From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter
Twitter
Twitter, Inc.
History
Type Private
Founded San Francisco, California, U.S.
Founder(s) Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass,
Evan Williams, Biz Stone
Headquarters 795 Folsom Street, Suite 600,
San Francisco, CA 94107, United States[1]
Area served Worldwide
Key people Dick Costolo (CEO)
Jack Dorsey
(Executive Chairman)
Evan Williams (Director)
Biz Stone (Creative director)
Industry Internet
Revenue US$ 140 million (2010 est.)[2]
Employees 600+ (2011)[3][4]
Website Twitter.com
Alexa rank 9 (February 2012)[5]
Type of site Social network service, microblogging
A blueprint sketch, c. 2006, by Jack Dorsey, envisioning an SMS-
Registration Required (to post, follow or be followed) based social network.
Users Over 300 million (June 2011)[6]
Available in Multilingual
Creation
Twitter’s origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session"
Launched July 15, 2006 (2006-07-15)[7]
held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo.
Current status Active Dorsey introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS
service to communicate with a small group.[11] The orig-
twttr,
inal project code name for the service was twttr an idea
Twitter is an online social networking service and mi- that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass,[12] inspired
croblogging service that enables its users to send and by Flickr and the five-character length of American SMS
read text-based posts of up to 140 characters, known as short codes. The developers initially considered "10958"
"tweets". It was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey and as a short code, but later changed it to "40404" for "ease
launched that July. The service rapidly gained worldwide of use and memorability."[13] Work on the project started
popularity, with over 300 million users as of 2011,[6] gen- on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twit-
erating over 300 million tweets and handling over 1.6 bil- ter message at 9:50 PM Pacific Standard Time (PST): "just
lion search queries per day.[3][8][9] It has been described setting up my twttr".[14]
as "the SMS of the Internet."[10]
Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, with additional "...we came across the word ’twitter’, and it was
servers and offices in New York City. just perfect. The definition was ’a short burst of in-
consequential information,’ and ’chirps from birds’.
And that’s exactly what the product was." – Jack
Dorsey[15]
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter
The first Twitter prototype was used as an internal ser- On October 16, 2008,[27] Williams took over the role of
vice for Odeo employees and the full version was intro- CEO, and Dorsey became chairman of the board.[28]
duced publicly on July 15, 2006.[7] In October 2006, Biz On October 4, 2010, Williams announced that he was
Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of stepping down as CEO. Dick Costolo, formerly Twitter’s
Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo chief operating officer, became CEO. According to a Twit-
and all of its assets – including Odeo.com and Twit- ter blog, dated October 4, 2010, Williams was to stay with
ter.com – from the investors and shareholders.[16] Wil- the company and "be completely focused on product
liams fired Glass who was silent about his part in Twit- strategy."[29]
ter’s startup until 2011.[17] Twitter spun off into its own According to The New York Times, "Mr. Dorsey and
company in April 2007.[18] Mr. Costolo forged a close relationship" when Williams
was away.[30] According to PC Magazine, Williams was "no
Reaction longer involved in the day-to-day goings on at the com-
The tipping point for Twitter’s popularity was the 2007 pany". He is focused on developing a new startup, but
South by Southwest (SXSW) festival. During the event, he became a member of Twitter’s board of directors, and
Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to promised to "help in any way I can". Stone is still with
60,000.[19] "The Twitter people cleverly placed two Twitter but is working with AOL as an "advisor on volun-
60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, ex- teer efforts and philanthropy".[31]
clusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked Dorsey rejoined Twitter in March 2011, as executive
Newsweek’s Steven Levy. "Hundreds of conference-goers chairman focusing on product development. His time is
kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists split with Square (where he is CEO), whose offices are
and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in within walking distance of Twitter’s in San Francisco.[30]
attendance touted it."[20] In September 2011, Board Members and investors
Reaction at the festival was highly positive. Blogger Fred Wilson and Bijan Sabet resigned from Twitter’s
Scott Beale said that Twitter "absolutely rul[ed]" SXSW. Board of Directors.[32]
Social software researcher Danah Boyd said Twitter
"own[ed]" the festival.[21] Twitter staff received the fes- Growth
tival’s Web Award prize with the remark "we’d like to The company experienced rapid growth. It had 400,000
thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!"[22] tweets posted per quarter in 2007. This grew to 100 mil-
lion tweets posted per quarter in 2008. In February 2010,
Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day.[33]
By March 2010, the company recorded over 70,000 reg-
istered applications.[34] As of June 2010, about 65 million
tweets were posted each day, equaling about 750 tweets
Previous Twitter logo, used until September 14, 2010. sent each second, according to Twitter.[35] As of March
2011, that was about 140 million tweets posted daily.[36]
The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was As noted on Compete.com, Twitter moved up to the
posted from the International Space Station by NASA as- third-highest-ranking social networking site in January
tronaut T. J. Creamer on January 22, 2010.[23] By late 2009 from its previous rank of twenty-second.[37]
November 2010, an average of a dozen updates per day Twitter’s usage spikes during prominent events. For
were posted on the astronauts’ communal account, example, a record was set during the 2010 FIFA World
@NASA_Astronauts. NASA has also hosted over 25 "twee- Cup when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second in the
tups", events that provide guests with VIP access to NASA thirty-second period after Japan scored against
facilities and speakers with the goal of leveraging partic- Cameroon on June 14, 2010. The record was broken again
ipants’ social networks to further the outreach goals of when 3,085 tweets per second were posted after the Los
NASA. Angeles Lakers’ victory in the 2010 NBA Finals on June
In August 2010, the company appointed Adam Bain 17, 2010,[38] and then again at the close of Japan’s victory
as President of Revenue from News Corp.’s Fox Audience over Denmark in the World Cup when users published
Network.[24] 3,283 tweets per second.[39] The current record was set
On September 14, 2010, Twitter launched a rede- during the 2011 FIFA Women’s World Cup Final between
signed site[25] including a new logo.[citation needed] Japan and the United States, when 7,196 tweets per sec-
ond were published.[40] When American singer Michael
Leadership Jackson died on June 25, 2009, Twitter servers crashed af-
As chief executive officer, Dorsey saw the startup ter users were updating their status to include the words
through two rounds of capital funding by the venture "Michael Jackson" at a rate of 100,000 tweets per hour.[41]
capitalists who backed the company.[26]
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter
Twitter acquired application developer Atebits on As a social network, Twitter revolves around
April 11, 2010. Atebits had developed the Apple Design the principle of followers. When you choose
Award-winning Twitter client Tweetie for the Mac and to follow another Twitter user, that user’s
iPhone. The application, now called "Twitter" and dis- tweets appear in reverse chronological order
tributed free of charge, is the official Twitter client for on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20
the iPhone, iPad and Mac.[42] people, you’ll see a mix of tweets scrolling
From September through October 2010, the company down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, in-
began rolling out "New Twitter", an entirely revamped teresting new links, music recommendations,
edition of twitter.com. Changes included the ability to even musings on the future of education.
see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by
clicking on individual tweets which contain links to im- In June 2008, Twitter launched a verification program, al-
ages and clips from a variety of supported websites in- lowing celebrities to get their accounts verified.[55] Orig-
cluding YouTube, Flickr, as well as a complete overhaul inally intended to help users verify which celebrity ac-
of the interface, which shifted links such as ’@mentions’ counts were created by the celebrities themselves (and
and ’Retweets’ above the Twitter stream, while ’Mes- therefore are not fake), they have since been used to ver-
sages’ and ’Log Out’ became accessible via a black bar at ify accounts of businesses and accounts for public figures
the very top of twitter.com. As of November 1, 2010, the who may not actually tweet but still wish to maintain
company confirmed that the "New Twitter experience" control over the account that bears their name - for ex-
had been rolled out to all users. ample, the Dalai Lama. Verified accounts can be identi-
On April 5, 2011, Twitter tested a new homepage, as fied by a white check in a blue background, known as a
well as phased out the "Old Twitter."[43] However, a verification badge, next to the user’s full name, on the
glitch came about after the page was launched, so the profile itself or next to the name in search results.
previous "retro" homepage was still in use until the is-
sues were resolved; the new homepage was reintroduced Messages
on April 20.[44][45] Users can group posts together by topic or type by use
On December 8, 2011, Twitter overhauled its website of hashtags – words or phrases prefixed with a "#" sign.
once more to feature the "Fly" design, which the service Similarly, the "@" sign followed by a username is used
says is easier for new users to follow and promotes ad- for mentioning or replying to other users.[56] To repost
vertising. In addition to the Home button, the Connect and a message from another Twitter user, and share it with
Discover buttons were introduced along with a redesigned one’s own followers, the retweet function is symbolized
profile and timeline of Tweets. The site’s layout has been by "RT" in the message.
compared to that of Facebook.[46][47] In late 2009, the "Twitter Lists" feature was added,
making it possible for users to follow (as well as mention
Features and reply to) ad-hoc lists of authors instead of individual
authors.[49][57]
Tweets are publicly visible by default; however, senders Through SMS, users can communicate with Twitter
can restrict message delivery to just their followers. through five gateway numbers: short codes for the Unit-
Users can tweet via the Twitter website, compatible ex- ed States, Canada, India, New Zealand, and an Isle of Man-
ternal applications (such as for smartphones), or by Short based number for international use. There is also a short
Message Service (SMS) available in certain countries.[48] code in the United Kingdom which is only accessible to
While the service is free, accessing it through SMS may those on the Vodafone, O2[58] and Orange[59] networks.
incur phone service provider fees. In India, since Twitter only supports tweets from Bharti
Users may subscribe to other users’ tweets – this is Airtel,[60] an alternative platform called smsTweet[61]
known as following and subscribers are known as follow- was set up by a user to work on all networks.[62] A similar
ers[49] or tweeps (Twitter + peeps).[50] The users can also platform called GladlyCast[63] exists for mobile phone
check the people who are un-subscribing them on Twit- users in Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines.
ter better known as unfollowing via various services. [51] The messages were initially set to 140-character limit
Twitter allows users the ability to update their profile for compatibility with SMS messaging, introducing the
by using their mobile phone either by text messaging or shorthand notation and slang commonly used in SMS
by apps released for certain smartphones / tablets.[52] messages. The 140-character limit has also increased the
Twitter has been compared to a web-based Internet usage of URL shortening services such as bit.ly, goo.gl,
Relay Chat (IRC) client.[53] In a 2009 Time essay, technolo- and tr.im, and content-hosting services, such as Twitpic,
gy author Steven Johnson described the basic mechanics memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate multimedia
of Twitter as "remarkably simple":[54] content and text longer than 140 characters. Twitter uses
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter
its own t.co domain for automatic shortening of all URLs work based on their count of 6 million unique monthly
posted on its website.[64] visitors and 55 million monthly visits.[68] In March 2009,
a Nielsen.com blog ranked Twitter as the fastest-growing
Tweet contents website in the Member Communities category for Febru-
ary 2009. Twitter had annual growth of 1,382 percent, in-
creasing from 475,000 unique visitors in February 2008
to 7 million in February 2009. It was followed by Zimbio
with a 240 percent increase, and Facebook with a 228
percent increase.[69] Twitter has a user retention rate of
forty percent.[70]
Adding and following content
There are numerous tools for adding content, monitoring
content and conversations including Twitvid (video shar-
ing),[71] TweetDeck, Salesforce.com, HootSuite, and Twit-
terfeed. Less than half of tweets are posted using the web
user interface with most users using third-party applica-
tions (based on analysis of 500 million tweets by Syso-
mos).[72]
Trends
A word, phrase or topic that is tagged at a greater rate
Content of Tweets according to Pear Analytics.[65] than other tags is said to be a trending topic. Trending
News topics become popular either through a concerted effort
Spam by users or because of an event that prompts people to
Self-promotion talk about one specific topic.[73] These topics help Twit-
Pointless babble ter and their users to understand what is happening in
Conversational
the world.[74]
Pass-along value
Trending topics are sometimes the result of concert-
ed efforts by fans of certain celebrities or cultural phe-
San Antonio-based market-research firm Pear Analytics
nomena, particularly Lady Gaga (known as Monsters),
analyzed 2,000 tweets (originating from the US and in
Justin Bieber (Beliebers), One Direction (Directioners),
English) over a two-week period in August 2009 from
and the Twilight and Harry Potter novels. Twitter have
11:00 AM to 5:00 PM (CST) and separated them into six
altered the trend algorithm in the past to prevent manip-
categories:[65]
ulation of this type.[75]
• Pointless babble – 40%
Twitter’s 30 March 2010 blog post announced that
• Conversational – 38%
the hottest Twitter trending topics will scroll across the
• Pass-along value – 9%
Twitter homepage.[76] Users will also be able to find out
• Self-promotion – 6%
why a specific topic got to be a trending topic.
• Spam – 4%
There have been controversy surrounding the Twit-
• News – 4%[65]
ter trending topics: Twitter censored hashtags that their
Social networking researcher Danah Boyd responded to
users found offensive. Twitter censored the #That-
the Pear Analytics survey by arguing that what the Pear
safrican[77] and the #thingsdarkiessay[78] hashtags after
researchers labelled "pointless babble" is better charac-
users complained that they found the hashtags offensive.
terized as "social grooming" and/or "peripheral aware-
ness" (which she explains as persons "want[ing] to know
what the people around them are thinking and doing and
Authentication
feeling, even when co-presence isn’t viable").[66] As of August 31, 2010, third-party Twitter applications
are required to use OAuth, an authentication method
Rankings that does not require users to enter their password into
the authenticating application. Previously, the OAuth au-
Twitter is ranked as one of the ten-most-visited websites
thentication method was optional, it is now compulsory
worldwide by Alexa’s web traffic analysis.[67] Daily user
and the user-name/password authentication method has
estimates vary as the company does not publish statistics
been made redundant and is no longer functional. Twit-
on active accounts. A February 2009 Compete.com blog
ter stated that the move to OAuth will mean "increased
entry ranked Twitter as the third most used social net-
security and a better experience."[79]
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter
Demographics core confirmed this, stating that Japan is the only coun-
try in the world where Twitter leads Facebook.[87]
80] 81]
Twitter.com Top5 Global Markets by Reach (%)[80][81]
COUNTRY Percent
Finances
Indonesia Jun 2010 20.8%
Dec 2010 19.0% Funding
Brazil Jun 2010 20.5%
Dec 2010 21.8%
Venezuela Jun 2010 19.0%
Dec 2010 21.1%
Netherlands Jun 2010 17.7%
Dec 2010 22.3%
Japan Jun 2010 16.8%
Dec 2010 20.0%
Note: Visitor age 15+, home and work locations. Excludes visita-
tion from public computers such as Internet cafes or access from
mobile phones or PDAs. Twitter’s San Francisco headquarters located at 795 Folsom St.
Twitter is mainly used by older adults who might not
have used other social sites before Twitter, said Jeremiah Twitter raised over US$57 million from venture capitalist
Owyang, an industry analyst studying social media. growth funding, although exact numbers are not publicly
"Adults are just catching up to what teens have been do- disclosed. Twitter’s first A round of funding was for an
ing for years," he said.[82] According to comScore only undisclosed amount that is rumored to have been be-
eleven percent of Twitter’s users are aged twelve to sev- tween $1 million and $5 million.[88] Its second B round
enteen.[82] comScore attributes this to Twitter’s "early of funding in 2008 was for $22 million[89] and its third C
adopter period" when the social network first gained round of funding in 2009 was for $35 million from Insti-
popularity in business settings and news outlets attract- tutional Venture Partners and Benchmark Capital along
ing primarily older users. However, comScore as of late, with an undisclosed amount from other investors includ-
has stated that Twitter has begun to "filter more into ing Union Square Ventures, Spark Capital and Insight
the mainstream", and "along with it came a culture of Venture Partners.[88] Twitter is backed by Union Square
celebrity as Shaq, Britney Spears and Ashton Kutcher Ventures, Digital Garage, Spark Capital, and Bezos Expe-
joined the ranks of the Twitterati."[83] ditions.[90]
According to a study by Sysomos in June 2009, women In May 2008, The Industry Standard remarked that
make up a slightly larger Twitter demographic than men Twitter’s long-term viability is limited by a lack of rev-
— fifty-three percent over forty-seven percent. It also enue.[91] Twitter board member Todd Chaffee forecast
stated that five percent of users accounted for seventy- that the company could profit from e-commerce, noting
five percent of all activity, and that New York has the that users may want to buy items directly from Twitter
most Twitter users.[84] since it already provides product recommendations and
According to Quancast, twenty-seven million people promotions.[92]
in the US used Twitter as of September 3, 2009. Sixty- The company raised $200 million in new venture cap-
three percent of Twitter users are less than thirty-five ital in December 2010, at a valuation of approximately
years old; sixty percent of Twitter users are Caucasian, $3.7 billion.[93] In March 2011, 35,000 Twitter shares sold
but a higher than average (compared to other Internet for $34.50 each on Sharespost, an implied valuation of
properties) are African American (sixteen percent) and $7.8 billion.[94] In August, 2010 Twitter announced a "sig-
Hispanic (eleven percent); fifty-eight percent of Twitter nificant" investment lead by Digital Sky Technology that,
users have a total household income of at least at $800 million, was reported to be the largest venture
$60,000.[85] round in history.[95]
On September 7, 2011, Twitter announced that it has Twitter has been identified as a possible candidate for
100 million active users logging in at least once a month an initial public offering by 2013.[96]
and 50 million active users every day.[86] In December 2011, the Saudi prince Alwaleed bin
In an article published on January 6th, 2012, Twitter Talal invested $300 million in Twitter. The company was
was confirmed to be the biggest social media network in valued at $8.4 billion at the time.[97]
Japan, with Facebook following closely in second. comS-
5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter
Revenue sources become something unexpectedly important — a discov-
ery engine for finding out what is happening right
In July 2009, some of Twitter’s revenue and user growth
now."[110]
documents were published on TechCrunch after being ille-
gally obtained by Hacker Croll. The documents projected
2009 revenues of $400,000 in the third quarter and $4 mil-
Outages
lion in the fourth quarter along with 25 million users by
the end of the year. The projections for the end of 2013
were $1.54 billion in revenue, $111 million in net earnin-
gs, and 1 billion users.[2] No information about how Twit-
ter planned to achieve those numbers was published. In
response, Twitter co-founder Biz Stone published a blog
post suggesting the possibility of legal action against the
hacker.[98]
On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer
paid advertising for companies that would be able to pur-
The Twitter fail whale error message.
chase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search
results on the Twitter website, similar to Google Ad-
When Twitter experiences an outage, users see the "fail
words’ advertising model. As of April 13, Twitter an-
whale" error message image created by Yiying Lu,[111] il-
nounced it had already signed up a number of companies
lustrating eight orange birds using a net to hoist a whale
wishing to advertise including Sony Pictures, Red Bull,
from the ocean captioned "Too many tweets! Please wait
Best Buy, and Starbucks.[99][100]
a moment and try again."[112]
The company generated $45 million in annual rev-
Twitter had approximately ninety-eight percent up-
enue in 2010, after beginning sales midway through that
time in 2007 (or about six full days of downtime).[113] The
year. The company operated at a loss through most of
downtime was particularly noticeable during events pop-
2010. Revenues were forecast for $100 million to $110
ular with the technology industry such as the 2008 Mac-
million in 2011.[93] Users’ photos can generate royalty-
world Conference & Expo keynote address.[114][115]
free revenue for Twitter, with an agreement with WENN
• May 2008 – Twitter’s new engineering team made
being announced in May 2011.[101] In June 2011, Twitter
architectural changes to deal with the scale of
announced it would offer small businesses a self serve ad-
growth. Stability issues resulted in down time or
vertising system.[102]
temporary feature removal.
• August 2008 – Twitter withdrew free SMS services
Technology from users in the United Kingdom[116] and for
approximately five months instant messaging
Implementation support via a XMPP bot was listed as being
"temporarily unavailable".[117]
The Twitter Web interface uses the Ruby on Rails frame-
• October 10, 2008 – Twitter’s status blog announced
work,[103] deployed on a performance enhanced Ruby
that instant messaging (IM) service was no longer a
Enterprise Edition implementation of Ruby.[104]
temporary outage and needed to be revamped. It was
As of April 6, 2011, Twitter engineers confirmed they
announced that Twitter aims to return its IM service
had switched away from their Ruby on Rails search-stack,
pending necessary major work.[118]
to a Java server they call Blender.[105]
• June 12, 2009 – In what was called a potential
From the spring of 2007 until 2008 the messages were
"Twitpocalypse", the unique numerical identifier
handled by a Ruby persistent queue server called Star-
associated with each tweet exceeded the limit of
ling,[106] but since 2009 implementation has been grad-
32-bit signed integers (2,147,483,647 total
ually replaced with software written in Scala.[107] The
messages).[119] While Twitter itself was not affected,
service’s application programming interface (API) allows
some third-party clients could no longer access
other web services and applications to integrate with
recent tweets. Patches were quickly released, though
Twitter.[108][109]
some iPhone applications had to wait for approval
from the App Store.[120]
Interface
• June 25, 2009 – Twitter crashed at least once and ran
On April 30, 2009, Twitter adjusted its web interface, very slowly for some time after It recorded over
adding a search bar and a sidebar of "trending topics" 50,000 tweets about Michael Jackson’s death in just
— the most common phrases appearing in messages. Biz one hour.[121] Michael Jackson was ranked on seven
Stone explains that all messages are instantly indexed of the top ten trending topics.
and that "with this newly launched feature, Twitter has
6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter
• September 22, 2009 – The identifier exceeded the The home pages of these accounts display a badge indi-
limit for 32-bit unsigned integers (4,294,967,296 total cating their status.[134]
messages) again breaking some third-party In May 2010, a bug was discovered by İnci Sözlük
clients.[122] users that allowed Twitter users to force others to follow
• August 6, 2009 – Twitter and Facebook suffered from them without the other users’ consent or knowledge. For
a denial-of-service attack, causing the Twitter example, comedian Conan O’Brien’s account, which had
website to go offline for several hours.[123] It was been set to follow only one person, was changed to re-
later confirmed that the attacks were directed at one ceive nearly 200 malicious subscriptions.[135]
pro-Georgian user around the anniversary of the In response to Twitter’s security breaches, the Fed-
2008 South Ossetia War, rather than the sites eral Trade Commission brought charges against the ser-
themselves.[124] vice which were settled on June 24, 2010. This was the
• December 17, 2009 – A hacking attack replaced the first time the FTC had taken action against a social net-
website’s welcoming screen with an image of a green work for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter
flag and the caption "This site has been hacked by to take a number of steps to secure users’ private infor-
Iranian Cyber Army" for nearly an hour. No mation, including maintenance of a "comprehensive in-
connection between the hackers and Iran has been formation security program" to be independently audit-
established.[125] ed biannually.[136]
• June–July 2010 – Twitter has a very high service On December 14, 2010, the United States Department
rejection rate (10%-20%) during 2010 FIFA World Cup of Justice issued a subpoena directing Twitter to provide
period, also, the response latency increased a lot. [126] information for accounts registered to or associated with
• November 2010 – A number of accounts encountered WikiLeaks.[137] Twitter decided to notify its users and
a fault that resulted in them seeing the "fail whale" said in a statement, "...it’s our policy to notify users about
when they tried to login to their accounts. The law enforcement and governmental requests for their in-
accounts themselves were not locked out as account formation, unless we are prevented by law from doing
holders could still see their "mentions" page, and so".[127]
post from there, but the timeline and a number of A "MouseOver" exploit occurred on September 21,
other features were unavailable during this outage. 2010, when an XSS Worm became active on Twitter.
When an account user held the mouse cursor over
Privacy and security blacked out parts of a tweet, the worm within the script
Twitter messages are public but users can also send pri- would automatically open links and re-post itself on the
vate messages.[127] Twitter collects personally identifi- reader’s account.[138] The exploit was then re-used to
able information about its users and shares it with third post pop-up ads and links to pornographic sites. The ori-
parties. The service reserves the right to sell this infor- gin is unclear but Pearce H. Delphin (known on Twitter
mation as an asset if the company changes hands.[128] as @zzap) and a Scandinavian developer, Magnus Holm,
While Twitter displays no advertising, advertisers can both claim to have modified the exploit of a user, possibly
target users based on their history of tweets and may Masato Kinugawa, who was using it to create coloured
quote tweets in ads[129] directed specifically to the user. Tweets.[139] Kinugawa, a Japanese developer, reported
A security vulnerability was reported on April 7, 2007, the XSS vulnerability to Twitter on August 14. Later,
by Nitesh Dhanjani and Rujith. Since Twitter used the when he found it was exploitable again, he created the
phone number of the sender of an SMS message as au- account ’RainbowTwtr’ and used it to post coloured mes-
thentication, malicious users could update someone sages.[139] Delphin says he exposed the security flaw by
else’s status page by using SMS spoofing.[130] The vul- tweeting a JavaScript function for "onMouseOver",[139]
nerability could be used if the spoofer knew the phone and Holm later created and posted the XSS Worm that
number registered to their victim’s account. Within a few automatically re-tweeted itself.[138] Security firm Sophos
weeks of this discovery Twitter introduced an optional reported the virus was spread by people doing it for "fun
personal identification number (PIN) that its users could and games", but noted it could be exploited by cyber-
use to authenticate their SMS-originating messages. [131] criminals.[138] Twitter issued a statement on their status
On January 5, 2009, 33 high-profile Twitter accounts blog at 13:50 UTC that "The exploit is fully patched".[138][140]
were compromised after a Twitter administrator’s pass- Twitter representative Carolyn Penner said no charges
word was guessed by a dictionary attack.[132] Falsified would be pressed.[141]
tweets — including sexually explicit and drug-related In May 2011, a claimant known as "CTB" (subsequent-
messages — were sent from these accounts.[133] ly identified as Ryan Giggs) in the case of CTB v Twitter
Twitter launched the beta version of their "Verified Inc., Persons Unknown took legal action at the High Court
Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing famous or of Justice in London against Twitter.,[142] requesting that
notable people to announce their Twitter account name. Twitter release details of account holders. This followed
gossip posted on Twitter about Giggs’ private life, causing
7
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter
conflict relating to privacy injunctions.[143][144] Tony to and attach it to a Tweet right from Twitter.com.[157]
Wang, the head of Twitter in Europe, said that people Users now also have the ability to add pictures to Twit-
who do "bad things" on the site would need to defend ter’s search by adding hashtags to the tweet.[158] Twitter
themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in also plans to provide photo galleries designed to gather
the event of controversy, and that the site would hand and syndicate all photos that a user has uploaded on
over information about users to the authorities when Twitter and third-party services such as TwitPic.[158]
it was legally required to do so.[145] He also suggested
that Twitter would accede to a UK court order to divulge
names of users responsible for "illegal activity" on the
Use and social impact
site.[146]
On May 29, 2011, it was reported that South Tyneside
council in England had successfully taken legal action
against Twitter in a court in California, which forced
Twitter to reveal the details of five user accounts. The
council was trying to discover the identity of a blogger
called "Mr Monkey"[147] who allegedly posted libellous
statements about three local councillors.[148]
On January 3, 2012, it was reported that Twitter will
be acquiring Dasient, a startup that offers malware pro-
tection for businesses. Twitter hopes that Dasient will
help remove hateful advertisers on the website. [149]
On January 26, 2012, Twitter began offering a feature Dorsey (left) said after a Twitter Town Hall held in July 2011,
which would allow tweets to be removed selectively by that Twitter received over 110,000 #AskObama tweets.[159]
country. Twitter cited France and Germany as examples,
where pro-Nazi content is illegal. Previously, deleted Main article: Twitter usage
tweets were removed in all countries.[150][151] See also: Censorship of Twitter
Twitter has been used for a variety of purposes in many
Open source different industries and scenarios. For example, it has
Twitter released several open source projects developed been used to organize protests, sometimes referred to as
while overcoming technical challenges of their ser- "Twitter Revolutions" and which include the 2011 Egypt-
vice.[152] Notable projects are the Gizzard Scala frame- ian revolution, 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, 2009–2010
work for creating distributed datastores and the distrib- Iranian election protests, and 2009 Moldova civil un-
uted graph database FlockDB. rest.[160] The governments of Iran and Egypt blocked the
service in retaliation.[161][162] The service is also used as
URL shortener a form of civil disobedience: in 2010, users expressed out-
rage over the Twitter Joke Trial by making obvious jokes
t.co is a URL shortening service created by Twitter.[64] It
about terrorism;[163] and in the British privacy injunction
is only available for links posted to Twitter and not avail-
debate in the same country a year later, where several
able for general use.[64] All links posted to Twitter use a
celebrities that had taken out anonymised injunctions,
t.co wrapper.[153] Twitter hopes that the service will be
most notably the Manchester United player Ryan Giggs,
able to protect users from malicious sites,[64] and will use
were identified by thousands of users in protest to tradi-
it to track clicks on links within tweets.[64][154]
tional journalism being censored.[164]
Having previously used the services of third parties
Twitter is also increasingly used for making TV more
TinyURL and bit.ly,[155] Twitter began experimenting
interactive and social.[165] This effect is sometimes re-
with its own URL shortening service for direct messages
ferred to as the "virtual watercooler" or social television.
in March 2010 using the twt.tl domain,[153] before it pur-
Twitter has been used successfully to encourage people
chased the t.co domain. The service was tested on the
to watch live TV events, such as the Oscars, the Super
main site using the accounts @TwitterAPI, @rsarver and
Bowl[166] and the MTV Video Music Awards; this strategy
@raffi.[153] On September 2, 2010, an email from Twitter
has however proven less effective with regularly sched-
to users said they would be expanding the roll-out of the
uled TV shows.[167] Such direct cross-promotions have
service to users. On June 7, 2011, Twitter announced that
been banned from French television due to regulations
it was rolling out the feature.[156]
against secret advertising.[168]
In May 2008, The Wall Street Journal wrote that social
Integrated photo-sharing service networking services such as Twitter "elicit mixed feelin-
On June 1, 2011, Twitter announced its own integrated gs in the technology-savvy people who have been their
photo-sharing service that enables users to upload a pho- early adopters. Fans say they are a good way to keep in
8
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter
touch with busy friends. But some users are starting to Change of focus
feel ’too’ connected, as they grapple with check-in mes-
sages at odd hours, higher cellphone bills and the need to
tell acquaintances to stop announcing what they’re hav-
ing for dinner."[169]
Tech writer Bruce Sterling opined in 2007 that using
Twitter for "literate communication" is "about as likely
as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Ili-
ad".[170] In September 2008, the journalist Clive Thomp-
son mused in a The New York Times Magazine editorial that
the service had expanded narcissism into "a new, super-
metabolic extreme—the ultimate expression of a gener-
ation of celebrity-addled youths who believe their every
utterance is fascinating and ought to be shared with the
world."[171] Conversely, Vancouver Sun columnist Steve
Dotto opined that part of Twitter’s appeal is the chal- The mobile version of twitter.com
lenge of trying to publish such messages in tight con-
straints,[172] and Jonathan Zittrain, professor of Internet Twitter emphasized its news and information-network
law at Harvard Law School, said that "the qualities that strategy in November 2009 by changing the question
make Twitter seem inane and half-baked are what makes asked to users for status updates from "What are you
it so powerful".[173] doing?" to "What’s happening?"[183][184] Entertainment
In 2009, Nielsen Online reported that Twitter has a Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, say-
user retention rate of forty percent. Many people stop ing, "Limiting yourself to 140 characters—the maximum
using the service after a month, therefore the site may for messages on this diabolically addictive social-net-
potentially reach only about ten percent of all Internet working tool—is easy."[185]
users.[174] In 2009, Twitter won the "Breakout of the On November 22, 2010, Biz Stone, a cofounder of the
Year" Webby Award.[175][176] During a February 2009 dis- company, expressed for the first time the idea of a Twit-
cussion on National Public Radio’s Weekend Edition, the ter news network [186] a concept of wire-like news ser-
network,
journalist Daniel Schorr stated that Twitter accounts of vice he has been working on for years.[187]
events lacked rigorous fact-checking and other editorial
improvements. In response, Andy Carvin gave Schorr
two examples of breaking news stories that played out See also
on Twitter and said users wanted first-hand accounts • Ambient awareness
and sometimes debunked stories.[177] Time magazine ac- • Blauk
knowledged growing level of influence in its 2010 Time • Comparison of microblogging services
100; to determine the influence of people, it used a for- • CTB v News Group Newspapers
mula based on famous social networking sites, Twitter • Heello
and Facebook. The list ranges from Barack Obama and • List of Twitter services and applications
Oprah Winfrey to Lady Gaga and Ashton Kutcher.[178] • List of virtual communities with more than 100
After claims in the media that the hashtags #wik- million users
ileaks and #occupywallstreet were being censored be- • Myspace
cause they did not show up on the site’s list of trending • Tumblr
topics, Twitter responded by stating that it does not cen- • Web 2.0 Suicide Machine
sor hashtags unless they contain obscenities.[179][180][181]
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External links • Twittermania sweeps Russia’s politicians (RT article)
• Outrageous Tweets: A Short History - slideshow by
• Official website (Mobile) Life magazine
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