From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Power of Nightmares
The Power of Nightmares
The Power of Nightmares The Power of Nightmares has been praised by film crit-
ics in both Britain and the United States. Its message and
content have also been the subject of various critiques
and criticisms from conservatives and progressives.
Synopsis
Part 1: "Baby It’s Cold Outside"
The first part of the series explains the origin of Islamism
and Neo-Conservatism. It shows Egyptian civil servant
title screen
Sayyid Qutb, depicted as the founder of modern Islamist
Format Documentary series thought, visiting the U.S. to learn about the education
system, but becoming disgusted with what he saw as a
Directed by Adam Curtis
corruption of morals and virtues in western society
Narrated by Adam Curtis through individualism. When he returns to Egypt, he is
disturbed by westernisation under Gamal Abdel Nasser
Country of origin United Kingdom
and becomes convinced that in order to save society it
Language(s) English must be completely restructured along the lines of Is-
No. of episodes 3 lamic law while still using western technology. He also
becomes convinced that this can only be accomplished
Production through the use of an elite "vanguard" to lead a revolu-
Producer(s) Adam Curtis tion against the established order. Qutb becomes a leader
Executive Producer Stephen Lambert of the Muslim Brotherhood and, after being tortured in
one of Nasser’s jails, comes to believe that western-in-
Running time 180 minutes
fluenced leaders can justly be killed for the sake of re-
Broadcast moving their corruption. Qutb is executed in 1966, but
Original channel BBC Two he influences the future mentor of Osama bin Laden, Ay-
man al-Zawahiri, to start his own secret Islamist group.
Original run 20 October – 3 November 2004 Inspired by the 1979 Iranian revolution, Zawahiri and his
allies assassinate Egyptian president Anwar Al Sadat, in
The Power of Nightmares subtitled The Rise of the Politics of
Nightmares, 1981, in hopes of starting their own revolution. The rev-
Fear is a BBC documentary film series, written and pro-
Fear, olution does not materialise, and Zawahiri comes to be-
duced by Adam Curtis. Its three one-hour parts consist lieve that the majority of Muslims have been corrupted
mostly of a montage of archive footage with Curtis’s nar- not only by their western-inspired leaders, but Muslims
ration. The series was first broadcast in the United King- themselves have been affected by jahilliyah and thus
dom in late 2004 and has subsequently been broadcast in both may be legitimate targets of violence if they do not
multiple countries and shown in several film festivals, in- join him. They continued to have the belief that a van-
cluding the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. guard was necessary to rise up and overthrow the cor-
The films compare the rise of the Neo-Conservative rupt regime and replace with a pure Islamist state.
movement in the United States and the radical Islamist At the same time in the United States, a group of dis-
movement, making comparisons on their origins and illusioned liberals, including Irving Kristol and Paul Wol-
claiming similarities between the two. More controver- fowitz, look to the political thinking of Leo Strauss after
sially, it argues that the threat of radical Islamism as a the perceived failure of President Johnson’s "Great Soci-
massive, sinister organised force of destruction, specifi- ety". They come to the conclusion that the emphasis on
cally in the form of al-Qaeda, is a myth perpetrated by individual liberty was the undoing of the plan. They en-
politicians in many countries—and particularly Ameri- visioned restructuring America by uniting the American
can Neo-Conservatives—in an attempt to unite and in- people against a common evil, and set about creating a
spire their people following the failure of earlier, more mythical enemy. These factions, the Neo-Conservatives,
utopian ideologies. came to power under the Reagan administration, with
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Power of Nightmares
their allies Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld, and work
to unite the United States in fear of the Soviet Union. The
Neo-Conservatives allege the Soviet Union is not follow-
ing the terms of disarmament between the two countries,
and, with the investigation of "Team B", they accumulate
a case to prove this with dubious evidence and methods.
President Reagan is convinced nonetheless.[1]
Part 2: "The Phantom Victory"
In the second episode, Islamist factions, rapidly falling
under the more radical influence of Zawahiri and his
rich Saudi acolyte Osama bin Laden, join the Neo-
Conservative-influenced Reagan Administration to com-
bat the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan. When the
Soviets eventually pull out and when the Eastern Bloc The Neo-Conservatives use the September 11th attacks, with
al-Fadl’s description of al-Qaeda, to launch the War on Ter-
begins to collapse in the late 1980s, both groups believe
ror.[3]
they are the primary architects of the "Evil Empire’s" de-
feat. Curtis argues that the Soviets were on their last legs
anyway, and were doomed to collapse without interven- were dependent upon independent operatives to carry
tion. out their new call for jihad. However, the film argues that
However, the Islamists see it quite differently, and in in order to prosecute bin Laden in absentia for the 1998
their triumph believe that they had the power to cre- U.S. embassy bombings, US prosecutors had to prove he
ate ’pure’ Islamic states in Egypt and Algeria. However, was the head of a criminal organisation responsible for
attempts to create perpetual Islamic states are blocked the bombings. They find a former associate of bin Laden,
by force. The Islamists then try to create revolutions in Jamal al-Fadl, and pay him to testify that bin Laden was
Egypt and Algeria by the use of terrorism to scare the the head of a massive terrorist organisation called "al-
people into rising up. However, the people were terrified Qaeda". With the September 11th attacks, Neo-Conserv-
by the violence and the Algerian government uses their atives in the new Republican government of George W.
fear as a way to maintain power. In the end, the Islamists Bush use this created concept of an organisation to justi-
declare the entire populations of the countries as inher- fy another crusade against a new evil enemy, leading to
ently contaminated by western values, and finally in Al- the launch of the War on Terrorism.
geria turn on each other, each believing that other ter- After the American invasion of Afghanistan fails to
rorist groups are not pure enough Muslims either. uproot the alleged terrorist network, the Neo-Conserva-
In America, the Neo-Conservatives’ aspirations to use tives focus inwards, searching unsuccessfully for terror-
the United States military power for further destruction ist sleeper cells in America. They then extend the war
of evil are thrown off track by the ascent of George H. W. on "terror" to a war against general perceived evils with
Bush to the presidency, followed by the 1992 election of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The ideas and tactics also
Bill Clinton leaving them out of power. The Neo-Conser- spread to the United Kingdom where Tony Blair uses the
vatives, with their conservative Christian allies, attempt threat of terrorism to give him a new moral authority.
to demonise Clinton throughout his presidency with var- The repercussions of the Neo-Conservative strategy are
ious real and fabricated stories of corruption and im- also explored with an investigation of indefinitely-de-
morality. To their disappointment, however, the Ameri- tained terrorist suspects in Guantanamo Bay, many al-
can people do not turn against Clinton. The Islamist at- legedly taken on the word of the anti-Taliban Northern
tempts at revolution end in massive bloodshed, leaving Alliance without actual investigation on the part of the
the Islamists without popular support. Zawahiri and bin United States military, and other forms of "preemption"
Laden flee to the sufficiently safe Afghanistan and de- against non-existent and unlikely threats made simply
clare a new strategy; to fight Western-inspired moral de- on the grounds that the parties involved could later be-
cay they must deal a blow to its source: the United come a threat. Curtis also makes a specific attempt to
States.[2] allay fears of a dirty bomb attack, and concludes by re-
assuring viewers that politicians will eventually have to
Part 3: "The Shadows in the Cave" concede that some threats are exaggerated and others
altogether devoid of reality.[3] "In an age when all the
The final episode addresses the actual rise of al-Qaeda.
grand ideas have lost credibility, fear of a phantom ene-
Curtis argues that, after their failed revolutions, bin
my is all the politicians have left to maintain their pow-
Laden and Zawahiri had little or no popular support, let
er."
alone a serious complex organisation of terrorists, and
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Power of Nightmares
Content campaigns against the Soviet Union and President Bill
Clinton.[1][2] Jason Burke, author of Al-Qaeda: Casting a
Shadow of Terror, comments in The Shadows in the Cave
on the failure to expose a massive terrorist network in
Afghanistan.[3] Additional interviews with major figures
are added to drive the film’s narrative. Neo-Conserva-
tives William and Irving Kristol, Richard Pipes and
Richard Perle all appear to chronicle the Neo-Conserva-
tive perspective of the film’s subject.[1][3] The history of
Islamism is discussed by the Institute of Islamic Politi-
cal Thought’s Azzam Tamimi, political scientist Roxanne
Euben and Islamist Abdulla Anas.[1][2]
The film’s soundtrack includes at least two pieces
from the films of John Carpenter, whom Curtis credited
as inspiration for his soundtrack arrangement tech-
niques,[10] as well as tracks from Brian Eno’s Another
Green World. There is also music by composers Charles
Ives and Ennio Morricone, while Curtis has credited the
industrial band Skinny Puppy for the "best" samples in
the films.[11]
Adam Curtis, the director of The Power of Nightmares Airings and distribution
The Power of Nightmares was first aired in three consec-
Adam Curtis originally intended to create a film about
utive weeks on BBC 2 in 2004 in the United Kingdom,
conflict within the conservative movement between the
beginning with Baby it’s Cold Outside on 20 October, The
ideologies of Neo-Conservative "elitism" and more indi-
Phantom Victory on 27 October and The Shadows in the Cave
vidualist libertarian factions. During his research into the
on 3 November, although the murder of Kenneth Bigley
conservative movement, however, Curtis first discovered
led the BBC to curtail their advertising prior to its air-
what he saw as similarities in the origins of the Neo-
ing.[7][8][9][12] It was rebroadcast, in January 2005, over
Conservative and Islamist ideologies. The topic of the
three days, with the third film updated to take note of
planned documentary shifted to these latter two ideolo-
the Law Lords ruling from the previous December that
gies while the libertarian element was eventually phased
detaining foreign terrorist suspects without trial was il-
out.[4] Curtis first pitched the idea of a documentary on
legal.[13]
conservative ideology in 2003 and spent six months com-
In May 2005, the film was screened in a 2½ hour edit
piling the films.[5][6] The final recordings for the three
at the Cannes Film Festival out of competition.[14] Pathé
parts were made on 10 October, 19 October and 1 Novem-
purchased distribution rights for this cut of the film.[6]
ber 2004.[7][8][9]
As of 1 January 2008 (2008 -01-01), the film has yet to
As with many of Curtis’s films, The Power of Nightmares
be aired in the United States. Curtis has commented on
uses a montage of various stock footage from the BBC
this failure:
archives, often for ironic effect, over which Curtis nar-
rates.[4][5] Curtis has credited James Mossman as the in- Something extraordinary has happened to Ameri-
spiration for his montage technique, which he first em- can TV since September 11. A head of the leading
ployed for the 1992 series Pandora’s Box,[10] while his use networks who had better remain nameless said to
of humour has been credited to his first work with tele- me that there was no way they could show it. He
vision as a talent scout for That’s Life![5] He has also com- said, ’Who are you to say this?’ and then he added,
pared the entertainment format of his films to the Amer- ’We would get slaughtered if we put this out.’ When
ican Fox News channel, claiming the network has been I was in New York I took a DVD to the head of docu-
successful because of "[their viewers] really enjoying mentaries at HBO. I still haven’t heard from him.[6]
what they’re doing".[4]
To help drive his points, Curtis includes interviews Although the series has not been shown on U.S. televi-
with various political and intellectual figures. In the first sion, its three episodes were shown in succession, on 26
two films, former Arms Control and Disarmament February 2005, as part of the True/False Film Festival in
Agency member Anne Cahn and former American Specta- Columbia, Missouri, with a personal appearance by Cur-
tor writer David Brock accuse the Neo-Conservatives of tis.[15][16] It has also been featured at the 2006 Seattle In-
knowingly using false evidence of wrongdoing in their ternational Film Festival and the San Francisco Interna-
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Power of Nightmares
tional Film Festival, with the latter awarding Curtis their Political reaction
Persistence of Vision Award.[17][18][19] The film was al-
Progressive observers were particularly pleased with the
so screened at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York,
film. Common Dreams had a highly positive response to
and had a brief theatrical run in New York City during
the film and compared it to the "red pill" of the Matrix
2005.[20][21]
series, a comparison Curtis appreciated.[26][38] Commen-
The films were first aired by CBC in Canada in April
tary in the Village Voice was also mostly favorable, noting:
2005, and again in July 2006.[22] The Australian channel
"As partisan filmmaking it is often brilliant and some-
SBS had originally scheduled to air the series in July 2005,
times hilarious - a superior version of Syriana."[39] The Na-
but it was cancelled, reportedly in light of the London
tion, while offering a detailed critique on the film’s con-
bombings of 7 July.[23][24] It was ultimately aired in De-
tent, said of the film itself "[it] is arguably the most im-
cember, followed by Peter Taylor’s The New Al-Qaeda un-
portant film about the ’war on terrorism’ since the events
der the billing of a counter-argument to Curtis.[25]
of September 11".[40]
In April 2005, Curtis expressed interest in an official
Among conservative and neoconservative critics in
DVD release due to a significant demand by viewers, but
the United States, The Power of Nightmares has been de-
noted that his usual montage technique created serious
scribed as "conspiracy theory", anti-American or both.
legal problems with getting such a release secured.[26] An
David Asman of FoxNews.com said, "We wish we didn’t
unofficial DVD release was made in the quarterly DVD
have to keep presenting examples of how the European
magazine Wholphin over a period of three is-
media have become obsessively anti-American. But they
sues.[27][28][29]
keep pushing the barrier, now to the point of absurdi-
ty."[41] His views were shared by commentator Clive
Reaction Davis, concluding his commentary on the film for Na-
tional Review with "British producers, hooked on Chom-
Critical reaction skyite visions of ’Amerika’ as the fount of all evil, are
The Power of Nightmares received generally favourable re- clearly not interested in even beginning to dig for the
views from critics.[30] Rotten Tomatoes reported that 86% truth".[42] Other observers variously described the films
of critics gave the film positive write-ups, with an av- as pushing a conspiracy theory. Davis and British com-
erage score of 8.1/10, based upon a sample of seven re- mentator David Aaronovitch both explicitly labelled the
views.[31] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating film’s message as a conspiracy theory, with the latter
out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film saying of Curtis "his argument is as subtle as a house-
received an average score of 78, based on six reviews.[30] brick".[42][43] Attacks in this vein continued after the 7
Entertainment Weekly described the film as "a fluid cine- July 2005 London bombings, with the Christian Broad-
matic essay, rooted in painstakingly assembled evidence, casting Network referencing the film as a source for
that heightens and cleanses your perceptions" while Va- claims by the "British left" that "the U.S. War on Terror
riety called it "a superb, eye-opening and often absurdly was a fraud" and the Australia Israel & Jewish Affairs
Council calling it "the loopiest, most extreme antiwar
funny deconstruction of the myths and realities of global
documentary series ever sponsored by the BBC".[24][44] In
terrorism".[32][33] The San Francisco Chronicle had an
The Shadows in the Cave, Curtis stressed that he did not
equally enthusiastic view of the film and likened it to "a
discount the possibility of any terrorist activity taking
brilliant piece in the Atlantic Monthly that’s (thankful-
place, but that the threat of terrorism had been greatly
ly) come to cinematic life".[34] The New York Times had a
exaggerated.[3] He responded to accusations of creating a
more skeptical review, unimpressed by efforts to com-
conspiracy theory that he believes that the alleged use of
pare attacks on Bill Clinton by American conservatives
fear as a force in politics is not the result of a conspira-
with Islamist revolutionary activities, claiming (in a re-
cy but rather the subjects of the film "have stumbled on
view by literary and film critic A. O. Scott) that "its un-
it".[26]
derstanding of politics, geo- and national, can seem curi-
Peter Bergen, writing for The Nation, offered a de-
ously thin".[21] In May 2005, Adam Curtis was quoted as
tailed critique of the film. Bergen wrote that even if al-
saying that 94% of e-mails to the BBC in response to the
Qaeda is not as organised as the Bush Administration
film were supportive.[6]
stressed, it is still a very dangerous force due to the fa-
The film was awarded a British Academy Television
naticism of its followers and the resources available to
Award in the category of "Best Factual Series" in 2005.[35]
bin Laden. On Curtis’s claim that al-Qaeda was a creation
Additional awards were given by the Director’s Guild of
of neo-conservative politicians, Bergen said: "This is non-
Great Britain and the Royal Television Society.[36][37]
sense. There is substantial evidence that Al Qaeda was
founded in 1988 by bin Laden and a small group of like-
minded militants, and that the group would mushroom
into the secretive, disciplined organisation that imple-
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Power of Nightmares
mented the 9/11 attacks."[45] Bergen further claimed Curtis has attempted to distinguish his work from
that Curtis’s arguments serve as a defence of Bush’s fail- Moore’s film, dismissing him as "a political agitprop film-
ure to capture bin Laden in the 2001 invasion of maker".[6]
Afghanistan and his ignoring warnings of a terror attack
prior to September 11.[45]
Additional issues have been raised over Curtis’s de-
See also
piction of the Neo-Conservatives. Davis’s article in Na- • Culture of fear
tional Review showed his displeasure with Curtis’s depic- • Pandora’s Box
tion of Leo Strauss, claiming, "In Curtis’s world, it is • The Century of the Self
Strauss, not Osama bin Laden, who is the real evil ge- • The Trap
nius."[42] Peter Bergen claimed the film exaggerated the
influence of Strauss over Neo-Conservatism, crediting
the political philosophy more to Albert Wohlstetter.[45] A
References
2005 review on Christopher Null’s Filmcritic.com took is- [1] ^ "Transcript: The Power of Nightmares—Part 1".
sue with The Phantom Victory’s retelling of the attacks on wanttoknow.info. http://www.wanttoknow.info/
Bill Clinton, crediting these more to the American Reli- war/power_of_nightmares_transcript_1. Retrieved
gious Right than the "bookish university types" of the 2011-05-07.
Neo-Conservative movement.[46] [2] ^ "Transcript: The Power of Nightmares—Part 2".
Daniel Pipes, a conservative American political com- wanttoknow.info. http://www.wanttoknow.info/
mentator and son of Richard Pipes who was interviewed war/power_of_nightmares_transcript_2. Retrieved
in the film, wrote that the film dismisses the threat posed 2011-05-07.
by Communism to the United States as, in Pipes words, [3] ^ "Transcript: The Power of Nightmares—Part 3".
"only a scattering of countries that had harmless Com- wanttoknow.info. http://www.wanttoknow.info/
munist parties, who could in no way threaten America." war/power_of_nightmares_transcript_3. Retrieved
Pipes noted that the film adopts this conclusion without 2011-05-07.
mentioning the Comintern, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, [4] ^ Koehler, Robert. Neo-Fantasies and Ancient
Klaus Fuchs or Igor Gouzenko.[47] Myths: Adam Curtis on The Power of Nightmares.
There are also allegations of omissions in the history Cinema Scope Issue 23.
described by the film. The absence of discussion of the [5] ^ Adams, Tim (24 October 2004). "The Exorcist".
Israeli-Palestinian conflict was noticed by ob- The Observer (London).
servers.[21][39] Davis claimed that Leo Strauss’s ideas had http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2004/
been formed by his experiences in Germany during the oct/24/features.review7. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
Weimar Republic and alleged the film’s failure to men- [6] ^ Jeffries, Stuart (12 May 2005). "The film US TV
tion this was motivated by a wish to display Strauss as networks dare not show". The Guardian (London).
concerned with American suburban culture, like Qutb.[42] http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2005/may/12/
The editors of the British Media Lens website criti- cannes2005.cannesfilmfestival4. Retrieved 14 July
cised the films for failing to explore the role of big busi- 2010.
ness in the situation it described,[48] and Curtis for ignor- [7] ^ "The Power of Nightmares: Baby it’s Cold
ing the writings of Noam Chomsky. Outside". BBC Programme Catalogue. BBC.
http://catalogue.bbc.co.uk/catalogue/infax/
Comparisons to Fahrenheit 9/11 programme/ANSS869N. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
[8] ^ "The Power of Nightmares: The Phantom
After its release, The Power of Nightmares received multi-
Victory". BBC Programme Catalogue. BBC.
ple comparisons to Fahrenheit 9/11, American film-mak-
http://catalogue.bbc.co.uk/catalogue/infax/
er Michael Moore’s 2004 critique on the first four years
programme/ANSS870H. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
of George W. Bush’s presidency of the United States. The
[9] ^ "The Power of Nightmares: The Shadows in the
Village Voice directly named The Power of Nightmares as
Cave". BBC Programme Catalogue. BBC.
"the most widely discussed docu agitprop since Fahren-
http://catalogue.bbc.co.uk/catalogue/infax/
heit 9/11".[39] The Nation and Variety both gave comments
programme/ANSS871B. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
ranking Curtis’s film superior to Fahrenheit and other po-
[10] ^ "Adam Curtis: "I’m a modern journalist."".
litical documentaries in various fields; the former cited
GreenCine. 2005-05-29.
Curtis’s work being more "intellectually engaging" and
http://www.greencine.com/central/node/430/
"historically probing" while the latter cited "balance,
print. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
broad-mindedness and sense of historical perspec-
[11] Curtis, Adam (2005-01-24). "Power of Nightmares
tive".[33][40] Moore’s work has also been used as a point of
music". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/
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programmes/4202789.stm. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
5
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6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Power of Nightmares
[37] "RTS Programme Awards 2004". Royal Television 2a460f93626cd4678625624c007f2b46/
Society. http://www.rts.org.uk/ c346566583f465df882570080065a710?OpenDocument.
Information_page_+_3_pic_det.asp?id=4026&sec_id=652. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
Retrieved 2007-06-06. [47] Pipes, Daniel (15 October 2004). "The BBC
[38] Hartman, Thom (2004-12-07). "Hyping Terror For Announces: There Is No Terrorist Threat".
Fun, Profit—And Power". Common Dreams. Danielpipes.org. http://www.danielpipes.org/
http://www.commondreams.org/views04/ blog/2004/10/the-bbc-announces-there-is-no-
1207-26.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-06. terrorist.html. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
[39] ^ Hoberman, J. (2005-12-06). "The Phantom [48] "The Power of Nightmares—Adam Curtis
Menace". The Village Voice. Responds". MediaLens. 2004-12-07.
http://www.villagevoice.com/film/ http://www.medialens.org/alerts/04/
0549,hoberman,70708,20.html. Retrieved 041207_Curtis_Response.html. Retrieved
2007-06-06. 2007-06-06.
[40] ^ Bergen, Peter (2005-06-02). "Beware the Holy
War". The Nation. pp. 1.
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050620/bergen.
External links
Retrieved 2007-07-18. • Part 1 official page
[41] Asman, David (2004-10-20). "Anti-American • Part 2 official page
Europeans". FoxNews.com (Fox News). • Part 3 official page
http://www.foxnews.com/story/ • Summary of argument, by Adam Curtis
0,2933,136089,00.html. Retrieved 2007-06-12. • Power of Nightmares re-awakened – Questions from
[42] ^ Davis, Clive (2004-10-21). "The Power of Bad BBC viewers answered by Curtis
Television". National Review Online (National Review). • Power of Nightmares background – Further reading
http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/ suggested by Curtis
davis200410211043.asp. Retrieved 2007-06-06. • Interview with Adam Curtis at Cinema Scope
[43] Aaronovitch, David (2004-10-19). "Al-Qaida is no • Interview with Adam Curtis at GreenCine
dark illusion". London: The Guardian. • "Adam Curtis talks with Errol Morris"
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/ • George Mason University; "Stop the Straussians
0,5673,1330499,00.html. Retrieved 2007-06-06. Before They Lie Again"
[44] Hurd, Dale. "How Leftists Aid Radical Islam". • The Power of Nightmares at the Internet Movie
CBN.com (CBN News). http://www.cbn.com/ Database
cbnnews/world/050715a.aspx. Retrieved
2007-06-29.
[45] ^ Bergen, Peter (2005-06-02). "Beware the Holy
War". The Nation: pp. 2–5.
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050620/
bergen/2. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
[46] Barsanti, Chris (2005). "The Power of Nightmares:
The Rise of the Politics of Fear". FilmCritic.com.
Archived from the original on October 17, 2007.
http://web.archive.org/web/20071017070927/
http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/
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