Bacteria
Recall
Recall the 6
Kingdoms (one
is not on the
picture)
I. Types of Bacteria (also
called monerans) (all prokaryotic)
A. (Kingdom) Archaebacteria: Older
bacteria
*are found in 3 harsh environments
Such as: 1-thermal vents
2-Oxygen free environments
(make methane)
3-acidic habitats
Also called?
B. Cyanobacteria
Blue-green algae found in ponds, lakes,
streams & moist land; composed of long
chains
***put oxygen in the early Earth’s
atmosphere
***only multi-cellular prokaryote!!!
II. Structure of Monerans
• - cell wall of peptidoglycan prevents rupture
of bacterium by taking in too much water
• - small & simple
• - no membrane-bound organelles or nucleus
• - smaller ribosomes than in eukaryotic cells-purpose?
• - circular DNA called?
III. Ecology and Diversity
A. Diversity of Metabolism:
1-Obligate Aerobes: must have O2
E. coli
aerobic fermentation with cell respiration
2-Obligate Anaerobes: do not have O2
(oxygen would kill them)-Syphilis (would die on
toilet seat—O2!)
anaerobic respiration
B. Adaptations for Survival
1. Can form endospore - a hard outer covering
& is resistant to drying out, boiling, & many
chemicals
*does not reproduce
*slows down metabolism
*can still reproduce after many years
This is great for survival!!!!
2. Why do people use a pressure cooker when
they can their own food?
Heat & pressure destroy the endospores
Ex. Clostridium botulinum: produces endospores &
toxin; gets into canned food & causes food
poisoning
BOTOX
Botulism
Ducks displaying
the characteristic
flaccid paralysis
caused by the
disease
Autoclave
Hotter temp produced under pressure.
Ex. Clostridium tetani: get from puncture
wounds; attacks nerve cells & causes tetanus
**Booster after puncture wound
IV. Bacterial Reproduction : two
methods asexual & sexual
A. Binary Fission – asexual reproduction in
bacteria
B. Conjugation - sexual reproduction in bacteria
(*a pilus –bridge- forms b/w two bacteria &
they exchange genetic information)
go
Conjugation
V. Importance of Bacteria
A. Nitrogen Fixation: converts N2 to NH3,
which is then converted into NO2 & NO3 for plants to use
***this bacteria is found in the roots of legumes (bean
family) Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen fixation symbosis
On clover roots.
B. Recycling of Nutrients (do not write anything)
*cyanobacteria recycle oxygen back into the atmosphere
*returns nutrients in waste products back to the
environment
C. Foods and medicine
Bacteria have distinctive flavors and aromas.
1. Fermentation of bacteria used to make…
yogurt, vinegar, cheese, pickles, beer, and
wine (pick 2 to write)
Yeast (fungus) can be used for beer and wine.
2. Some bacteria are used to produce
antibiotics that will kill other types of
bacteria.
Recall natural selection and why antibiotics must be taken
correctly-what were the 3 parts of natural selection?
Bacteria also cause disease such as:
tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhea,
Chlamydia, Lyme disease, scarlet fever,
Rocky Mountain Spotted tick fever, staph
infection (MRSA)
Some pictures to follow
TB
Lyme Disease-bulls-eye rash
Scarlet Fever
Rash Nails become ridged
Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever
MRSA
3 Shapes of Bacteria
Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:
Spiral:
spirilla
rod-shaped:
bacilli,
bacillus
Round:
cocci
4
VI. Identifying Bacteria (shapes)
A. Coccus
Ear infections and
scarlet fever. Group of bacteria
is called a COLONY.
B. Bacillus Anthrax in sheep and TB
C. Spirillum
Syphillus and lime disease
D. Diplo-
E. Staphlo-
Staphylococcus aureus
Negative Image
Often enter the skin and can
spread through the blood stream.
F. Strepto-
Electron Micrograph
of Streptococcus
pyogenes , a
Streptococcus