io n V is u a l im p re s sio n
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C o s ts
T o p o g ra p h y P ric e o f la n d C o n n e c tio n to in fra s tru c tu re (ro d , h e a t, p o w e r) T ra n s p o rta tio n
C o s ts
T o p o g ra p h y M o rp h o lo g y D ra in a g e fa c ilitie s
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Waste Fermentation (Abfallvergärung)
forward feed floor to wet treatment, fermentation
scale
bunker conveyor mill dissolving tank biological gas to landfill gas recycling
from pre-conditioning
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Sand separator
methane reactor gas compressor
contraries
preparation phase sand to dewatering and finishing (centrifuge)
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
hygienisation in digester boxes cleaning phase (water) dissolving tank Surplus water centrifuge processing water tank cleaning phase (air) cleaned air
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from methane reactor post composting
trans-shipment store
bulking material
biological filter
incoming air with heating general arrangement
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exhaust air with air humidifier
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http://www.bionet.net/mat/karlsruh.htm
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
intervention into production production, processing, services, consumption recovery Production / product design
by legal targets
waste
yes avoidable
recycling industry
no
validation accepted ja
no
covenant of circulation
waste for recovery no
yes
(residues)
direct control
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no
pre-treatment
validation accepted ja
materials recovery
(material) treatment
no
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validation accepted ja
no
energetic recovery
yes incineration > 11 MJ//kg; µ > 75 %
(material, energy)
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indirect control
by take back or pay contract (§ 24 KrW-/AbfG) statutory requirements to waste management (by legislation or fees) to waste disposal (see next picture)
recoverable materials cycle
avoidance
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
From recycling industry (see picture before) Indirect control by „take back or pay – contract“ following § 24 KrW-/AbfG, statutory requirements to waste management (by legislation or fees) recoverable materials cycle (material) (residues) no disposable pre-treatment (energy) disposal
waste disposal industry
Waste for Disposal
no reusable yes
no
validation accepted yes
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yes
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Flow Chart from Product to Waste
[KETELSEN, 1995]
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
domestic & commercial waste waste separation
building rubble construction waste
Collection of recyclables
green waste
bio bin
carry and collection of hazardous waste
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crushing plant
windr ow
container
compo sting plant
plastic, metal, packing
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recycling
mixed landfill recoverables Minerals recultivation organic compost recoverables
hazardous waste
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separate collection of recycybles
fridge collection
scrap, tyres, foils, untreated wood, paper, felt, polystyrene
bio waste
recove -rables
recove -rables
pollutants
bulky waste
unrecycables
recycling bank paper, glass
bag collec -tion
disposal
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
collection
material flow collection (according the picture before)
waste type
recycables
STOP 2005
residues MBA MVA
compostables composting
procedure
treatment
STOP 2005
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product:
recycables and residues
landfill material
energy heat, slag, ash disposal mat.
recycybles and residues
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disposal
marketing
landfill
marketing
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
WASTE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL
GENERATION TRANSFER
Direct Haul 200 tonnes/day
DISPOSAL
Mare Chicose 620 t/d Controlled Dump Sites 225 t/d C & D Waste 105 t/d to Landfills/Dumps Non-collected and Illegal Dumps130 t/d
MAURITIUS Waste Generation
• • • • • • Households Commercials Industry Healthcare Wastewater plants C & D Activities
Transfer Stat. 420 t/d
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Non-collected C & D Waste 25 t/d Recycling 50 t/d
RODRIGUES Waste Generation
• • • • • Households Commercials Industry Hospitals Other waste 26 tonnes/day
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Roche Bon Dieu 13 t/d Non-collected and Illegal Dumps 13 t/d
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
ESTIMATE OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Total = 872 t/d (272,100 t/y)
Household Waste 77%
Tourist Waste 4%
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Public Waste 3%
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Commercial Waste 13%
Bulky Waste 3%
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
EXISTING COLLECTION AND STORAGE (August 1999)
Collection Local Authority LA Port Louis Beau Bassin / Rose Hill Quatre Bornes Vacoas Phoenix 40 % Contractor 60 % Securiclean Atics Securiclean Atics Maxiclean Mauriclean Not Applicable Maxiclean Plastic bags are distributed to every household Northern Districts Moka Flacq Grand Port Savanne 40 % 60 % Maxiclean Mauriclean Atics Securiclean 83 % 17 % Atics Maxiclean Securiclean Maxiclean Securiclean 400 x 75 l bins at supermarkets; metal drums issued free of charge; some wheel bins and plastic/jute bags 75 l bins distributed by some village councils 12,000 x 75 l bins distributed 90 x 1,100 l metallic wheel bins From 1989-95 about 25,000 x 75 l bins; since mid-1999 replacement by 30,000 bins within 2 years Concrete bays for households; some wheel bins; plastic bins at markets and along commercial centres From 1993-99 distribution of 27,400 x 75 l bins 8,000 x 75 l bins have been distributed
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Contractor
Storage System
70 %
30 % 100 %
30 %
70 % 0%
Curepipe
62 %
38 %
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No bins distributed 2,280 x 75 l plastic bins distributed; 130 metal drums and 500 plastic bins in commercial areas; 72 metal bins in
49 Black River 0% 100 %
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
OVERVIEW OF ESTIMATED WASTE GENERATION QUANTITIES (1999)
Total = 1,233 t/d (384,600 t/a)
Additionally Contaminated Hydrocarbons (13,000 t/a)
Total Municipal Solid Waste 70%
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Health Care Waste 0,06% Sludge 0,04% Industrial Nonhazardous Waste 14%
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C&D Waste 11%
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Hazardous Waste 4%
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
ESTIMATED QUANTITIES OF GENERATED WASTE in 1999 (in t/d)
Non-hazardous Industrial (including recycled) Waste Hazardous Waste from Industry Total Municipal Solid Waste Commercial Waste Healthcare Waste Household Waste Tourist Waste C & D Waste Public Waste Bulky Waste
Total Waste
Sludge
Port Louis
Beau Bassin / Rose Hill Quatre Bornes Vacoas Phoenix
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88
60 46 59 48 128 101 95 28 653
1
0 1 0 1 12 7 2 6 30
4
3 2 3 2 6 4 4 1 29
20
8 7 10 8 20 15 15 5 108
6
3 2 3 2 3 3 3 1 26
119
74 58 75 61 169 130 119 41 846 3 177 15 130 1 1,772
Curepipe Northern Districts Moka Flacq Grand Port Savanne Black River Mauritius Total
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Island of Rodrigues
Republic of Mauritius
19
972
1
31
1
30
4
112
1
27
26
872
3
177*
15
130
1
26
1,198
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
WASTE GENERATION CENTRES
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
REGION
Municipality / District
Pamplemousses Rivière du Rempart Sub-Total Port Louis Beau Bassin / Rose Hill
Amount of Waste (t/d)
103 102 205 144 94 59 83
%
Region 1
21 %
Region 2
Quatre Bornes Vacoas / Phoenix
Curepipe
Sub-Total Moka
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69
449 52 107 159 55 65 120 42 42 4% 12 % 17 % 46 %
Region 3
Flacq Sub-Total Grand Port
Region 4
Savanne Sub-Total
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Region 5 Total
Black River Sub-Total
54
975
100 %
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE (in %)
49.1 1.6 1.1 2.8 0.7 5.6 0.6 0.1 1.1 5.3 0.5 3.7
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Plastics Plastics Bottles Glass Textile Ferrous metals Non Ferrous Metals Paper Cardboard Packaging material Hazardous waste Vegetables and organic matter Wood, tree branches Leather, horn, bone, rubber Baby diapers Composite materials Fine waste (Ash) (<20 mm) Construction rubble Inerts
2.6 3.2 7.5 6.9 0.2 4.1 3.2
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Other Waste
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
CALORIFIC VALUES
Waste Quantity Low Level net calorific value (kJ/kg) 9,329 8,395 10,465 9,000 8,000 3,000 Contribution to net calorific value (kJ/kg) 6,270 250 1,162 268 1,044 80 9,075 High Level net calorific value (kJ/kg) 13,499 13,031 14,445 13,000 10,000 5,000 Contribution to net calorific value (kJ/kg) 9,074 388 1,604 387 1,305 134 12,890
Waste Types
%
Household Waste Tourist Waste Commercial Waste
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653 30 108 29 127 26 973
67 3 11 3 13 3 100
Bulky Waste Industrial Waste Public Waste Total
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
INFLUENCE OF INCREASED MOISTURE CONTENT
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 45%
Net Calorific Value x 1000 kJ/kg
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50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
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Waste Moisture Content Low Level High Level
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
PRESENT RECYCLING ACTIVITIES Quantity (tonne/yr) Revenue (Rs/tonne)
Plastic
Ferrous Metals
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350 - 400
13, 500 1, 800 800
3
500 N/A 10, 000
Paper Textiles
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
RECYCLING POTENTIAL OF MUNICIPAL ORGANIC WASTE (CALCULATION BASED ON 312 DAYS/YEAR)
Sources
Organic fraction Organic fraction Recycling rate Recoverable Recoverable
%
t/d
%
t/d
t/a
Household Waste
50.7
341
50
171
53,400
Tourist Waste
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68
47 41 100
20
52 1 20 434
70
50 70 100
14
26 1 20 232
4,400
8,100 310 6,200 72,400
Commercial Waste Healthcare Waste Park Waste Total
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Landfill Site Identification Principles and preconditions The planning of a proper land disposal system requires the answering of the following questions: • What kind of waste will have to go to the landfill? • What amount of waste will have to be disposed of in the landfill? • For how long the site must be available? • What kind of traffic conditions are needed for the transport of the waste to the site? • How are the existing traffic links? • What kind of areas are absolutely “out” for the siting of the landfill (excluding factors)? • What kind of restricting factors have to be respected when the site rating is done? (e.g.,cultural, religious, political etc)
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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Geological, hydro-geological and geotechnical aspects in the process of site rating: Excluding criteria: • Existing or planned (i. e. already officially registered) drinking water-protection- and catchments-areas • High-flood-areas • Karsts and areas with soil conditions which allow a fast penetration and permeation of water or possible leachate to the next aquifer • Areas with unstable ground like swamps, moors and/or marshes • Areas with an extreme morphology (steep slopes, danger of landslides/avalanches etc.,) • Areas endangered by swallow holes, collapse-sites, deep digging.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
Other criteria which may lead to the exclusion of an area: • Areas nearer than 300 m to populated areas • National Parks, nature protection areas and nature • monuments, concentration of precious biotopes • Influence of the groundwater regime, direction of flow, gradient and rate of flow including long-term and seasonal fluctuations • permeability (horizontal and vertical) or transmissivity of the outcropping strata • distribution, thickness and depth of aquifers, aquicludes and aquitards, including the locations of any springs • groundwater levels, indicating hydraulic gradients and effective flow velocity in the individual strata components, if appropriate
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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• groundwater chemistry, incl. determination of naturally occurring aggressive substances and groundwater quality • possible background contamination of the subsoil and groundwater • influence of short-term or long-term lowering of the water table, restoration and extraction or augmentation of groundwater in the future • influence of nearby open waters and their relationship with the groundwater system • situation in respect to receiving streams, influences of flooding and tides • extreme precipitations, surface water ingress, percolation rate, evaporation and ground water recharge • Check-lists as a help for the definition and evaluation of site areas
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tietz, University of Dortmund (VES), SPRING Course Waste Management
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These site-evaluation check lists place the focus mainly on 6 groups of data and parameters: • General data, e.g., volume, traffic links, distance from main waste source, general morphological situation • Hydrogeology and water management • Geotechnical and constructional aspects • Meteorological aspects • Aspects of immissions (ground level pollution) • Nature protection and land-use • Cultural and other aspects Finally: (Pre-)Evaluation by the investigator
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