From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Google Street View privacy concerns
Google Street View privacy concerns
Privacy advocates have objected to the Google Street
View feature, pointing to photographs that show men
leaving strip clubs, protesters at an abortion clinic, sun-
bathers in bikinis, cottagers at public parks, people pick-
ing up prostitutes and people engaging in activities vis-
ible from public property in which they do not wish to
be photographed and have published online.[1] Google
maintains that the photos were taken from public prop-
erty. However, this does not take into account that the
Street View cameras take pictures from an elevated po-
sition, enabling them to look over hedges and walls de-
signed to prevent some areas from being open to public
view. Before launching the service, Google removed pho-
Google Car in Hunters Point, Queens on June 4, 2009
tos of domestic violence shelters, and it allows users to
flag inappropriate or sensitive imagery for Google to re-
images in Europe on July 2, 2008, have all used face blur-
view and remove.[2] When the service was first launched,
ring (this process is automated; as a result even facial im-
the process for requesting that an image be removed was
ages on posters and billboards are often blurred).
not trivial,.[3] Google changed its policy to make removal
Google delayed the release of its Street Views of the
more straightforward,[4] but has since removed the op-
Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area following con-
tion to request removal of an image, replacing it by an
cern expressed by the United States Department of
option to request blurring of an image. Images of poten-
Homeland Security that some of the images taken might
tial break-ins, sunbathers, and individuals entering adult
be of security-sensitive areas.[10]
bookstores have, however, remained active and these im-
The Department of Defense has banned Google from
ages have been widely republished.[5]
publishing Street View content of U.S. Military bases and
In Europe, the creation of Google Street View may
asked Google to remove existing content of bases. Google
not be legal in all jurisdictions. Some European countries
has complied with this order.[11]
have laws prohibiting the filming without consent of an
Some parents have expressed concern over Street
individual on public property for the purpose of public
View compromising the security of their children.[12]
display.[6]
Aaron and Christine Boring, a Pittsburgh couple, sued
On May 14, 2010, Google revealed that its Street View
Google for invasion of privacy. Street View made a photo
cars had been inadvertently gathering private informa-
of their home available online, and they claimed that this
tion about websites people accessed on public Wi-Fi net-
diminished the value of their house, which they had cho-
works.[7] The Australian Minister for Communications,
sen for its privacy.[13] They lost their case in a Pennsyl-
Stephen Conroy, has stated that this has "been the
vania court. "While it is easy to imagine that many whose
largest privacy breach in the history across western
property appears on Google’s virtual maps resent the pri-
democracies".[8]
vacy implications, it is hard to believe that any – other
than the most exquisitely sensitive – would suffer shame
United States or humiliation," Judge Hay ruled.[14] Since then the deci-
In the law of the United States, the general rule (with sion was reversed in part and on December 1, 2010 Mag-
some exceptions) is that there is no reasonable expec- istrate Judge Bissoon ruled that Google is an intentional
tation of privacy in a public place, thus implying that trespasser [15] and the company was ordered to pay $1 to
Google (and anyone else) is usually free to take pho- the Plaintiffs.
tographs in public places. In August 2008, a Street View vehicle took a picture
However, one of Google’s responses to concerns of a house on fire in Sherwood, Arkansas.[16] The people
about privacy laws outside the United States has been who lived in the house asked Google to remove this pic-
a pledge to blur the faces of people who are filmed on ture.
Street View photos taken both inside and outside the U.S. Some cities in the United States where all streets are
Google began blurring faces on May 13, 2008[9] and the privately owned have asked Google to remove Street
images published since then, including the first launch of View images because their consent was not given. North
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Google Street View privacy concerns
Oaks, Minnesota may have been the first. In that case, Office described Google’s programme as taking pictures
Google complied.[17] “beyond the extent of the ordinary sight from a street”,
In 2010, the Electronic Privacy Information Center and that it “disproportionately invade citizens’ privacy.”
(EPIC) filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commis- However, pictures taken before this decision (mostly in
sion (FTC) stating that Google’s admitted downloading of 2009) may have remained available online but Google was
private wi-fi data constituted a violation of the US Wire- obliged to erase every picture from that period should
tap Act and the Federal Communications Act. The FTC de- they be disputed.[21][22] In May 2011, the ban was lift-
cided not to take up the complaint.[18] ed.[23]
Documents subsequently obtained by EPIC under
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) indicated, despite a
request from Congress, that the FTC did not examine
European Union
Google’s data from private wireless networks before A recent demand from the European Union would re-
dropping the case.[19] EPIC filed an administrative appeal quire Google to warn local residents before sending out
with the FTC, challenging its decision, and in May 2011 the cameras. It also requires Google to keep the un-
EPIC filed a suit against the FTC for access to the docu- blurred versions of the photos no longer than 6 months,
ments on which the FTC’s decision was based. instead of a year. Google was instructed to give advance
notice online and in the local press before photograph-
ing.[24]
Canada In 2010, Google announced that it might cancel
While Canada, like other jurisdictions, has raised the is- Google Street View service in the European Union due to
sue of privacy concerns regarding Google Street View, unmanageable requests of the European Commission. [25]
the presence of Google cameras in one Canadian city in
March 2009 gave rise to a different complaint. Les
MacPherson, a columnist with the Saskatoon Star-
United Kingdom
Phoenix, complained in a March 28, 2009, column that
the timing of the imaging, at the end of a protracted
winter season and before the true onset of spring would
cast an unfavourable image of Saskatoon and other cities.
"What worries me more than any loss of privacy is the
prospect of presenting to the world a highly unflattering
impression of Canadian cities. With the possible excep-
tion of Victoria, they do not show off well in the spring.
Google could not have picked a more inauspicious time
to do its scanning. Saskatoon is unfortunately typical. For
Google to record its images of the city at this most visual-
ly unappealing time of year is like photographing a beau-
tiful woman who has just awakened from a six-month co-
ma," he wrote.[20] In early October 2009, the first Canadi- Opel Astra Street View Car in Southampton, Hampshire
an cities began to appear on Street View; several, includ-
ing Saskatoon, were not included in the initial roll-out. In the first days of launch the UK service drew criticism
One city that was included, Calgary, included images tak- due to privacy.[26] Images were found of a man leaving a
en in both summer and winter. Images of Saskatoon were sex shop, a man vomiting and another man being arrest-
rolled out on December 2, 2009. ed. Some images were removed including those of areas
More recently, several areas have had their pictures around Downing Street.[27][28]
re-taken, for example, Toronto. Toronto’s old images ap- The service drew criticism in Belfast that it repre-
peared to have been taken in late October, but these new sented a "reckless" security risk, particularly for showing
images appear to have been taken in late March, April the exteriors of army bases and police stations so soon af-
and May, as evidenced by images where school bulletin ter the killing of two soldiers in the 2009 Massereene Bar-
boards indicate the month. racks shooting, and a police officer.[29]
Soon after the launch human rights watchdog Priva-
cy International sent a formal complaint about the ser-
Czech Republic vice to the UK Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO),
In the Czech Republic, Street View was banned in which cited more than 200 reports from members of the
September 2010 by the Czech Office for Personal Data public who were identifiable on Street View images. Pri-
Protection after more than half a year of unsuccessful ne- vacy International director Simon Davies said that the
gotiation between the Czech Republic and Google. The organization had filed the complaint due to the "clear
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Google Street View privacy concerns
embarrassment and damage" Street View had caused to people who are photographed by Google, to turn Google
many Britons. He said that Street View fell short of the into the police.[38]
assurances given by Google to the ICO in July 2008 that
had enabled its launch, namely that privacy would be
protected by blurring faces and vehicle licence plates,
Germany
and asked for the system to be "switched off" while an in- In an April 2009 interview for the German magazine Fo-
vestigation was completed. He said the few cases where cus, Google’s Global Privacy Counsel Peter Fleischer re-
Google’s face blurring system had failed meant the data marked that "public opposition to Google Street View in
used by Street View would fall under UK Data Protection Germany, though not hysterical, had been tougher than
legislation, which requires that subjects give permission in any other country."[39] On the same occasion he stated
for the use of information concerning them.[30] that the project has now been "essentially aligned with
Davies subsequently sent an open letter to Google the concerns of data privacy advocates," and that "spe-
chief executive Eric Schmidt, accusing the company of cific privacy tools would be developed for the German
briefing journalists against him, claiming Davies was bi- launch while imaging continues at the fastest possible
ased in favour of Microsoft. Google has pointed to con- pace." The option to have specific images removed would
nections between Microsoft and data protection consul- also apply for locations in Germany.
tancy 80/20 Thinking, run by Davies, and has said that German Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor Guido
Davies’ connections to Microsoft should be made clear in Westerwelle said "I will do all I can to prevent it."[40]
public, as the credibility of his criticisms is undermined However, Interior Minister Thomas de Maizière said that
by the fact that he acts as a consultant to companies who people should not get "hysterical" about the issue and
are direct rivals and critics of Google, a fact Davies rarely called for "caution in introducing blanket rules allowing
discloses in press releases or comments.[31] objections."[41]
However, on April 23, 2009, the Information Commis- As of October 2010, 244,237 German households have
sioner ruled that although Google Street View carries a opted out Street View.[42] Google complied by blurring
small risk of privacy invasion it should not be stopped. the facades on the corresponding Street View images.
They ruled that "There is no law against anyone taking This procedure is misleadingly called ’pixelating’ in Ger-
pictures of people in the street as long as the person us- many (German: ’Verpixeln’).[43]
ing the camera is not harassing people". They also ruled
that Google Street View does not contravene the Data
Protection Act, as an image of a house held on Street
Greece
View is not a data protection matter, as data protection Google had been stopped from gathering images in Greek
is about people’s personal information.[32][33] cities for its Street View service until it provides further
On April 3, 2009, it was reported in the press that res- guarantees about privacy.[44]
idents of the village of Broughton in Buckinghamshire However, on January 18, 2010, the government legal-
formed a human barrier to stop a Google car from pho- ized the service under the condition that the faces and
tographing the village,[34] expressing fears that it was other privacy details will be blurred.[45]
"invading the villagers’ privacy" and "facilitating
crime".[35] As also reported in the press, contrary reac- Australia
tions have come from some Internet users, who have
called on people to "descend on the village to snap their Australia has no laws prohibiting Google Street View. But
own perfectly legal photographs".[36] in October 2010, despite this, Google Street View ceased
On May 21, 2009, Google Street’s privacy issues got operations in Australia, following months of investiga-
some attention in the tabloid press, after it was revealed tions from Australian authorities.[46] However on May 4,
that Google’s facial recognition technology automatically 2011, Google announced that they planned to begin pro-
blurred out the face of "The Colonel" on the shop signage duction again[47] and on July 27, 2011 the Street View im-
of Kentucky Fried Chicken stores "to protect his privacy", agery for Australian towns and cities were updated.[48]
despite the fact that Harland David "Colonel" Sanders,
upon whose image "The Colonel" is based, died in 1980. Japan
A spokesperson for Google defended the decision as "it
shows how good our facial recognition technology is".[37] In Japan, Google Street View started in August 2008 and
was made available for ten Japanese Prefectures in Fe-
bruary 2009. The available Street View areas depicted
Denmark residential and business areas, and showed the faces of
According to a Danish media lawyer, Oluf Jørgensen, pedestrians, displayed vehicle registration plates, and
Google’s practice of photographing people on private the name plate of a family residence (表札, Hyōsatsu) -
property is illegal. The Danish data authorities advised Google’s decision to show these has led to disputes. Local
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Google Street View privacy concerns
governments, lawyers and individuals claimed Google
was violating privacy.[49] On February 3, 2009, Google Ja-
Switzerland
pan representatives attended a meeting about privacy In November 2009, Switzerland’s Federal Data Protection
concerns held at a Tokyo Metropolitan Government fa- and Information Commissioner Hanspeter Thür an-
cility, and agreed that privacy issues had not been ad- nounced that his agency would be suing Google because
equately considered. Google pledged that, before taking in Street View "numerous faces and vehicle number
photographs for Street View, they would in future notify plates are not made sufficiently unrecognizable from the
the provinces’ local government. Google Japan admitted point of view of data protection".[54]
that notifications and explanations of this kind had al-
ready been taking place in countries other than Japan,
but had not done so in Japan as they were not aware of
Middle East
the potential privacy concerns.[50] In December 2010, Google revealed plans to introduce
On May 13, 2009, Google Japan announced that it its Street View feature in the Middle East, but stated
would modify their cameras to scan from a lower height there would be additional forms of censorship not pre-
of 2.05 meters above ground level, 95 centimeters lower viously seen in other parts of the world out of concern
than the original height of the camera head. The new for the religious and cultural beliefs of those residing in
height is intended to avoid having cameras view over these countries, the laws of these countries, and securi-
fences in front of homes and into homes. This reduced ty concerns. This would include, but not be limited to,
height is to apply immediately, and all areas previously the blacking out of all human bodies, license plates, and
visited will be rescanned from the reduced height. Scans windows of all automobiles and structures, and the total
taken at the original height will remain available until omission of some security-sensitive sites, such as govern-
they are replaced with the new images. ment buildings.[55]
On November 11, 2011, Ministry of Internal Affairs Google would start to film the Middle East some time
and Communications issued an administrative guidance in 2011 if all goes as planned. Only countries with which
to Google Inc. that its collecting activity of Wi-Fi data the United States has a peaceful relationship would be
were against the law of telecommunication which re- included. Some countries mentioned are Egypt, Israel,
quests secrecy of communication, and requested to Jordan, Morocco, and Turkey. In Israel, disputed territo-
delete the recorded data, to take measures of preventing ries and locations under rule of the Palestinian Authority
of recording the communication data, and to let it known would be excluded until further progress.[55]
publically in Japanese.[51][52]
India
Hong Kong Google started taking Street View images in Bangalore,
Before the launch of Google Street View in Hong Kong, India, on May 26, 2011. A Google executive promised that
the Hong Kong Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data they would do their best to avoid security concerns.[56]
has taken the initiative to inquire into the Google Street However, on June 20, 2011, Street View was blocked in
View Project, to ensure that it complies with the provi- Bangalore due to security concerns from the police in
sions of the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance in Hong Bangalore.[57] Google officials and leaders from BJP, the
Kong and to consider privacy issues that may arise. ruling party in Karnataka, organized a meeting on July
Google declares that the Project does not intend to 19, 2011, to continue Street View in Bangalore. The
compile information about specific individuals whose Google officials, however, failed to convince the leaders
identities can be ascertained. Faces of passers-by and car that they would not violate any privacy laws.[58]
licence plates in the photographs will be unidentifiable
because blurring technology is to be used. Also, there
will be at least a three month gap between image gather-
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