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The first two years of RHIC:
predictions vs. reality
Summary of the workshop:
Who wins the wine, and why?
And, by the way,
What did we learn from the exercise?
Particle yields and spectra
global quantities
hadron distributions
What do the data say?
G. Roland
dNch/dh = 640
Rises somewhat faster than Npart
Rapidity distribution
PHOBOS
dNp/dy ~ 220-230 per charge
dNK+/dy ~ 40
dNp/dy ~ 28
Net baryon density at mid-y
small, but not 0 mB small
Transverse energy
PHENIX preliminary
ET/particle
~ 0.9 GeV
Similar cent.
PHENIX preliminary dependence
as <pt>
But <pt> goes
up with s by
20% while
ET is constant
particle mix
is changing
Anti-particle/particle ratios
I. Bearden
Ratios similar to those in p+p!
p+p collisions
BRAHMS 200 GeV
At mid-rapidity:
Net-protons: dN/dy 7 ISR
proton yield: dN/dy 29 extrapolation
¾ from pair-production
What model can reproduce the net baryons?
Net baryon central
plateau (y=0 to ~ y=2)
Cannot (yet) differentiate
AMPT vs. HIJING/BJ
AMPT - CheMing Ko
Degree of difficulty = 3.5
Ingredients:
HIJING, ZPC parton cascade, ART hadronic rescatting
ET = 750 GeV at y=0 (50% off *)
data say: 3.3 GeV x (300/2) = 495 GeV
80 baryons at y= 3.9 (data say 34 at y=3.5)
at y=0: 14 p, 10 pbar; pbar/p = 0.6 (data say 29, 22, 0.74)
(ratio is within 25% of data ***)
dNch/dh ~ 800 (dNch/dh within 25% ***)
430 p, 60 K per unit y at mid-y (data say 640 ,230, 40)
Central plateau |y|<1.5 for mesons
(pion data says 1.5 *****)
Total score: 3.5 + 10.5 + 10.5 + 17.5= 42
What did we learn?
To get proper particle yields must tweak model so it no
longer agrees with pp collisions
Changed fragmentation function to match lower s
data, rationale: fragmentation in dense matter
Must add a partonic phase with large scattering cross
sections to reproduce v2 and HBT
To reproduce K-/K+ need additional hadronic
rescattering channels
Then get f K+K- correct in s = 130 GeV/A data
LEXUS – Joe Kapusta
Degree of difficulty = 2
Ingredients: parameterized p+p collision results, Glauber,
NN hard collision probability parameter l = 0.6
Minimalist approach, which works at SPS
Net proton density = 13 (data say 7 *)
dNch/dy = 1200, but should have been 950 using p+p at
proper s
Correcting by 15% for yh, get 1020 or 800
(800 is within 25% of data, but –1 for p+p oops **)
Particle spectra are too steep, but missing power law tail
proton <pT> ~ 0.925 GeV/c (data say 0.94 *****)
Total score: 2 + 4 + 10 = 16
(so their next model will be a Bentley…?)
What did we learn?
Create more hadrons in LEXUS than in wounded
nucleon model, since wounded nucleons are not sterile
in LEXUS. Overprediction some destructive
interference among stopped nucleons at mid-y?
Total multiplicity is fixed by energy conservation
Baryon density fixed by Dy in each collision
Minimalist picture works ~ OK for the simplest
observables, but not for more complex ones
Caution in interpreting scaling with Ncoll or Npart !
Particle Spectra @ 200 GeV
BRAHMS: 10% central
PHOBOS: 10%
PHENIX: 5%
STAR: 5%
QM2002 summary slide (Ullrich)
Feed-down matters !!!
<pT> vs. Npart J. Velkovska
<pT> [GeV/c]
<pT> [GeV/c]
•Systematic error on
200 GeV data
p (10 %), K (15 %),
p (14 %)
open symbol :
130 GeV data
• Increase of <pT> as a function of Npart and tends to saturate
p < K < proton (pbar)
• Consistent with hydrodynamic expansion picture.
Radial flow
<pT> prediction with Tth
and <b> obtained from
STAR
blastwave fit (green line)
<pT> prediction for
preliminary Tch = 170 MeV
F. Wang and <b>=0
pp no rescattering,
no flow
no thermal equilibrium
<pT> of X and W from
exponential fits in mT
Do they flow ? Or is
<pT> lower due to
different fit function?
Does it flow? Fits to Omega mT spectra
M. van Leeuwen (NA49) C. Suire (STAR)
STAR preliminary
RHIC
SPS/NA49
bT is not well constrained !
• At SPS W and X are now found to be consistent with common freeze-out
• Maybe W and X are consistent with a blastwave fit at RHIC
• Need to constrain further more data & much more for v2 of W
UrQMD - Bleicher
Degree of difficulty = 2
Ingredients: excitation and fragmentation of color strings,
formation and decay of hadronic resonances, hadronic
rescattering
dET/dh = 600, dNch/dh = 750, ET/Nch = 0.85 GeV
Data say 495, 640, 0.9
Get ET to 20%, Nch to 17% *** and ***
y=0: 12 net protons, 400 p-, 45 K+
Data: 7, 230, 40 *, *, and ****
<pT> = 375, 500, 780 for p, K, p
Data: 400, 650, 940 ****
Score = 32
not enough radial flow!
v2 ~ 1% (way too low as the strings don’t collide)
Dense set of non-interacting strings… a problem…
We learned that
Need QGP-type equation of state to get the v2 and
radial flow correctly
UrQMD has insufficient initial pressure as the strings
don’t scatter.
Mass shifts of resonances very sensitive to breakup
dynamics. Resonances are not dissolved implies fast
freeze-out
Statistical model summary - Magestro
Degree of difficulty = 1
Johanna: chemical equilibrium with T=170 MeV, mB =
10 MeV
Johann: sudden freezeout with incomplete chemical
equilibrium
Predictions (200 GeV)
Exptl. (130 GeV) Exptl. (200 GeV)
0.66 0.75
0.074 0.076 T=177MeV
0.90 0.95
mB =29 MeV
0.15 0.15
0.75
STAR PHENIX
0.58 0.89 Scores:
0.66 0.95 Johanna – within ~15%
0.021 ****
0.19
Johann - within ~ 40%
0.0015 **
Lessons from statistical analyses
See chemical equilibrium populations at RHIC as at SPS
mB is lower, but not as low as predicted
No anomalous strangeness enhancement
Simple thermal emission produces proton spectra flatter
than pion spectra, so they must cross someplace!
Of course the big question is where and why there??
Elliptic flow
Centrality dependence of v2
Note possible dependence on low pt cut
200 GeV: 0.2< pt < 2.0
130 GeV: 0.075< pt < 2.0
200 GeV: 0.150< pt < 2.0
4-part cumulants
STAR
v2=0.05
STAR Preliminary
Preliminary
200 GeV: Preliminary
- Consistent results
- At 200 GeV better pronounced decrease
of v2 for the most peripheral collisions.
QM2002 summary slide (Voloshin)
A puzzle at high pT Nu Xu
Adler et al., nucl-ex/0206006
Still flowing at pT = 8 GeV/c? Unlikely!!
v2 of mesons & baryons
Au+Au at sNN=200GeV
1) High quality M.B. data!!!
2) Consistent between
PHENIX and STAR
pT < 2 GeV/c
v2(light) > v2(heavy)
v2
pT > 2.5 GeV/c
v2(light) < v2(heavy)
Model: P.Huovinen, et al., Phys. Lett.
B503, 58 (2001)
Hydrodynamics – Ulrich Heinz, Peter Kolb
Predictions of major importance!
Ingredients: thermal with some initial conditions, QGP EOS
early with transition to resonance gas, geometry + Glauber,
hydrodynamics
Predictions:
Thermalization by 0.6 fm/c at RHIC
v2 as function of pion multiplicity density (to fix initial cond.)
v2 has a dip (~5%) due to phase transition softening EOS
RHIC is near this point (data says v2 ~ 6%)
v2 vs. pT increases to 2 GeV/c
v2(mesons) > v2 (baryons)
spectra (once initial condition is fixed)
Lessons: v2 requires early rescattering! Hadronization follows
thermalization by 5-7 fm/c. But, final state decoupling needs
work (get HBT wrong)
Hydrodynamics –Teaney & Shuryak
Ingredients: hydrodynamics + RQMD for hadronic
state and freeze-out
Predictions:
RHIC should be near softest point in EOS
s dependence of v2 correctly predicted for b=6 fm
fixed initial conditions, then got spectra correct
Predict particle yields without rescaling
Initial entropy too high, HBT radii too large!
Lessons: hydro good to pT ~ 1.5 GeV/c
Viscosity corrections may be important; cause v2 to
bend over at 1 GeV/c pT (compared to ideal gas).
Also helps reduce HBT radii. Maybe small viscosity
early, but increases in hadron gas phase?
Parton transport theory – Denes Molnar
Degree of difficulty = 5
Next step beyond hydro – calculate parton transport, fixing
s (i.e. transport opacity c)
Predictions & insights:
ET loss due to pdV work so (ET)cent < (ET)peripheral
ET results require small s (3 mb)
can’t easily fix up with inelastic collisions
need parton subdivision to avoid numerical “viscosity”
Can reproduce v2 if dNgluon/dy very large or sel= 45 mb
But large opacity underpredicts HBT spectra!
pQCD fixes dNgluon/dy at large pT
pQCD fixes partons at large Q2
Picture doesn’t want to hang together!
Next, jets and high pT
summary from
Thomas Peitzmann,
QM2002
Charged Hadron Spectra
200 GeV results
from all experiments
Shape changes from peripheral central
Preliminary sNN = 200
GeV
Preliminary sNN = 200 GeV C. Roland,
PHOBOS
Parallel Saturday
p/p at high pT
Higher than in p+p
collisions or fragmentation
of gluon jets in e+e-
collisions
Vitev & Gyulassy nucl-th/0104066
Can explain by combination of
hydro expansion at low pT with
jet quenching at high pT
Jet Quenching – Gyulassy, Wang, Vitev, Levai
Degree of difficulty = 5
HIJING: Beam jets @ pt<2 GeV (LUND), pQCD mini
jets @ pt>2 GeV (PYTHIA), geometry (Glauber), 1D
expansion, conservation laws; tuned to pp data 10-103 GeV
+ nuclear shadowing and parton energy loss “knobs”
GLV “Thin” Plasma Limit
L/ lg Opacity Expansion
No Shadow,
No Quench
No Shadow,
dEg/dx=0.5 GeV/fm
BDMS “Thick” Plasma Limit
Default: Shadow,
dEg/dx=2.0
Nbinary
? 2003 ?
PHENIX 130
BRAHMS
hch
STAR 130
PRL88(02)
Npart/2
15% too many particles, baryons over-quenched, but predicted the suppression
BUT: dE/dx =2 GeV/fm or 0.5 GeV/fm or not linear with x?
Vitev: they can get v2 right
• There is a quantitative difference
Calculations/fits with flat v2 = const .
or continuously growing v2 ln pT / m .
Check against high-pT data (200 AGeV)
b~7 fm b=7 fm
Same for 0-50% C. Adler et al. [STAR Collab.],
arXiv: nucl-ex/0206006
• The decrease with pT is now
supported by data
• For minimum bias this rate is
slightly slower
K. Filimonov [STAR Collab.],
See: N.Borghini, P.Dinh, J-Y.Ollitrault,
arXiv: nucl-ex/0210027 Phys.Rev. C 64 (2001)
Other penetrating probes
Open Charm
J/Y
Dileptons
Need (a lot) more statistics in the data
But getting a first sniff of physics already
J/Y
Energy/Momentum
Data consistent with:
Hadronic comover breakup (Ramona Vogt) w/o QGP
Limiting suppression via surface emission (C.Y. Wong)
Dissociation + thermal regeneration (R. Rapp)
Open charm - Lin
about x2 within
predicted curves
with or w/o
energy loss
no x4 suppression
from peripheral to
central,
as predicted for
dE/dx=-0.5GeV/fm
But -
Is 40-70% peripheral
enough? error bars
still big!
Some old things and some new things
HBT
High pT baryons
Dijets vs. monojets
Well, there was a prediction but for 10x the pT
Parton saturation
HBT – lots of questions
Panitkin, Pratt
• How to increase R
without increasing
Rout/Rside?
EOS, initial T and r
profiles (Csőrgó),
emissivity?
• Why entropy looks low?
Low entropy implies
equilibrated QGP ruled
out
Baryons at high pT Jia, Sorenson
protons
p0, h
Yields scale with Ncoll near
pT = 2 – 3 GeV/c
Then start to fall
Meaning of Ncoll scaling?
Accident? Complex hard/soft interplay?
Medium modified jet fragmentation function?
Away-side Jet Suppression
D. Hardtke
trigger-jet
not much
modification
(the trigger
particles
from jets!)
Away side:
strong jet
suppression
Strong jet suppression surface emission of jets?
Color glass back-to-back jets simply not created…
Parton saturation
Dima Kharzeev, Jamal Jalilian-Marian
Hadron multiplicities imply a coherent initial state
Initial NN interactions are NOT independent!
High parton density weak coupling CGC
Saturation at y=0, and even more so at forward y
affects QCD evolution, even at Q2 > Qs2
causes multiplicity to scale with Npart, even at high pT
hard parton scattering suppressed by CGC
monojets
does saturation set in already at s ~ 20GeV? I doubt this!
Should measure in forward y in p+A, where Qs is larger
and CGC is magnified.
This should clarify initial vs. final state effect in AA!
conclusions
Have early pressure buildup – high dNg/dy & they scatter!
success of hydro, need for string melting, large s…
High pT, high mass data look like pQCD + something
Jet quenching works; surface emission??
Baryon flow is a nuclear effect!
Color glass is intriguing, but where does the collectivity
come from?
Event generators (still) a valuable tool to investigate
sensitivity of observables to physics ingredients
Integrated quantities are simple (conservation laws!)
Caution in interpreting scaling with Npart or Ncoll
e+e- scaling with Npart is arbitrary, agreement irrelevant
Experiments: homework to allow quantitative comparisons
(multiple 15% factors = sloppy interpretations!)
And the winners are…
Best predictions of general features by event generator
AMPT (Ko, Lin, Zhang)
Novel approach, theoretically intriguing (+ agrees with data)
Baryon junctions (Kharzeev, Vance, Gyulassy, Wang)
Important prediction with potential great insights to QGP
Hydrodynamics (Heinz & Kolb, Teaney & Shuryak, Bass &
Dumitru, Ollitrault for “inventing” v2 analysis)
Much promise for understanding properties of QGP
Jet energy loss (Gyulassy,Wang, Vitev, Levai)
yield in AuAu vs. p-p collisions
D. d’Enterria
Yieldcentral/ N binary central
Yield ratio s=200/130 GeV
Consistent at at high pT with Yieldpp
pQCD predictions (STAR)
PHENIX Preliminary
70-80% Peripheral
Ncoll =12.3 ±4.0
kT dependence of R
Centrality is in top 30%
•Broad <kT> range : 0.2 - 1.2 GeV/c
•All R parameters decrease as a function of kT
consistent with collective expansion picture.
• Stronger kT dependent in Rlong have been observed.
kT : average momentum of pair
Comparison of kaon to pion
In the most 30% central
Comparison with hydrodynamic model
Centrality is in top 30%
Recent hydrodynamic calculation
by U.Heinz and P. F. Kolb
(hep-ph/0204061)
Hydro w/o FS
• Standard initialization and freeze out
which reproduce single particle spectra.
Hydro at ecrit
• Assuming freeze out directly at the
hadronization point. (edec = ecrit)
kT dependence of Rlong indicates the
early freeze-out?
kT dependence of Rout/Rside
A. Enikizono
QM2002
C.M. Kuo, QM2002 poster (PHOBOS) 200 GeV:
1.16 0.09 0.25( syst .) @0.25 GeV/c
HBT PUZZLE
Small Rout implies small Dt
P.Kolb
Small Rbeam implies
Large Rside implies large R small breakup t,~10 fm/c
Jet Evidence in Azimuthal Correlations at RHIC
near-side correlation of also seen in g (p0) triggered
charged tracks (STAR) events (PHENIX)
trigger particle pT = 4-6 trigger particle pT > 2.5
GeV/c GeV/c
Df distribution for pT = 2-4
Df distribution for summary slide (Peitzmann)
QM2002 pT > 2
GeV/c GeV/c
signature of jets
M. Chiu, PHENIX Parallel Saturday
Identifying Jets - Angular Correlations
Remove soft background
by subtraction of mixed event distribution
Fit remainder: raw differential yields
Jet correlation in Df; PHENIX Preliminary 2-4 GeV
shape taken from
PYTHIA
Additional v2 component
to correct flow effects
Verify PYTHIA using p+p collisions
Df(neutral E>2.5 GeV + 1-2 GeV/c charged partner)
Make cuts in Dh to enhance
near or far-side correlations
Blue = PYTHIA
|Dh|<.35 |Dh|>.35
In Au+Au collisions
Df(neutral E>2.5 GeV + charged partner)
1-2 GeV partner
Correlation after mixed event background
subtraction
Clear jet signal in Au + Au
Different away side effect than in p+p
|Dh|<.35 |Dh|>.35
1/Ntrig dN/dDf
1/Ntrig dN/dDf
jets or flow correlations? fit pythia + 2v2vjcos(2f)
partner = .3-.6 GeV .6-1.0 GeV/c 1-2 GeV/c 2-4 GeV/c
1/Ntrig dN/dDf
Df
v2vj
Jet strength
See non-zero jet strength as partner pT increases!
How do protons scale with Ncoll/Npart?
Scale with Ncoll (unlike p)?!
High pT baryons scale with Ncoll!
J. Velkovska
Low pT near Npart scaling
But baryons with pT > 2 GeV/c
behave very differently!
From jets? Unsuppressed??
Charm cross section at RHIC
Centrality dependence of charm
Homework assignment (PHENIX & STAR)
Yieldcentral/ N binary central
Yieldperipheral / N binary peripheral
Charged larger than p0
But difference not same
as for RAA
PHENIX and STAR RAA
not the same
Different reference in
each case!
Systematic difference
between experiments
Charged hadron correlations - small Df
pT
jT Correlation width jT/pT
Correlation width
•Fit charged correlations with v2 + Gaussian (fixed pT)
•Jet signal visible via s
Width of near-side Gaussian decreases with pT
No significant centrality dependence on near-side
How do high pT yields scale?
vs. binary collisions:
continuous decrease as
function of centrality
factor ~ 3.5 from
peripheral to central
vs. participants:
first increase, then
decrease as function of
centrality
for Npart > 100 have 3s
change (scaling or no?)
surface emission?
re-interactions?
accident?
18% scaling uncertainty from corrections
dN/dy
dN/dy / (0.5 Npart) PHENIX Preliminary PHENIX Preliminary
Au+Au at sqrt(sNN) =200GeV Au+Au at sqrt(sNN) =200GeV
p+ p+
K+ K-
p
open symbol : pbar
130 GeV data
Positive Negative
Npart Npart
• Similar centrality dependence 130 GeV and 200 GeV
Opaque, expanding source would mean:
R - R = b ( Dt ) + ( X - Y ) - 2 b s
2
o
2
s
2
2 2 2 2
xt
Opaque Expanding
Y (side)
X (out)
Rs( half -shell ) 5
Rischke RIKEN workshop (2002): ( sphere)
= = 1.29
Rs 3
Such strong xt correlations probably
require a lack of boost-invariance... Ro half -shell )
(
5
( sphere)
= = 0.65
Ro 12
Energy Dependence
Assumptions:
PHENIX preliminary
in Lab in C.M.
dX dX dX dX
1.2
dy dh dy dh
Energy density (Bjorken):
1 dEt R = 1.18 fm A1/ 3
= 2
pR t dy t = 1 fm / c
PHENIX preliminary
2% most central at sNN=200 GeV:
5.5 GeV/fm3
From AGS, SPS to RHIC:
Transverse energy and charged particle
multiplicity densities per participant
consistent with logarithmic behaviour
p,K,P spectra from Star
High quality data over
9 centrality selections
Shape described by
blast wave fit
K-/K+ and p/p from AGS to RHIC
I. Bearden (BRAHMS)
Becattini caluclation using
statistical model:
T=170, gs=1 (weak dependency)
vary mB/T K+/K- andp/p
K- /K+=(p/p)1/4 is
a empirical fit to the data points
K-/K+ driven by ms
~ exp(2ms/T)
p/p driven by mB
~ exp(-2mB/T)
ms = ms (mB) since <S> = 0
QM2002 summary slide (Ullrich)
BUT: Holds for y 0 (BRAHMS y=3)
The K*0 story
STAR Preliminary
K*0/Ksuppressed in AA versus pp
f/K*0 appears enhanced versus pp
pp uncorrected for trigger bias
and vertex finding efficiency
STAR QM Talks: E. Yamamoto and P. Fachini
v2 at high pT
min bias 200 GeV Au+ Au
Centrality dependence of p/pi
•Ratios reach ~1 for
central collisions +
•Peripheral collisions
lower, but still above gluon
jet ratios at high pT
•Maybe not so surprising
1)“peripheral” means 60-
91.4% of stotal -
2) p/pi = 0.3 at ISR
Note pbar/p behavior
Centrality dependence only
for pT > 3 GeV/c
Peripheral collisions have
quite a few protons at mid-y
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