A look at Human Biology
Human Beings are related structurally and
physically to animals and all living things.
In order to understand ourselves better we
study every living thing from viruses, bacteria
to mice and monkeys.
Science gives a best guess as to what is
going on in our bodies.
Bio 130 Human Biology
What is homeostasis
The adjustments that
every living organism
must do to preserve
their internal
environment.
Bio 130 Human Biology
Modes of homeostatic
control
Negative feedback Positive feedback
Thermoregulation Birth
At a setpoint the effector Only removal of the
is turned of stimulus reduces the
signal
Bio 130 Human Biology
11 organ systems that
maintain homeostatic
control
Integumentary system Digestive system
Skeletal system Urinary system
Muscular system
Reproductive system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Bio 130 Human Biology
Topic 2 The Chemistry of Life
It’s the small things that make life good. Nick Kapp 2000
The Natural World Consists
of Matter and Energy
Matter: anything that has mass and occupies
space.
Energy: the capacity to do work
Which of these can be recycled?
Bio 130 Human Biology
The 4 most abundant
elements of life
Elements, are the fundamental (smallest)
particles of matter.
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
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Elements of Living
Organisms
Bio 130 Human Biology
Table 2.2
Be able to draw the parts of
an element
Electron (negative charge)
Neutron (no charge but has mass)
Proton (positive charge)
Energy holds all of these objects together
Bio 130 Human Biology
Some basic chemistry
Isotopes: all have Important chemical
same number of bonds
protons but different Ionic: opposites attract
number of neutrons Covalent: atoms share
use? electrons
Radiodating The polar covalent
bonds of water
Radiation therapy
X-ray emission Why is water so
important to life?
Bio 130 Human Biology
Other Items
The most stable forms of matter have the
lowest amount of energy.
Free radicals (are lacking electrons)
Antioxidants: (counter free radicals)
Bio 130 Human Biology
The human body is 2/3 water
Hydrophobic Water hating
Water loving (soluble)
Hydrophilic
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How do different compounds
react in water?
List some?
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Water Keeps Ions in Solution
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 2.9
Hydrogen ions play an
important role in life
Molecules that donate a hydrogen ion (H+)
are called acids.
Molecules that accept hydrogen ions are
called bases.
The hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
is called the pH.
Buffers minimize changes in ph.
The body’s pH is 7.4
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The pH Scale
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 2.10
The molecules of life:
organic molecules
Monomer: one of something.
Dimer: two of something.
Polymer: many of something.
Bio 130 Human Biology
The Organic Molecules of
Living Organisms
Carbon, the building block of living things:
Comprises 18% of body by weight
Forms four covalent bonds
Can form single or double bonds
Can build micro- or macromolecules
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Making and Breaking
Biological Macromolecules:
Dehydration Synthesis and
Hydrolysis
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 2.13
Dehydration Synthesis Is the
Reverse of Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis:
Removes equivalent of a water molecule to link
molecular units
Requires energy
Hydrolysis:
Adds the equivalent of a water molecule to break apart
macromolecules
Releases energy
Bio 130 Human Biology
4 types of organic molecules
make up the human body
Estrogen
(Estradiol)
2 or more atoms together make a molecule
You are what you eat
water
Glucose
Carbohydrates: quick energy
Monomers are sugar (glucose)
saccaride = sugar
Oligosaccaride- sucrose or dextrins made of
a few monomers
Polysaccharides- starch, fiber
Energy, identification and structural support
CH2O
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Lipids
Oils, fats, waxes, sterols
Energy storage, insulation, water proofing
Hormones
Membranes
CHO
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Lipids: Insoluble in Water
Triglycerides: energy storage molecules:
Fatty acids: saturated and unsaturated
Phospholipids: cell membranes
Steroids: carbon-based ring structures:
Cholesterol: used in making estrogen and testosterone
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Fig 2.16C
unsaturated fat
Bio 130 Human Biology
Fig 2.17 A phospholipid and
its role in the pospholipid
bilayer.
Amino Acids, Proteins
AA is the monomer, Polymer is protein
Enzymes- catalysts that speed up reactions
Are sensitive to temperature, pressure, pH
Structural unit of hair, nails, cells, bone, cartilage
and skin
Protease (All@ the detergent with protein)
NOCH (some S)
Bio 130 Human Biology
Fig 2.20
Bio 130 Human Biology
Bio 130 Human Biology Fig 2.21
Proteins are enzymes
And how do enzymes work?
Bio 130 Human Biology
Enzyme Function
The functional shape of an enzyme is
dependent on:
Temperature of reaction medium
pH
Ion concentration
Presence of inhibitors
Bio 130 Human Biology
Bio 130 Human Biology Fig 2.22
Nucleic acids
DNA: Information storage, double stranded.
RNA: Information transfer.
ATP: Energy intermediates.
Enzyme cofactors (NADH2).
NOCH
Bio 130 Human Biology
Structure and Function of
Nucleic Acids
Functions:
Store genetic information
Provide information used in making proteins
Energy intermediate
Structure:
Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a sugar, and
a nitrogenous base
DNA structure is a double helix: two associated strands
of nucleic acids
RNA is a single-stranded molecule
Bio 130 Human Biology
Structure of DNA and RNA
DNA: double stranded:
Sugar: deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
Pairing: adenine–thymine and cytosine–guanine
RNA: single stranded:
Sugar: ribose
Nitrogenous bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
Pairing: adenine–uracil, cytosine–guanine
Bio 130 Human Biology
Bio 130 Human Biology
Bio 130 Human Biology
Fig. 2.26
Structure and
Function of
Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP)
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 2.27
Summary
You are what you eat. Your body requires
that you consume all of its subunits in your
diet, or you use some of your energy to make
those subunits.
Bad bricks make a bad house
Topic 3: The Cell
The smallest unit of life it the cell.
Can you think of anything smaller?
What is alive?
The cell doctrine (theory) of
life
All organisms are composed of 1 or more
cells.
The cell is the smallest functional unit of life.
Cells only come from other cells.
Cells maintain homeostasis.
Cytology is the study of the structure and function
of a cell.
Bio 130 Human Biology
Two types of cells
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
Have internal membrane No internal membrane
bound organelles bound organelles
Usually larger Individuals are simple
Usually individuals are
much more complex
Most things you can see Bacteria, most are too
small to see, most do not
cause disease
Bio 130 Human Biology
Physical properties that we
will use all semester long.
Bio 130 Human Biology
Diffusion
Movement of molecules down a
concentration gradient
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Diffusion: Passive Transport
Through Membrane
Passive transport:
no energy required
Diffusion: movement
from area of high
concentration to low
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 3.6
Osmosis
Movement of water across a semi permeable
membrane
Osmosis: Diffusion of Water
Osmosis: net diffusion of water across a
semipermeable membrane
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Figure 3.7
Tonicity
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Transport Mechanisms
Passive transport: works by diffusion.
Active transport: energy required to move
molecules across the membrane.
Endocytosis: membrane wrap around
materials that go into cells.
Exocytosis: membrane wrap around
materials that go out the cells.
Bio 130 Human Biology
Active Transport
Active transport
requires energy to
move substances
from an area of
lower concentration
to an area of higher
concentration.
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 3.9
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Move Materials in Bulk
Endocytosis moves material into cell
Exocytosis moves material out of cell
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Figure 3.10a–b
Receptor Proteins in Active
Transport
Receptor
proteins: span
membrane
Receptor site:
binds specific
molecule
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Figure 3.11
Active Transport: The
Sodium/Potassium Pump
Sodium/potassium pump expels unwanted ions,
keeps needed ones, maintains cell volume
ATP used to expel three sodium ions for every two
potassium ions brought into the cell
Increase cell volume = increase water in cytoplasm
by decreasing the pump and allowing more sodium
inside cell
Decrease cell volume = less water in cytoplasm by
increasing the pump and expelling more sodium
ions
Bio 130 Human Biology
Parts of the cell that you
need to know
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytosol
Cytoskeleton page 61
Microvilli link
Cilia
Centrioles
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
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Internal Structures of an
Animal Cell
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 3.14
Pick your organelles
Take 5 minutes in groups and research an
organelle
Draw a picture and write it out on a card.
Hand it in to Nick.
Discuss
If we have time?????
Bio 130 Human Biology
The cell membrane
Function: gateway to life, the portals of the
cell, sticking together of tissue
Structure:
Phospholipids
Hydrophobic
Bilayer
Gateway proteins are embedded like a mosaic
Bio 130 Human Biology
Fluid Mosaic Model
Bio 130 Human Biology
Why are cells small?
Know the
arrangement of
Organells and
what they do
Vesicles Ship and Store
Cellular Products
Vesicles: storage, secretory membrane-
bound spheres
Examples: secretory, endocytic,
peroxisomes, lysosomes
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 3.18
Structure and Function of
the Nucleus
Functions:
Contains the genetic information of the cell
Controls the cell
Structural features:
Double-layered nuclear membrane
Nuclear pores
Chromosomes/chromatin
Nucleolus
Bio 130 Human Biology
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
and Ribosomes
Ribosomes: used in protein assembly:
Free and membrane bound
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): packages the
proteins:
Smooth ER: no ribosomes, lipid synthesis
Rough ER: has ribosomes, protein manufacture
Bio 130 Human Biology
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
and Ribosome
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 3.16
Golgi Apparatus
Receives substances from ER, refines and
packages them
Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 3.17 (1/2)
Vesicles Ship and Store
Cellular Products
Vesicles: storage, secretory membrane-
bound spheres
Examples: secretory, endocytic,
peroxisomes, lysosomes
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 3.18
Diffusion or
directed
movement?
Metabolism
The controlled capacity to acquire energy, break
apart and eliminate substances.
Biosynthetic pathway: anabolism making molecules
Degradative pathways: catabolism, breaking molecules
apart and harvesting the energy
The sum of the chemical events that occur in the
body
Substrate and Product
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Substrates are
products to the
next enzyme
Bio 130 Human Biology
Enzymes
Serve as catalysts, and speed up reactions.
A series of enzymes together perform the
metabolic processes
Make reactions happen faster
Are reused
Are reversible
Are specific
Use cofactors (in order to function)
Bio 130 Human Biology
Enzymes are proteins so are
susceptible to
Heat
Cold
pH
Presence of cofactors
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Summary of energy harvests
Aerobic reactions.
Glucose and Oxygen are combined to make
Carbon Dioxide and energy is transferred to ATP
(roughly 34) In mitochondria
Anaerobic reactions
Without Oxygen Glucose is converted to Lactose
and energy is transferred to ATP (only2)
Bio 130 Human Biology
Bio 130 Human Biology
Cellular Respiration: Cells
Use Glucose and Oxygen to
Supply ATP
Glucose provides
energy for the cell
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 3.23
Three Stages of Cellular
Respiration
Glycolysis: in cytoplasm:
Split glucose
Produce two ATP and two pyruvate molecules
Krebs cycle: in mitochondria, inner membrane:
Extract high-energy electrons
Produce two ATP and carbon dioxide
Electron transport system: in mitochondria, inner membrane:
Energy from electrons used to produce ATP
Produce water and carbon dioxide
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Cellular Respiration: An
Overview
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 3.24
Glycolysis
This occurs in the
cytoplasm of the
cell
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Figure 3.25
The Krebs Cycle
Also know as citric
acid cycle, Occurs
in the inner
chamber of the
mitochondrion
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Figure 3.27
Steps in the Electron
Transport System
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Figure 3.28
Fats and Proteins:
Additional Energy Sources
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Figure 3.30
Fats and Proteins:
Additional Energy Sources
Fats: triglycerides have twice the energy of
carbohydrates
Proteins: same energy as carbohydrates
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Anaerobic Pathways:
Energy Extraction
Without Oxygen
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 3.31
Alternative energy sources
While the body is set up to harvest energy
from glucose, it can also use other
molecules.
Bio 130 Human Biology
Bio 130 Human Biology
The Electron Transport
System
On the inner membrane of the Mitochondria
Hydrogen ions are pumped to the space in-
between the membranes.
Production of ATP is tied to the movement of
these ions back into the cell.
Bio 130 Human Biology
Bio 130 Human Biology
Bio 130 Human Biology