From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spanish Navy
Spanish Navy
Spanish Navy
Components
Surface Fleet
Armada Española Air Arm
Submarine Service
Navy Marines
Special Operations
History
Active 13th century - present
History of the Armada
Country Spain Future of the Armada
Branch Spanish Armed Forces Ships
Type Navy Current Fleet
Size 95 ships Future ships
23,800 (2008)[1] Historic ships
250,000 Tons.
Personnel
Part of Ministry of Defence
Structure of the Armada
Garrison/HQ Rota Academy of Naval Engineers
Anniversaries 16 July
Officer naval academy
Officer ranks of the Armada
Website www.armada.mde.es
The Spanish Navy (Spanish: Armada Española) is the mar-
Commanders itime branch of the Spanish Armed Forces, one of the old-
Commander in Chief King Juan Carlos I est active naval forces in the world. The Armada is re-
sponsible for notable achievements in world history such
Chief of the Navy Staff Manuel Rebollo García as the discovery of Americas, the first world circumnav-
Insignia igation, and the discovery of a maritime path from the
Far East to America across the Pacific Ocean (Urdane-
Naval jack
ta’s route). For three centuries the Spanish Navy played
a crucial defensive and logistical role within the Span-
ish Empire. It formed part of a vast trade network that
sailed the Pacific from Asia to America and the Atlantic
from America to Europe escorting the galleon convoys.
The Spanish Navy was the most powerful maritime force
National Ensign in the world in the 16th and early 17th centuries. After a
gradual decline in the second half of the 17th century, it
was revived following the Spanish War of Succession and
for much of the 18th century was the third strongest in
the world.
As of 1987, the Armada had 47,300 personnel, includ-
ing Marines, of which about 34,000 were conscripted.[2]
In 2002 all branches of the Spanish armed forces were
Spanish Navy professionalized.[3] The main bases of the Spanish Navy
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spanish Navy
are located in Rota, El Ferrol, San Fernando and Cartage- tired. The Spanish armada is constructing new S-80 class
na. submarine with long range, conventional propulsion and
As of 2010 the total displacement of the navy is ap- new anti-detection technology .
proximately 250,000 tons.[4] The Marines have 11,500 troops and are divided into
base defense forces and landing forces. One of the three
The Spanish Navy today base defense battalions is stationed with each of the Navy
headquarters. "Groups" (midway between battalions and
Subordinate to the Spanish Chief of Naval Staff, stationed regiments) are stationed in Madrid and Las Palmas de
in Madrid, are four area commands: the Cantabrian Mar- Gran Canaria. The Tercio (fleet - regiment equivalent) is
itime Zone with its headquarters at Ferrol on the Atlantic available for immediate embarkation and based out of
coast; the Straits Maritime Zone with its headquarters at San Fernando. Its principal weapons include light tanks,
San Fernando near Cádiz; the Mediterranean Maritime armored personnel vehicles, self-propelled artillery, and
Zone with its headquarters at Cartagena; and the Canary TOW and Dragon antitank missiles.
Islands Maritime Zone with its headquarters at Las Pal-
mas de Gran Canaria.
Operational naval units are classified by mission and
History
assigned to either the combat forces, the protective
forces, or the auxiliary forces. Combat forces are given Origins: The Middle Ages
the tasks of conducting offensive and defensive opera-
tions against potential enemies and for assuring mar-
itime communications. Their principal vessels included
two carrier groups, naval aircraft, transports, landing
vessels, submarines, and missile-armed fast attack craft.
Protective forces have the mission of securing maritime
communications over both ocean and coastal routes, se-
curing the approaches to ports and maritime terminals.
Their principal components are destroyers, frigates,
corvettes, and minesweepers. It also has marine units for
the defense of naval installations. Auxiliary forces are re-
sponsible for transportation and provisioning at sea and
has diverse tasks like coast guard operations, scientific
work, and maintenance of training vessels. In addition to
supply ships and tankers, the force included destroyers
and a large number of patrol craft.
The second largest vessel of the Armada is the aircraft
carrier, Principe de Asturias (R11), which entered service Battle of La Rochelle, 1372
in 1988 after completing sea trials. Built in Spain it was
designed with a "ski-jump" takeoff deck. Its complement The roots of the modern Spanish navy date back before
is twenty nine AV-8 Harrier II vertical (or short) takeoff the unification of Spain. By the late Middle Ages, the two
and landing (V/STOL) aircraft or sixteen helicopters de- principal kingdoms which would later combine to form
signed for antisubmarine warfare and to support marine Spain, Aragon and Castile, had developed powerful fleets.
landings. Aragon possessed the third largest navy in the late me-
The carrier has an escort group of four Álvaro de dieval Mediterranean, although its capabilities were ex-
Bazán class frigates, built in Spain, equipped with the ceeded by those of Venice and (until overtaken in the
AEGIS combat system and armed with Harpoon and Stan- 15th-century by those of Aragon) Genoa. In the 14th and
dard missiles. The first was commissioned in 2002. Also 15th centuries, these naval capabilities enabled Aragon
in the inventory are six F-80 Santa María class frigates, to assemble the largest collection of territories of any
commissioned between 1986 and 1995, built in Spain. Six European power in the Mediterranean, encompassing
slightly smaller corvettes of Portuguese design were con- the Balearics, Sardinia, Sicily, southern Italy and, briefly,
structed in Spain between 1978 and 1982. the Duchy of Athens. Castile meanwhile used its naval
The submarine force consists of Franco-Spanish de- capacities to conduct its reconquista operations against
signs. Four of the Agosta 90B class submarine were con- the Moors, capturing Cadiz in 1232 and also to help the
structed in Spain between 1983 and 1985. They are French Crown against its enemies in the Hundred Years
equipped with the submarine-launched version of the War. In 1402 a Castilian expedition led by Juan de Bethen-
Exocet anti-ship missile. Four Daphné class submarines court conquered the Canary Islands for Henry III of
were completed between 1973 and 1975 and are now re- Castile.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spanish Navy
Commemorative plaque at Cádiz’s Panteón de los Marinos Ilus-
tres, depicting a list of Victories of the Armadas of Spain.
Conquest of Majorca 1229
Conquest of Minorca 1232
Conquest of Ibiza 1234
Conquest of Seville 1248
Battle of Malta 1283
Combat of Sorrento
Battle of Castellamare
Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1337) 1337
Battle of La Rochelle 1371
Combat of Gibraltar 1407
Battle of La Rochelle (1419)
Conquest of the Canary Islands 1484
Conquest of Malaga 1487
Conquest of Oran 1509
Conquest of Tunis 1535
Battle of Muros Bay 1544
Conquest of Velez 1584
Battle of Lepanto 1571
Battle of Ponta Delgada 1582
Disembarkation of Terceira Island
Spanish landing on Ireland 1602
Battle of Saint Vincent 1603?
Battle of Playa Honda 1617
Battle de Pernambuco 1621
Combate de Las Antillas 1629
Batalla de los Abrojos 1621
Conquest of Sardinia 1717
In the 15th century Castile entered into a race of ex- Battle of Cartagena de Indias 1741
ploration with Portugal that inaugurated the European Battle of Toulon 1744
age of discovery. In 1492 two caravels and one carrack, Battle of the Azores 1780
commanded by Admiral Christopher Columbus, arrived Siege of Pensacola 1781
in America, on an expedition that sought a westward Reconquest of Buenos Aires 1806
oceanic passage across the Atlantic, to the Far East. This Battle of Cadiz 1808
began the era of trans-oceanic trade routes, pioneered by Siege of Cádiz 1810 - 1812
Bombardeo del Callao 1866
the Spanish in the seas to the west of Europe and the Por-
Landing on Alhucemas
tuguese to the east.
Battle of the Strait 1936
Cantabrian campaign 1936 - 1939
The Habsburg Era Campaign of the Mediterranean 1936 - 1939
Following the discovery of America and the settlement
of certain Caribbean islands such as Cuba, Spanish con- a half centuries, the Manila Galleons operated across the
quistadors Hernán Cortés and Pizarro were carried by Pacific linking Manila and Acapulco. Until the early 17th
the Spanish navy to the mainland, where they conquered century, the Pacific Ocean. Aside from the Marianas and
Mexico and Peru respectively. The navy also carried ex- Caroline Islands, several naval expeditions also discov-
plorers to the North American mainland, including Juan ered the Tuvalu archipelago, the Marquesas, the Solomon
Ponce de León and Alvarez de Pineda who discovered Islands and New Guinea in the South Pacific. In the quest
Florida (1519) and Texas (1521) respectively. In 1519, for Terra Australis, Spanish explorers in the 17th century
Spain sent out the first expedition of world circumnavi- also discovered the Pitcairn and Vanuatu archipelagos.
gation in history, which was put in the charge of Ferdi- Most significantly, from 1565 Spanish fleets explored and
nand Magellan. Following the death of Magellan in the colonised the Philippine archipelago, the Spanish East
Philippines, the expedition was completed under the Indies.
command of Juan Sebastian Elcano in 1522. In 1565, a After the unification of its kingdoms under the House
follow-on expedition by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was of Habsburg, Spain maintained two largely separate
carried by the navy from New Spain (Mexico) to the fleets, one consisting chiefly of galleys for use in the
Philippines via Guam in order to establish the Spanish Mediterranean and the other of sailing ships for the At-
East Indies, a base for trade with the Orient. For two and
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spanish Navy
Battle of Lepanto, 1571
lantic, successors to the Aragonese and Castilian navies
respectively. This arrangement continued until super-
seded by the decline of galley warfare during the 17th
century. The completion of the Reconquista with the
conquest of the Kingdom of Granada in 1492 had been fol-
lowed by naval expansion in the Mediterranean, where
Spain seized control of almost every significant port
along the coast of North Africa west of Cyrenaica, notably
Melilla (captured 1497), Mers El Kébir (1505), Oran (1509),
Algiers (1510) and Tripoli (1511), which marked the fur-
thest point of this advance. However, the hinterlands of
these ports remained under the control of their Muslim
and Berber inhabitants, and the expanding naval pow-
er of the Ottoman Empire brought about a major Islamic A 17th century galleon.
counter-offensive which embroiled Spain in decades of
intense warfare for control of the western Mediter- fleets, made up mainly of armed merchantmen with es-
ranean. (Algiers and Tripoli would be lost to the Ot- corts of royal ships. The Armada fiasco marked a turning
tomans later in the 16th century.) point in naval warfare where gunnery was now more im-
From the 1570s the Dutch Revolt increasingly chal- portant than ramming and boarding and so Spanish ships
lenged Spanish sea power, producing powerful rebel were equipped with purpose built naval guns. During the
naval forces which attacked Spanish shipping and in time 1590s the expansion of these fleets allowed a great in-
made Spain’s sea communications with its possessions crease in the overseas trade and massive increase in the
in the Low Countries difficult. Most notable of these at- importation of luxuries and silver. Nevertheless, inade-
tacks was the Battle of Gibraltar in 1607, in which a Dutch quate port defences allowed an Anglo-Dutch force to raid
squadron destroyed a fleet of galleons at anchor in the Cadiz in 1596, and though unsuccessful in its objective of
confines of the bay. This naval war took on a global di- capturing the silver from the just returned convoy, was
mension with actions in the Caribbean and the Far East, able to inflict great damage upon the city. Port defences
notably around the Philippines. Spain’s response to its at Cadiz were upgraded and all attempts to repeat the at-
problems included the encouragement of privateers tack in the following centuries would fail.
based in the Spanish Netherlands and known from their Meanwhile, Spanish ships were able to step up oper-
main base as Dunkirkers, who preyed on Dutch merchant ations in the channel, the North Sea and to Ireland. They
ships and fishing trawlers. were able to capture many enemy ships, merchant and
At the Battle of Lepanto (1571), the Holy League, military, in the early decades of the 17th century and
formed by Spain, Venice, the Papal States and other provide military supplies to Spanish armies in France and
Christian allies, inflicted a great defeat on the Ottoman the Low Countries and to Irish rebels in Ireland.
Navy, stopping Muslim forces from gaining uncontested By the middle of the 17th century, Spain had been
control of the Mediterranean Sea. drained by the vast strains of the Thirty Years and relat-
In the 1580s the conflict in the Netherlands drew Eng- ed wars and began to slip into a slow decline. During the
land into war with Spain, creating a further menace to middle to late decades of the century the Dutch, English
Spanish shipping. The effort to neutralise this threat led and French were able to take advantage of Spain’s shrink-
to a disastrous attempt to invade England in 1588. This ing, run-down and increasingly underequipped fleets.
defeat led to a reform of fleet operations. The navy at this Military priorities in continental Europe meant that
time was not a single operation but consisted of various naval affairs were increasingly neglected. The Dutch took
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spanish Navy
control of the smaller islands of the Caribbean, while avoid facing united fronts of multiple enemies and the
England conquered Jamaica and France the western part realisation that the navy was central to its success. A ma-
of Santo Domingo. These territories became bases for jor program to renovate and reorganise the navy was be-
raids on Spanish New World ports and shipping by pi- gun. A Secretaría (ministry) of the army and navy had
rates and privateers. The Spanish concentrated their ef- been established by the Bourbon regime as early as 1714;
forts in keeping the most important islands, such as Cu- which centralized the command and administration of
ba, Puerto Rico and the majority of Santo Domingo, while the different fleets. Following the war of Quadruple Al-
the system of treasure fleets, despite being greatly dimin- liance, a program of rigorous standardization was intro-
ished, was rarely defeated in safely conveying its freight duced in ships, operations, and administration. Given the
of silver and Asian luxeries across the Atlantic to Europe. needs of its empire, Spanish warship designs tended to
Only two such convoys were ever lost to enemy action be more orientated towards long-range escort and pa-
with their cargo, one to a Dutch fleet in 1628 and another trol duties than for battle. A major reform of the Span-
to an English fleet in 1656. A third convoy was destroyed ish navy was initiated, updating its ships and administra-
at anchor by another English attack in 1657, but it had al- tion, which was helped by French and Italian experts, al-
ready unloaded its treasure. though Spaniards also rose to prominence in this work.[5]
By the time of the wars of the Grand Alliance A major naval yard was established at Havana, enabling
(1688-97) and the Spanish Succession (1702-14), the Hab- the navy to maintain a permanent force in the Americas
sburg regime had decided that it was more cost effective for the defence of the colonies and the suppression of
to rely on allied fleets, Anglo-Dutch and French respec- piracy and smuggling.
tively, than to invest in its own fleets. During the War of the Polish Succession (1733-8), a
renewed attempt to regain the lost Italian territories was
The Bourbon Era more successful; with the French as allies and the British
The War of the Spanish Succession arose from the estab- and Dutch neutral, Spain launched a campaign by sea
lishment on the Spanish throne of an offshoot of France’s and regained Sicily and southern Italy from Austria. In
ruling House of Bourbon after the extinction of the Span- the War of Jenkin’s Ear, the navy showed it was able
ish Habsburg line. French naval failures and the division to maintain communications with the American colonies
of Spain by civil war led to the loss of Sicily, Sardinia, and resupply Spanish forces in Italy in the face of British
Minorca and Gibraltar and the temporary occupation of naval opposition. The program of naval renovation was
the other Balearic islands and parts of mainland Spain, continued and by the 1750s the Spanish navy had out-
which was extensively fought over for several years as a stripped the Dutch to become the third most powerful in
result. Spain’s possessions in the Netherlands and main- the world, behind only those of Britain and France.
land Italy were also lost.
Battle ot Toulon, 1744
Attempting to reverse the losses of the previous war,
in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–20) the navy
successfully convoyed armies to invade Sicily and Sar-
dinia, but the escort fleet was destroyed by the British
in the Battle of Cape Passaro and the Spanish invasion Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad, 1769.
army was defeated in Italy by the Austrians. This caused
the Spanish to switch to a more careful foreign policy to
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spanish Navy
Joining France against Britain near the end of the ships, one new second class battleship, and one large ar-
Seven Years’ War (1756–63), the navy failed to prevent mored cruiser) as it gallantly tried to break out of an
the British capturing Havana, during which the Spanish American blockade in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba.[6]
squadron present was also captured. In the American Admiral Cervera’s squadron was overrun in a heroic at-
War of Independence (1775–83) the Spanish navy was tempt to break a powerful American blockade off Cuba.
essential to the establishment, in combination with the In the Philippines, a squadron, made up of ageing ships
French and Dutch navies, of a numerical advantage that including some obsolete cruisers, had already been sac-
stretched British naval resources. They played a vital rificed in a token gesture in Manila Bay. The Battle of
role, along with the French and Dutch, in maintaining Manila Bay took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish-
military supplies to the American rebels. The navy also American War. The American Asiatic Squadron under
played a key role in the Spanish army led operations that Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the
defeated the British in Florida. The bulk of the purely Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Monto-
naval combat on the allied side fell to the French navy, al- jo y Pasarón. The engagement took place in Manila Bay
though Spain achieved lucrative successes with the cap- in the Philippines, and was the first major engagement of
ture of two great British convoys meant for the resupply the Spanish-American War. This war ended any pretense
of British forces and loyalists in North America. Joint op- of Spanish Naval influential presence in the world. How-
erations with France resulted in the capture of Minorca ever, not only was it the end of an era for Spain, but 1898
but failed in the siege of Gibraltar. also signaled, in historical terms, of the rapid end of all
Having initially opposed France in the French Revo- European naval dominance in the world.
lutionary Wars (1792–1802), Spain changed sides in 1796, At the end of the 19th century the Spanish Navy
but defeat by the British a few months later in the Battle adopted the Salve Marinera, a hymn to the Virgin Mary as
of Cape St Vincent was followed by the blockade of the Stella Maris, as its official anthem.
main Spanish fleet in Cadiz. The run down of naval op-
erations had as much to do with the confused political The 20th and 21st centuries
situation in Spain as it had to do with the blockade. The
blockade was only partially successful; ships on special
missions and even convoys evaded the blockade but oth-
erwise the fleets were, for the most part, inactive. The
blockade was lifted with the Peace of Amiens 1802.
The Navy in the 19th century
The 19th century saw the decline of the Spanish Empire.
The size of the navy was reduced following the loss of
Spain’s major American territories. In 1805 a Franco-
Spanish fleet was defeated by the British Royal Navy in
the Battle of Trafalgar. The Spanish fleet was forced into
the battle by French Admiral Villanueve, using inexperi- A port bow view of the Spanish Navy, F 100 Class Frigate, Almi-
enced crews against veteran sailors. Of 15 Spanish ships rante Juan de Borbón (F102)
that participated, 6 made it back to Cadiz. The battle pit-
ted 33 ships of the Franco-Spanish squadron against 27
British ships.
At the time the navy’s forces totalled some 150 ships,
including 45 ships of the line. Following Trafalgar, some
were left in port under blockade until they joined the
anti-Napoleonic coalition in 1808. In the years immedi-
ately afterwards, the crisis of Spain’s Napoleonic and
post-Napoleonic years resulted in some ships being run
down, training being neglected and its administration
becoming over-run by corruption. Following the loss of
most of Spain’s colonies in the Americas there was no
longer the need to maintain such a large fleet.
During the Spanish-American War in 1898, a badly
supported and equipped Spanish fleet of four armored
cruisers and two destroyers was overwhelmed by numer-
SPS Principe de Asturias Aircraft Carrier
ically and technically superior forces (three new battle-
6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spanish Navy
• Similar to the U.S. ROTC program, students are
college graduates who enroll in the Navy. They
spend a year at the Naval Academy and then are
commissioned as Ensigns. This path is growing in
prestige.
• Students spend five years at the ENM, receiving a
university degree-equivalent upon graduation.
Ranks
The officer ranks of the Spanish Navy are as follows be-
low, (for a comparison with other NATO ranks, see Ranks
and Insignia of NATO).
NATO OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6
LHD Juan Carlos I Code
During the Rif War in Morocco, the Spanish navy con-
ducted operations along the coast, including the Alhuce- Spain
mas Landing in 1925, the first air-naval landing of the
world. The navy became divided in the Spanish Civil War
(1936–39). Two coastal battleships, one heavy cruiser,
one large destroyer and half a dozen submarines and Capitán Almirante Almirante Vicealmirante Contra
auxiliary vessels were lost in the course of the conflict. General General
Since the mid-20th century the Spanish Navy began
a process of reorganization to once again become one of
English Captain General Admiral Vice Admiral Rear A
the major navies of the world. After the development of
equivalent General Admiral
the Baleares class frigates based on the US Navy’s Knox
class, the Spanish Navy embraced the American naval
doctrine.[7] Ranks of Non-commissioned officers
Spain is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Or- and Enlisted
ganisation (NATO). The Armada Española has taken part • Marinero - Seaman Apprentice
in many coalition peacekeeping operations, from SFOR to • Marinero de Primera - Ordinary Seaman
Haiti and other locations around the world. Today’s Ar- • Cabo - Able Seaman
mada is a modern navy with two carrier groups, a mod- • Cabo Primero - Leading Seaman
ern aircraft carrier, a new strategic amphibious ship, • Cabo Mayor - Petty Officer 3rd Class
modern frigates (F-100 class) with the Aegis combat sys- • Sargento - Petty Officer 2nd Class
tem, F-80 class frigates, minesweepers, new S-80 class • Sargento Primero - Petty Officer 1st Class
submarines, amphibious ships and various other ships, • Brigada - Chief Petty Officer
including oceanographic research ships. • Subteniente - Sublieutenant
The Armada’s special operations and unconventional • Suboficial Mayor - Sub-officer Major, Warrant Officer
warfare capability is embodied in the Naval Special War-
Mando Especial),
fare Command (Mando de Guerra Naval Especial which
is under the direct control of the Admiral of the Fleet. Current Fleet
Two units operate under this command: For more details on this topic, see List of active Spanish
• The Special Operations Unit (Unidad de Operaciones Navy ships.
Especiales (UOE)): Special operations unit trained in
maritime counter-terrorism, combat diving and
swimming, coastal infiltration, ship boarding, direct Organization
action, and special reconnaissance. • (Headquarter located at Rota)
Unidad
• The Combat Diver Unit (Unidad Especial de Buceadores • • 1 Aircraft Carrier R-11 Principe de Asturias
(UEBC)):
de Combate (UEBC) Specialized combat diving unit class. 17,188 Tons.
trained in underwater demolitions and hydrographic • 1 LHD / multi-purpose warship and aircraft
reconnaissance. L-61 Juan Carlos I class. 27,079 Tons.
Armada officers receive their education at the Spanish • 2 LPD L-50 Galicia class landing platform dock
Naval Academy (ENM). They are recruited through two class. 13,818 Tons.
different methods:
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spanish Navy
• 1 LST L-42 Pizarro, Newport class. 8,500 Tons.
• 1 Fleet oiler A-11 Marques de la Ensenada
References
class. 14,325 Tons. [1] http://www.portalcultura.mde.es/Galerias/
• 1 Replenishment ship A-14 Patiño class publicaciones/fichero/
(located at Ferrol). 17,045 Tons. Estadistica_PMCPTM_2008.pdf
• 1 Replenishment ship A-15 Cantabria class [2] http://www.armada.mde.es/esp/ajema/
(located at Ferrol). 19,500 Tons. ing_lineas_generales.asp?SecAct=0004#lg02
• • 6 Frigates F-80 Santa María class. 4,017 Tons. [3] BBC News | EUROPE | Spanish army goes
• • 5 AEGIS Destroyers F-100 Alvaro de Bazán class. professional
6,250 Tons. [4] http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/
• . Armada_Española#La_Armada_hoy
• 4 Submarines S-70 Galerna Agosta class [5] Ships Built in the Shipyards of El Ferrol between
submarine. 1,740 Tons. 1750 and 1909
• 4 AIP Submarines S-80 S-80 class submarine. [6] "The Spanish Coast and Structure of the Spanish
(Under construction.) 2,426 Tons. Navy at the end of the 19th century" (1898) The
• • 1 MCM support ship M-10 Descubierta class New York Times, 18th June 1898, Page 1, 528 words:
corvette Modified class. 1,233 Tons. New York (English)
• 6 Minehunters M-30 Segura class. 585 Tons. [7] Defensa Antimisil Meroka (Spanish)
• • 5 Corvettes Descubierta class corvette. 1,666
Tons.
• 7 Corvettes Meteoro class, Buque de Acción
External links
Marítima. (5 under construction.) 2,500 Tons. • Official website (in Spanish)
• • http://www.todoababor.es/ (Spanish Naval History)
• History of Spanish Mariners
• http://www.revistanaval.com/
Future ships • http://www.losbarcosdeeugenio.com/
For more details on this topic, see List of future Spanish principal_es.html
Navy ships. • El Arma Submarina Española (unofficial website)
• http://www.fotosdebarcos.com/ (Spanish Navy
Section, see Armada Española with all kind of
Historic ships Spanish navy ships)
For more details on this topic, see List of retired Spanish • Spanish Navy page on Andrew Toppan’s Haze Gray
Navy ships. and Underway
• Spain Plans to Upgrade Navy’s Projection Group
Armada Española Air Arm •
•
Foro Militar General (unofficial forum)
Warships of the Spanish Civil War
Main article: Armada Española Air Arm • BUQUESDEGUERRA.TK, Spanish website about
warships
Anthem
Main article: Salve Marinera
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Categories:
• Spanish Navy
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