From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apollo 16
Apollo 16
Apollo 16 Third 05:40:03
Total 20:14:14
Mission insignia
Lunar surface 2 d 23 h 02 m 13 s
time
Lunar Roving LRV-2
Vehicle
CMP EVA 01:23:42
duration
Lunar sample 95.71 kg (211 lb)
mass
Total CSM 5 d 05 h 49 m 32 s
time in lunar
orbit
Mission statistics[1] Landing April 27, 1972
19:45:05 UTC
Mission name Apollo 16 South Pacific Ocean
0°43′S 156°13′W / 0.717°S 156.217°W /
Spacecraft CSM: Casper -0.717; -156.217 (Apollo 16 splashdown)
name LM: Orion
Mission 11 d 01 h 51 m 05 s
Command CM-113 duration
Module mass 12,874 pounds (5,840 kg)
Crew photo
Service SM-113
Module mass 54,044 pounds (24,514 kg)
Lunar Module LM-11
mass 36,729 pounds (16,660 kg)
Spacecraft 103,617 pounds (47,000 kg)
mass
Crew size 3
Call sign CSM: Casper
LM: Orion
Left to right: Mattingly, Young, Duke
Launch Saturn V SA-511
vehicle Related missions
Launch pad LC 39A
Previous mission Subsequent mission
Kennedy Space Center
Florida, USA
Launch date April 16, 1972 Apollo 15 Apollo 17
17:54:00 UTC
Lunar landing April 21, 1972 Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the American
02:23:35 UTC
Apollo space program, the fifth and penultimate to land
Descartes Highlands
8°58′22.84″S 15°30′0.68″E / 8.9730111°S on the Moon and the first to land in the lunar highlands.
15.5001889°E / -8.9730111; 15.5001889 The second of the so-called J-missions, the mission was
(based on the IAU crewed by Commander John Young, Lunar Module Pilot
Mean Earth Polar Axis coordinate system) Charles Duke and Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly.
Lunar EVA First 07:11:02 Launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida at
duration Second 07:23:09 12:54 PM EST on April 16, 1972, the mission lasted eleven
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apollo 16
Position[6] Astronaut
Commander John W. Young
Fourth spaceflight
Command Module Pilot Thomas K. Mattingly II
First spaceflight
Lunar Module Pilot Charles M. Duke, Jr.
Only spaceflight
Position[6] Astronaut
Commander Fred W. Haise, Jr.
Command Module Pilot Stuart A. Roosa
Lunar Module Pilot Edgar D. Mitchell
days, one hour, and fifty-one minutes, and concluded at Swigert three days prior to the launch.[7] John Young, a
2:45 PM EST on April 27.[2][3][4] captain in the United States Navy, had flown on three
John Young and Charles Duke spent 71 hours—just spaceflights prior to Apollo 16: Gemini 3, Gemini 10 and
under three days—on the lunar surface, during which Apollo 10, which orbited the Moon.[8] One of nineteen as-
they conducted three extra-vehicular activities, or tronauts selected by NASA in April 1966, Charles Duke
moonwalks, totaling 20 hours and 14 minutes. The pair had never flown in space before Apollo 16. He served on
drove the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), the second ever the support crew of Apollo 10 and was a capsule commu-
produced and used on the Moon, a cumulative distance of nicator for Apollo 11.[9]
26.7 kilometres (16.6 mi). On the surface, Young and Duke
collected 95.8 kilograms (211 lb) of lunar samples for re- Backup crew
turn to Earth, while Command Module Pilot Ken Matting- Although not officially announced, the original backup
ly orbited in the Command/Service Module above to per- crew consisted of Fred Haise (CDR), William R. Pogue
form observations. Mattingly spent a total of 126 hours (CMP) and Gerald Carr (LMP) who were targeted for the
and 64 revolutions in lunar orbit. After Young and Duke prime crew assignment on Apollo 19.[10][11] However, af-
rejoined Mattingly in lunar orbit, the crew released a ter the cancellations of Apollo 18 and Apollo 19 were fi-
sub-satellite from the Service Module. On the return trip nalized in September 1970 it meant that this crew would
to Earth, Mattingly performed a one-hour spacewalk to not rotate to a lunar mission as planned. Subsequently,
retrieve several film cassettes from the exterior of the Roosa and Mitchell were recycled to serve as members
Service Module.[2][3] of the backup crew after returning from Apollo 14, while
The decision to target the Apollo 16 lunar landing for Pogue and Carr were re-assigned to the Skylab program
the highlands region of the Moon was made to obtain where they later flew on Skylab 4.[12][13]
samples of the Descartes Formation and the Cayley For-
mation. Geologists believed prior to the mission that Support crew
both of these formations were volcanic in origin; howev-
• Anthony W. England[14]
er, samples returned from the lunar surface have since
• Karl G. Henize[15]
proven this hypothesis is incorrect. Three of the first
• Henry W. Hartsfield, Jr[16]
four landings in the Apollo program landed in the lunar
• Robert F. Overmyer[15]
maria; the fourth was in the vicinity of Mare Imbrium.
• Donald H. Peterson[17]
Accordingly, highest priority was given to a highlands
site that would allow the astronauts to sample material
older than the impact that formed the Imbrium basin.[5]
Mission insignia
The insignia of Apollo 16 is dominated by rendering of
an American eagle and a red, white and blue shield, rep-
Crew resenting the people of the United States, overlaying a
Ken Mattingly had originally been assigned to the prime gray background, the lunar surface. Overlaying the shield
crew of Apollo 13, but was exposed to the measles is a gold NASA vector, orbiting the Moon. On the border
through Charles Duke, at that time on the back-up crew of the insignia, there are sixteen stars, representing the
for Apollo 13, who had caught it from one of his children. mission number, and the names of the crew members:
He never contracted the illness, but was nevertheless Young, Mattingly Duke. The blue border, containing the
removed from the crew and replaced by back-up Jack stars and names of the crew, is outlined in gold.[18] The
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apollo 16
insignia was designed from ideas originally submitted by by magma more viscous than that which formed the lu-
the crew of the mission.[19] nar maria. The Cayley formation’s age was approximated
to be approximately that of Mare Imbrium based on the
Planning and training local frequency of impact craters. The considerable dis-
tance between the Descartes site and previous Apollo
landing sites would be beneficial for the network of geo-
Landing site selection physical instruments, portions of which were deployed
Apollo 16 was slated to be the second of the "J-missions," on each Apollo expedition beginning with Apollo 12.[5]
an Apollo mission type featuring the used of the Lunar At the Alphonsus, three scientific objectives were de-
Roving Vehicle (LRV), increased scientific capability, and termined to be of primary interest and paramount im-
lunar surface stays of three days.[2] As Apollo 16 was the portance: the possibility of old, pre-Imbrium impact ma-
penultimate mission in the Apollo program and there terial from within the crater’s wall, the composition of
was no new hardware or procedures to test on the lunar the crater’s interior and the possibility of past volcanic
surface, the last two missions (the other being Apollo 17) activity on the floor of the crater at several smaller "dark
presented opportunities for astronauts to clear up some halo" craters. Geologists feared, however, that samples
uncertainties in understanding the Moon’s properties. obtained from the crater might have been contaminated
Although previous Apollo expeditions, including Apollo by the Imbrium impact, thus preventing Apollo 16 from
14 and Apollo 15 obtained samples of pre-mare lunar ma- obtaining samples of pre-Imbrium material. There also
terial, before lava began to upwell from the Moon’s inte- remained the distinct possibility that this objective had
rior and flood the low areas and basins, none had actually already been satisfied by the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 mis-
visited the lunar highlands.[20] sions, as the Apollo 14 samples had not yet been com-
Apollo 14 had visited and sampled a ridge of material pletely analyzed and samples from Apollo 15 had not yet
that had been ejected by the impact that created the Im- been obtained.[5]
brium impact basin. Likewise, Apollo 15 had also sampled It was ultimately decided to target the Apollo 16 mis-
material in the region of Imbrium, visiting the basin’s sion to the Descartes site. Following the decision, the
edge. There remained the possibility, because both the Alphonsus site was considered the most likely candidate
Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 landing sites were closely as- for Apollo 17, but was eventually rejected. With the as-
sociated with the Imbrium basin, that different geologic sistance of orbital photography obtained on the Apollo
processes were prevalent in areas of the lunar highlands 14 mission, the Descartes site was determined to be safe
far from Mare Imbrium. Several members of the scientif- enough for a manned landing. The mission’s specific
ic community remarked that the central lunar highlands landing site was located between two young impact
resembled regions on Earth that were created by volcanic craters, North and South Ray craters—1,000 m (3,300 ft)
processes and hypothesized the same might be true on and 680 m (2,230 ft) in diameter, respectively—which
the Moon. They had hoped that scientific output from provided "natural drill holes" which penetrated through
the Apollo 16 mission would confirm their suspicion.[20] the lunar regolith at the site, thus leaving exposed
bedrock that could be sampled by the crew.[5]
Location of the Apollo 16 landing site.
John Young and Charles Duke train at the Rio Grande Gorge in
Two locations on the Moon were given primary con- New Mexico.
sideration for exploration by the Apollo 16 expedition,
the Descartes Highlands region west of Mare Nectaris After selecting the landing site for Apollo 16, sam-
and the crater Alphonsus. At Descartes, the Cayley and pling the Descartes and Cayley formations, two geologic
Descartes formations were the primary areas of interest units of the lunar highlands, were determined by mission
in that scientists suspected, based on telescopic and or- planners to be the primary sampling interests of the mis-
bital imagery, that the terrain found there was formed
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apollo 16
sion. It was these formations that the scientific commu- the delay, the spacesuits, a spacecraft separation mecha-
nity widely suspected were formed by lunar volcanism; nism and batteries in the Lunar Module (LM) were mod-
however, this hypothesis was proven incorrect by the ified and tested.[26] There were concerns that the explo-
composition of retrieved lunar samples from the mis- sive mechanism designed to separate the docking ring
sion.[5] from the Command Module would not create enough
pressure to completely sever the ring. This, along with
Training a dexterity issue in John Young’s spacesuit and fluctua-
In preparation for their mission, the Apollo 16 astronauts tions in the capacity of the Lunar Module batteries, re-
participated in an extensive training program that in- quired investigation and trouble-shooting.[27] In January
cluded, among other things, several field geology trips 1972, three months before the planned April launch date,
to introduce the astronauts to concepts and techniques a fuel tank in the Command Module was accidentally
they would eventually use on the lunar surface. During damaged during a routine test.[28] The rocket was re-
these trips, the astronauts would visit and provide scien- turned to the Vehicle Assembly Building, the fuel tank re-
tific descriptions of geologic features they were likely to placed and the rocket returned to the launch pad in Fe-
encounter on the surface of the Moon.[21][22][23] In July bruary in time for the scheduled launch.[29]
1971, the Apollo 16 astronauts visited Greater Sudbury, The official mission countdown began on Monday,
Ontario, Canada for geology training exercises, the first April 10, 1972 at 8:30 AM, six days before the launch.
time U.S. astronauts ever did so. Geologists chose the At this point during the pre-mission preparations, the
area because of a 60 mi (97 km) wide crater created ap- Saturn V rocket’s three stages were powered up and
proximately 1.6 million years ago by a large meteorite. drinking water was pumped into the spacecraft. As the
During the training exercises the astronauts did not wear countdown began, the crew of Apollo 16 were participat-
spacesuits, but carried radio equipment to converse with ing in final training exercises in anticipation of a launch
each other and a scientist-astronaut, practicing proce- on April 16. The astronauts underwent their final pre-
dures they would use on the lunar surface.[24] flight physical examination on April 11.[30] On April 15,
In addition to field geology training, the astronauts liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants were
also participated in training for the use of the spacesuits, pumped into the spacecraft, while the astronauts rested
adapting to the reduced lunar gravity, landing and recov- in anticipation of their launch the next day.[31]
ery post-mission, sample collecting, maneuvering in the The Apollo 16 mission successfully launched from the
Lunar Roving Vehicle, survival training and preparation Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 12:54 PM EST on April
for other technical aspects of the mission.[25] 16, 1972.[32] The launch itself was nominal, with the crew
experiencing vibration similar to that of previous crews.
The first and second stages of the Saturn V rocket per-
Mission highlights formed nominally; the spacecraft, along with the mis-
sion’s three crew members aboard, successfully entered
Launch and outbound trip orbit around Earth just under twelve minutes after lift-
off. After reaching orbit, the crew spent time adapting
themselves to the zero-gravity environment and prepar-
ing the spacecraft for Trans Lunar Injection, the burn
of the third stage rocket that would propel them to the
Moon. In Earth orbit, the crew faced multiple minor tech-
nical issues, including a potential problem with the envi-
ronmental control system and the S-IVB third stage’s at-
titude control system, that were eventually resolved or
compensated for in preparation for departure towards
the Moon. After two orbits, the rocket’s third stage
reignited for just over five minutes, propelling the craft
towards the Moon at approximately 22,000 mph (35,000
km/h).[33] Six minutes after the successful burn of the S-
IVB, the Command/Service Module, containing the crew,
separated from the rocket and traveled for 15 m (49 ft)
Apollo 16 launches from the Kennedy Space Center on April 16, before turning around and retrieving the Lunar Module
1972. from inside the expended rocket stage. The maneuver,
known as transposition, went smoothly and the LM was
The launch of Apollo 16 was delayed one month from extracted from the S-IVB.[34][35] Following transposition
March 17 to April 16. This was the first launch delay in and docking, the crew noticed the exterior surface of the
the Apollo program due to a technical problem. During Lunar Module was giving off particles from a spot where
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apollo 16
the LM’s skin appeared torn or shredded; at one point, inally. Following the LM inspection, the crew reviewed
Charlie Duke estimated they were seeing about five to ten checklists and procedures for the following days in an-
particles per second. The crew entered the Lunar Mod- ticipation of their arrival and the Lunar Orbit Insertion
ule through the docking tunnel connecting it with the burn. Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly reported a
Command Module to inspect its systems, at which time "gimbal lock" warning light, indicating the craft was not
they did not spot any major issues. Once on course to- reporting an attitude. Mattingly alleviated this by re-
wards the Moon, the crew put the spacecraft into a rotis- aligning the guidance system using the Sun and Moon. At
serie "barbecue" mode in which the craft rotated along the end of day two, Apollo 16 was about 140,000 nautical
its long axis three times per hour to ensure even heat dis- miles (260,000 km) away from Earth.[38]
tribution about the spacecraft from the Sun. After fur- At the beginning of day three, the spacecraft was
ther preparing the craft for the trans-lunar voyage, the about 157,000 nautical miles (291,000 km) away from the
crew began the first sleep period of the mission just un- Earth. The velocity of the craft steadily decreased, as
der fifteen hours after launch.[36] Apollo 16 had not yet reached the lunar sphere of gravi-
tational influence. The early part of day three was largely
housekeeping, spacecraft maintenance and exchanging
status reports with mission control in Houston, Texas.
The crew performed the Apollo light flash experiment, or
ALFMED, to investigate "light flashes" that were seen by
the astronauts when the spacecraft was dark, regardless
of whether or not their eyes were open, on Apollo lunar
flights. This was thought to be caused by the penetration
of the eye by cosmic ray particles.[39][40] During the sec-
ond half of the day, John Young and Charlie Duke again
entered the Lunar Module to power it up and check its
systems, as well as perform housekeeping tasks in prepa-
ration for lunar landing. The systems were found to be
functioning as expected. Following this, the crew donned
their spacesuits and rehearsed procedures that would be
used on landing day. Just before the end of flight day
three at 59 hours, 19 minutes, 45 seconds after liftoff,
while 178,673 nautical miles (330,902 km) from the Earth
Earth from Apollo 16 during the trans-lunar coast. and 33,821 nautical miles (62,636 km) from the Moon, the
spacecraft’s velocity began increasing as it accelerated
By the time mission control issued the wake-up call towards the Moon after entering the lunar sphere of in-
to the crew for flight day two, the spacecraft was approx- fluence.[41]
imately 98,000 nautical miles (181,000 km) away from the After waking up on flight day four, the crew began
Earth, traveling at about 5,322 ft/s (1,622 m/s). As the preparations for the maneuver that would brake the
Apollo 16 spacecraft was not due to arrive in lunar orbit spacecraft into orbit around the Moon, or lunar orbit in-
until flight day four,[37] flight days two and three were sertion.[42] At a distance of 11,142 nautical miles (20,635
largely preparatory days, consisting of spacecraft main- km) from the Moon, the Scientific Instrument Module
tenance and scientific research. On day two, the crew (SIM) bay cover was jettisoned. At just over 74 hours
performed an electrophoresis experiment, also per- into the mission, Apollo 16 spacecraft passed behind the
formed on Apollo 14, in which the astronauts attempted Moon, losing direct contact with mission control. While
to prove the higher purity of particle migrations in the over the far side of the Moon, the Command/Service Mo-
zero-gravity environment. The remainder of day two in- dule’s Service Propulsion System engine burned for six
cluded a two-second mid-course correction burn per- minutes and fifteen seconds, braking the spacecraft into
formed by the Command/Service Module’s Service an orbit around the Moon with a low point (pericyn-
Propulsion System engine to tweak the spacecraft’s tra- thion) of 58.3 and a high point (apocynthion) of 170.4
jectory. Later in the day, the astronauts entered the Lu- nautical miles (108.0 and 315.6 km, respectively).[43]
nar Module for the second time in the mission to further After entering lunar orbit, Young, Duke and Mattingly
inspect the landing craft’s systems. The crew reported began preparations for the Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI)
they had observed additional paint peeling from a por- maneuver to further modify the spacecraft’s orbital tra-
tion of the LM’s outer aluminum skin. Despite the ap- jectory. The maneuver was successful, decreasing the
parent peeling on the LM’s outer skin, the crew discov- craft’s pericynthion to 10.7 nautical miles (19.8 km). The
ered that the spacecraft’s systems were performing nom- remainder of flight day four was spent making observa-
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apollo 16
tions and preparing for activation of the Lunar Module, hours behind schedule. Because of the delay, Young and
undocking, and landing the next day.[44] Duke began their descent to the surface at an altitude
higher than that of any previous mission, at 20.1 kilome-
Lunar surface tres (10.9 nmi). At an altitude of about 4,000 m (13,000 ft),
Young was able to view the landing site in its entirety.
Throttle-down of the LM’s landing engine occurred on
time and the spacecraft tilted forward to its landing ori-
entation at an altitude of 2,200 m (7,200 ft). The Lunar
Module Orion, with Young and Duke inside, landed 270 m
(890 ft) north and 60 m (200 ft) west of the planned land-
ing site at 104 hours, 29 minutes, and 35 seconds into the
mission, at 2:23:35 UTC on April 21.[35][46]
After landing, Young and Duke began powering down
some of the LM’s systems to conserve battery power.
Upon completing their initial adjustments, the pair con-
figured Orion for their three-day stay on the lunar sur-
face, removed their spacesuits and took initial geological
observations of the immediate landing site. Young and
Duke then settled down for their first meal on the sur-
face. After eating, they configured the cabin for their
first sleep period on the Moon.[47][48] The landing delay
caused by the malfunction in the Command/Service Mo-
dule’s main engine necessitated significant modifications
The lunar surface through a Lunar Module window shortly af- to the mission schedule. Apollo 16 would spend one less
ter landing. day in lunar orbit after surface exploration had been
completed to afford the crew contingency time to com-
Young, Mattingly and Duke continued preparing for Lu- pensate for any further problems and to conserve ex-
nar Module activation and undocking shortly after wak- pendables. In order to improve Young’s and Duke’s sleep
ing up to begin flight day five. The boom that extended schedule, the third and final moonwalk of the mission
the mass spectrometer out from the Command/Service was trimmed from seven hours to five.[35]
Module’s Scientific Instruments Bay was stuck in a semi-
deployed position. It was decided that Young and Duke
would visually inspect the boom after undocking from
the CSM in the LM. Young and Duke entered the LM for
activation and checkout of the spacecraft’s systems. De-
spite entering the LM forty minutes ahead of schedule,
Young and Duke completed preparations only ten min-
utes early due to numerous delays in the process.[35]
With the preparations finished, Young and Duke un-
docked in the LM Orion from Mattingly in the Command/
Service Module Casper 96 hours, 13 minutes, 13 seconds
into the mission.[45] For the rest of the two spacecrafts’
pass over the near side of the Moon, Mattingly prepared
to shift Casper to a circular orbit while Young and Duke
prepared Orion for the descent to the lunar surface. At
this point, during tests of the CSM’s steerable rocket en-
gine in preparation for the burn to modify the craft’s or-
bit, a malfunction occurred in the engine’s backup sys-
tem. According to mission rules, Orion would have then
re-docked with Casper, in case mission control decided to John Young salutes the American flag on the lunar surface.
abort the landing and use the Lunar Module’s engines for
the return trip to Earth. After several hours of analysis, The next morning, flight day five, Young and Duke
however, mission controllers determined that the mal- ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extra-
function could be worked around and Young and Duke vehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk, of the mis-
could proceed with the landing.[20] As a result of this, sion.[49][50] After the pair donned and pressurized their
powered descent to the lunar surface began about six spacesuits and depressurized the Lunar Module cabin,
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apollo 16
John Young climbed out onto the "porch" of the LM, a turned to the LM to closeout the moonwalk. They reen-
small platform above the ladder. Duke handed Young a tered the Lunar Module 7 hours, 6 minutes, and 56 sec-
jettison bag, full of trash, to dispose of on the surface.[51] onds after the start of the EVA. Once inside, they pres-
Young then lowered the equipment transfer bag (ETB), surized the LM cabin, went through a half-hour briefing
containing equipment for use during the EVA, to the sur- with scientists in mission control, and configured the
face. Young descended the ladder and, upon setting foot cabin for the sleep period.[52][56][57]
on the lunar surface, became the ninth human to walk
on the Moon.[35] Upon stepping onto the surface, Young
expressed his sentiments about being there: "There you
are: Mysterious and Unknown Descartes. Highland
plains. Apollo 16 is gonna change your image."[51]
Charles Duke soon descended the ladder and joined
Young on the surface, becoming the tenth and youngest
human to walk on the Moon at age 36. After setting foot
on the lunar surface, Duke expressed his excitement,
commenting: "Fantastic! Oh, that first foot on the lunar
surface is super, Tony!"[51] The pair’s first task of the
moonwalk was to unload the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV),
along with other equipment, from the Lunar Module.
This was completed without issue but, upon first driving
the lunar rover, Young discovered that the rear steering
wasn’t working. He alerted mission control of the issue
before setting up the television camera and planting the
flag of the United States along with Duke. The day’s next
task was to deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments The view from the side of Stone Mountain.
Package (ALSEP); while parking the lunar rover, on which
the TV camera was mounted, to observe the deployment, Shortly after waking up on the morning of flight day
the rear steering began functioning without explanation. six three and a half minutes early, Young and Duke dis-
While deploying a heat flow experiment that had burned cussed with mission control in Houston the day’s time-
up with the Lunar Module Aquarius on Apollo 13 and had line of events.[58][59] The second lunar excursion’s prima-
been attempted without success on Apollo 15, a cable ry objective was to visit Stone Mountain to climb up the
was inadvertently snapped after getting caught around slope of about 20 degrees to reach a cluster of five craters
Young’s foot. After ALSEP deployment, Young and Duke known as ’Cinco Craters’. After preparations for the day’s
collected samples in the vicinity. About four hours after moonwalk were completed, the astronauts climbed out
the beginning of EVA-1, the pair mounted the lunar rover of the Lunar Module. After departing the immediate
and drove to the first geologic stop, Plum Crater, a 36 m landing site in the lunar rover, Young and Duke arrived
(118 ft) wide crater on the rim of Flag, a crater 290 m at the day’s first destination, the Cinco Craters, 3.8 km
(950 ft) across. There, at a distance of 1.4 km (0.87 mi) (2.4 mi) from the LM. At 152 m (499 ft) above the valley
from the LM, Young and Duke sampled material from the floor, the pair were at the highest elevation above the Lu-
vicinity of Flag Crater, which scientists believed pene- nar Module than any other Apollo mission. After marvel-
trated through the upper regolith layer to the underly- ing at the view from the side of Stone Mountain, which
ing Cayley Formation. It was here that Young retrieved, Duke described as "spectacular,"[60] the astronauts gath-
at the request of mission control, the largest rock re- ered samples in the vicinity.[52] After spending 54 min-
turned by an Apollo mission, a breccia nicknamed Big utes on the slope, Young and Duke climbed aboard the lu-
Muley after mission geology principal investigator Bill nar rover en route to the day’s second stop, station five,
Muehlberger.[52][53] The next stop of the day was Buster a crater 20 m (66 ft) across. There, they hoped to find
Crater, about 1.6 km (0.99 mi) from the LM. Here, Duke Descartes material that had not been contaminated by
took pictures of Stone Mountain and South Ray Crater ejecta from South Ray Crater, a large crater south of the
while Young deployed a magnetic field experiment.[54] At landing site. The samples they collected there, although
this point, scientists began to reconsider their pre-mis- their origin is still not certain, are, according to geolo-
sion hypothesis that Descartes had been the setting of gist Don Wilhelms, "a reasonable bet to be Descartes."[52]
ancient volcanic activity, as the two astronauts had yet to The next stop, station six, was a 10 m (33 ft) wide blocky
find any volcanic material. Following their stop at Buster, crater, where the astronauts believed they could sample
Young did a demonstration drive of the lunar rover while the Cayley Formation as evidenced by the firmer soil
Duke filmed with a 16mm movie camera.[55] After com- found there. Bypassing station seven to save time, Young
pleting more tasks at the ALSEP, Young and Duke re-
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apollo 16
and Duke arrived at station eight on the lower flank of abundant north of the immediate landing site. Boulders
Stone Mountain, where they sampled material on a ray gradually became larger and more abundant as Young
from South Ray Crater for about an hour. Here, they col- and Duke approached North Ray in the lunar rover. Upon
lected black and white breccias and smaller, crystalline arriving at the rim of North Ray Crater, they were 4.4 km
rocks rich in plagioclase. At station nine, an area known (2.7 mi) away from the LM. After their arrival, the duo
as the "Vacant Lot",[61] which was believed to be free of took photographs of the 1 km (0.62 mi) wide and 230 m
ejecta from South Ray, Young and Duke spent about forty (750 ft) deep crater. Young and Duke visited a large boul-
minutes gathering samples. Twenty-five minutes after der, taller than a four-story building, which became
departing station nine, the astronauts arrived at the fi- known as ’House Rock’. Samples obtained from this boul-
nal stop of the day, located halfway between the ALSEP der delivered the final blow to the pre-mission volcanic
site and the Lunar Module. Here, they dug a double core hypothesis, proving it incorrect. House Rock had numer-
and conducted several penetrometer tests along a line ous bullet hole-like marks where micrometeroids from
stretching 50 m (160 ft) east of the ALSEP. At the request space had impacted the rock. About 1 hour and 22 min-
of Young and Duke, the moonwalk was extended by ten utes after arriving, the astronauts departed for station
minutes. After returning to the LM to wrap up the sec- thirteen, a large boulder field about 0.5 km (0.31 mi) from
ond lunar excursion, the two astronauts climbed back in- North Ray. On the way, they set a lunar speed record,
side the landing craft’s cabin, sealing and pressurizing travelling an estimated 17.1 kilometres per hour
the interior after 7 hours, 23 minutes, and 26 seconds of (10.6 mph) downhill. They arrived at a 3 m (9.8 ft) high
EVA time, breaking a record that had been set on Apol- boulder, which they called ’Shadow Rock’. Here, they
lo 15.[52][62] After eating a meal and proceeding with a sampled permanently shadowed soil. During this time,
debriefing on the day’s activities with mission control, Mattingly was preparing the Command/Service Module
Young and Duke reconfigured the LM cabin and prepared in anticipation Young’s and Duke’s return approximately
for the sleep period.[63] six hours later. After three hours and six minutes, Young
and Duke returned to the LM where the completed sever-
al experiments and offloaded the rover. A short distance
from the LM, Duke placed a photograph of his family and
a United States Air Force commemorative medallion on
the surface.[52] Young drove the rover to a point about
90 m (300 ft) east of the Lunar Module, known as the ’VIP
site’, so its television camera, controlled remotely by mis-
sion control, could observe Apollo 16’s liftoff from the
Moon. Young and Duke then reentered the Lunar Mod-
ule after a five hour and forty minute final excursion.[64]
After pressurizing the LM cabin, the crew began prepar-
ing to return to lunar orbit.[65]
Return to Earth
Charles Duke stands in the shadow of Shadow Rock.
Flight day seven was to be Young’s and Duke’s third
and final day on the lunar surface, for they would return
to orbit to rejoin Ken Mattingly in the Command/Service
Module following the day’s moonwalk. During the third
and final lunar excursion of the mission, astronauts
Young and Duke were to explore North Ray Crater, the
largest of any of the craters any Apollo expedition had
visited. After exiting Orion, the pair drove the lunar rover
Launch of the ascent stage of the Apollo 16 lunar module from
0.8 km (0.50 mi) away from the LM before adjusting their
the lunar surface.
heading to travel 1.4 km (0.87 mi) to North Ray Crater.
The drive was smoother than that of the previous day,
Eight minutes before departing the lunar surface, capsule
as the craters were more shallow and boulders were less
communicator (CAPCOM) James Irwin notified Young
8
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apollo 16
and Duke from mission control that they were go for
liftoff. Two minutes before launch, they activated the
"Master Arm" switch and then the "Abort Stage" button,
after which they awaited ignition of Orion’s ascent stage
engine. When the ascent stage ignited, small explosive
charges severed the ascent stage from the descent stage
and cables connecting the two were severed by a guillo-
tine-like mechanism. Six minutes after liftoff, at a speed
of about 5,000 kilometres per hour (3,100 mph), Young
and Duke reached lunar orbit.[52][66] Young and Duke, in
the LM, successfully rendezvoused and re-docked with
Ken Mattingly, who had remained in orbit to perform ob-
servations while his fellow crewmembers explored the
surface, in the Command/Service Module. To minimize Ken Mattingly performs his deep-space EVA, retrieving film
the transfer of lunar dust from the LM cabin into the cassettes from the CSM’s exterior.
CSM, Young and Duke cleaned the cabin before opening
the hatch separating the two spacecraft. After opening press conference during the second half of the day. Dur-
the hatch and reuniting with Mattingly, the crew trans- ing the press conference, the astronauts answered ques-
ferred the samples Young and Duke had collected on the tions pertaining to several technical and non-technical
surface into the CSM for transfer to Earth. After transfers aspects of the mission prepared and listed by priority at
were completed, the crew would sleep before jettisoning the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston by journalists
the empty lunar module ascent stage the next day, when covering the flight. In addition to numerous housekeep-
it was to be crashed intentionally into the lunar sur- ing tasks, the astronauts prepared the spacecraft for its
face.[35] return to Earth, or atmospheric reentry the next day. At
The next day, after final checks were completed, the the end of the Apollo 16 crew’s final full day in space,
expended LM ascent stage was jettisoned.[67] Because of the spacecraft was approximately 77,000 nautical miles
a failure by the crew to activate a certain switch in the (143,000 km) from Earth and closing at a rate of about
LM before sealing it off, it initially tumbled after separa- 7,000 feet per second (2,100 m/s).[70][71]
tion and did not execute the rocket burn necessary for When the wake-up call was issued to the Apollo 16
the craft’s intentional de-orbit. The ascent stage eventu- crew for their final day in space by capsule communica-
ally crashed into the lunar surface nearly a year after the tor Tony England, the spacecraft was about 45,000 nauti-
mission. The crew’s next task, after jettisoning the Lunar cal miles (83,000 km) out from Earth, traveling just over
Module ascent stage, was to release a sub-satellite into 9,000 ft/s (2,700 m/s). Just over three hours before
lunar orbit from the CSM’s Scientific Instrument Bay. The splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, the crew performed a
burn to alter the CSM’s orbit to that desired for the sub- final course correction burn, changing their velocity by
satellite had been cancelled; as a result, the sub-satel- 1.4 ft/s (0.43 m/s). Approximately ten minutes before
lite lasted half of its anticipated lifetime. Just under five reentry into Earth’s atmosphere the cone-shaped Com-
hours later, on the CSM’s 65th orbit around the Moon, its mand Module capsule, containing the three crewmem-
Service Propulsion System main engine was reignited to bers, separated from the expended Service Module,
propel the craft on a trajectory that would return it to which would burn up during reentry. At 265 hours and
Earth. The SPS engine performed the burn flawlessly de- 37 minutes into the mission, at a velocity of about
spite the malfunction that had delayed the lunar landing 36,000 ft/s (11,000 m/s), Apollo 16 began atmospheric
several days before.[35][67] reentry. At its maximum, the temperature of the space-
At a distance of about 170,000 nautical miles (310,000 craft’s heat shield was between 4,000 and 4,500 °F
km) from Earth, Ken Mattingly, the Command Module (2,204 and 2,482 °C). After successful parachute deploy-
Pilot, performed a "deep-space" extra-vehicular activity, ment and less than fourteen minutes after reentry began,
or spacewalk, during which he retrieved several film cas- the Command Module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean
settes from the CSM’s SIM bay. While outside of the 350 km (220 mi) southeast of Christmas Island 290 hours,
spacecraft, Mattingly set up a biological experiment, the 37 minutes, 6 seconds after liftoff from the Kennedy
Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device (MEED).[68] The Space Center. The spacecraft and its three-person crew
MEED experiment was only performed on Apollo 16.[69] were retrieved by the USS Ticonderoga. Young, Duke and
The crew carried out various housekeeping and mainte- Mattingly were safely aboard the Ticonderoga recovery
nance tasks aboard the spacecraft and ate a meal before ship thirty-seven minutes after splashdown.[35][72]
concluding the day.[68]
The penultimate day of the flight was largely spent
performing experiments, aside from a twenty minute
9
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apollo 16
Spacecraft locations orbited the Moon for about a year. Its impact site on the
Moon is unknown.[35][76]
Duke donated some flown items, including a lunar
map, to Kennesaw State University in Kennesaw, Georgia.
He left two items on the Moon, both of which he pho-
tographed. The most famous is a plastic-encased photo
portrait of his family (NASA Photo AS16-117-18841). The
reverse of the photo is signed by Duke’s family and bears
this message: "This is the family of Astronaut Duke from
Planet Earth. Landed on the Moon, April 1972." The other
item was a commemorative medal issued by the United
States Air Force, which was celebrating its 25th anniver-
sary in 1972. He took two medals, leaving one on the
Moon and donating the other to the Wright-Patterson Air
Command module at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center. Force Base museum.[77]
In 2006, shortly after Hurricane Ernesto affected
Bath, North Carolina, eleven year-old Kevin Schanze dis-
covered a piece of metal debris on the ground near his
beach home. Schanze and a friend discovered a "stamp"
on the 36-inch (91 cm) flat metal sheet, which upon fur-
ther inspection turned out to be a faded copy of the Apol-
lo 16 mission insignia. NASA later confirmed the object to
be a piece of the first stage of the Saturn V rocket that
launched Apollo 16 into space. In July 2011, after return-
ing the piece of debris at NASA’s request, the sixteen-
year-old Schanze was given an all-access tour of the
Kennedy Space Center as well as VIP seating for the
launch of STS-135, the final mission of the Space Shuttle
program.[78]
See also
• Extra-vehicular activity
• List of spacewalks
• Splashdown
Lunar module landing site photographed by the Lunar Recon-
naissance Orbiter in 2009. • List of artificial objects on the Moon
• Google Moon
The aircraft carrier USS Ticonderoga delivered the Apollo
16 command module to the North Island Naval Air Sta- References
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External links
Administration. http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/ • NASA Apollo 16 press kit - Apr 6, 1972
hardware/ • ON THE MOON WITH APOLLO 16 A guidebook to the
hardconfig.cfm?hardware_index=957&exp_index=0. Descartes Region by Gene Simmons, NASA, 1972.
Retrieved 1 December 2011. • U.S. Space & Rocket Center Museum (location of
[70] "Apollo 16: Day 11 Part One: Geology, Experiments Apollo 16 command module)
and Guidance Fault Investigation". Apollo 16 Flight • (Part 1) NASA film on the Apollo 16 mission from the
Journal. http://history.nasa.gov/ap16fj/ Internet Archive
28_Day11_Pt1.htm. Retrieved 1 December 2011. • (Part 2) NASA film on the Apollo 16 mission from the
[71] "Apollo 16: Day 11 Part Two: Press Conference, Internet Archive
Experiments and House-Keeping". Apollo 16 Flight • Apollo Lunar Surface VR Panoramas QTVR
Journal. http://history.nasa.gov/ap16fj/ panoramas
29_Day11_Pt2.htm. Retrieved 1 December 2011. • Apollo 16 Science Experiments
[72] "Apollo 16: Day 12 - Entry and Splashdown". Apollo • Audio recording of Apollo 16 landing
16 Flight Journal. http://history.nasa.gov/ap16fj/ • Apollo 16 television transmissions ApolloTV.net
30_Day12.htm#265_22_32. Retrieved 1 December Video
2011. • Interview with the Apollo 16 Astronauts (June 28,
[73] "46 injured in Apollo 16 explosion". Lodi News- 1972) from the Commonwealth Club of California
Sentinel. 8 May 1972. http://news.google.com/ Records at the Hoover Institution Archives.
newspapers?id=0eUzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=1722%2C2797182.
Retrieved 2 December 2011.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_16&oldid=469606138"
Categories:
• Apollo program
• Lunar human spaceflights
• Missions to the Moon
• Sample return missions
• 1972 in spaceflight
• 1972 in the United States
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apollo 16
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