From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Smart (automobile)
Smart (automobile)
smart
Type Division of Daimler AG
Industry Automotive
Founded 1994
Headquarters Böblingen, Germany
Products Microcars
Parent Daimler AG 1993 eco-sprinter and eco-speedster concepts.
Website www.smart.com
Smart Fortwo
A Stack of Smart Cars in Canberra.
Smart[1] is an automotive branch of Daimler AG. Smart is
a German manufacturer of microcars produced in Ham-
bach, France, and Böblingen, Germany. It is marketed as
the "smart" in all lower-case, with the Smart brand logo,
Smart Fortwo cabriolet as of 2010, denoting a letter "c" for "compact" and an ar-
row for "forward thinking".
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Smart (automobile)
came known as the "Swatchmobile". Hayek’s private
company Hayek Engineering AG began designing the new
car for SMH, with seating for two and a hybrid drive-
train.[2]
While design of the car was proceeding, Hayek feared
existing manufacturers would feel threatened by the
Swatchmobile. Thus, rather than directly competing, he
preferred to cooperate with another company in the au-
tomotive industry. This would also relieve SMH of the
cost burden in setting up a distribution network. Hayek
approached several automotive manufacturers and on
July 3, 1991 he reached an agreement with Volkswagen to
share development of the new project.[3]
By 1993 Ferdinand Piëch had become CEO of Volk-
Smart Crossblade swagen and he immediately sought to terminate the pro-
ject with SMH. Volkswagen had already been working on
their own "three-litre car": a car which would consume
three litres of fuel per 100 km of driving (the eventual
Volkswagen Lupo 3L). Volkswagen’s own concept was be-
lieved to be a better business proposition, featuring four
seats and more cargo room.[4]
Hayek had suspected that Piëch would seek to end the
agreement with SMH upon his ascendancy to the CEO po-
sition; therefore, he discreetly began approaching other
car companies with the Swatchmobile project. Rebuffed
by BMW, Fiat, General Motors and Renault, he finally
reached an informal agreement with Daimler-Benz AG,
maker of Mercedes-Benz cars.[5]
A deal was announced on March 4, 1994, at a press
conference at Mercedes-Benz headquarters in Stuttgart
that the companies would join forces in founding Micro
Compact Car AG (MCC). 49% of the initial capital of 50
million Swiss francs were provided by SMH and the re-
maining 51% by Daimler-Benz. The company consisted
of two subsidiaries: MCC GmbH based in Renningen (a
suburb of Stuttgart) which would design the car, and
the then-unnamed manufacturing plant. SMH Auto SA,
owned by Hayek, would design a hybrid electric drive
system for the car, while Hayek Engineering would audit
the design and manufacturing.[6]
The press conference also featured the debut of two
concept cars: the eco-sprinter and eco-speedster, styled by
Mercedes-Benz’s design studio in California.[7] The cars
A Smart fortwo mhd cabrio (left) and a Smart fortwo mhd were similar to the eventual Smart City-Coupé. No men-
coupe (right). tion was made of the fact that SMH had no input in the
design of these concepts,[8] and they were badged as
Mercedes-Benzes.
Origins By the end of April 1994 MCC had set up a head office
In the late 1980s, SMH (makers of the Swatch brand of in Biel, Switzerland.[9]
watches) CEO Nicolas Hayek began developing an idea for
a new car using the same type of manufacturing strate- Company history
gies and personalization features used to popularize
Three co-directors were immediately named to head the
Swatch watches. He believed that the automotive indus-
new company: designer and engineer Johann Tomforde
try had ignored a sector of potential customers who
and financial administrator Christoph Baubin from
wanted a small and stylish city car. This idea soon be-
Daimler-Benz, and marketing manager Hans Jürg Schär,
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Smart (automobile)
who spearheaded the original Swatch marketing cam- MCC was now a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler-Benz
paigns in the mid-1980s. Tomforde had been working on (which soon merged with Chrysler Corporation to be-
the Mercedes City Car (coincidentally abbreviated MCC) come DaimlerChrysler). The office in Biel was shut down
project at Daimler-Benz since 1990, which produced the and operations were consolidated at the MCC GmbH de-
aforementioned eco-sprinter and eco-speedster concepts as sign centre in Germany. On January 1, 1999 MCC GmbH
well as the Vision-A concept, which eventually became changed its name to MCC smart GmbH,[21] and by 2000 it
the Mercedes-Benz A-Class.[10] dropped the last vestiges of the association with SMH, be-
One of the first controversies at MCC was the name coming smart GmbH.[22]
of the car itself. Nicolas Hayek insisted it retain ’Swatch’ The model line was eventually expanded to include
in some way: "Swatchmobile", or "Swatch Car". Daimler- the Roadster and a rear-engine, rear-drive, four-door,
Benz refused, and pushed for a neutral name.[11] The fi- four-seat supermini aptly named Forfour (the original
nal name settled upon was Smart, an acronym that had City-Coupé was rechristened Fortwo to fit the new nam-
been previously used internally by MCC for Swatch ing scheme).
Mercedes Art.[12] The ambitious expansion did not increase profits at
By May 1994 the co-directors had identified 74 po- the company: indeed, smart GmbH lost nearly 4 billion
tential sites for the assembly plant. The final site was euros from 2003 to 2006.[23] Plans were enacted to in-
announced on December 20, 1994: Hambach, France.[13] crease the company’s profitability and integrate its oper-
The purpose-built factory quickly gained the nickname ations with DaimlerChrysler.
"Smartville". In 2005 DaimlerChrysler decided against purchasing
Tomforde devised a modular system of assembly for a 50% share in the Dutch NedCar plant used to manufac-
the car, insisting suppliers design and assemble, and even ture the ForFour, ending its production. A planned SUV
install their own modules onto the final car, at the new called Formore was terminated as the assembly plant in
plant using their own employees thus reducing the cost Brazil was being fitted with machines, and production
overhead for the parent companies and divesting MCC of of the Roadster was discontinued. In 2006, after dwin-
the financial and legal liabilities for those parts. It also dling sales and heavy financial losses, Smart GmbH was
provided a fiscal framework whereby MCC could share liquidated and its operations were absorbed by Daim-
the development costs with the suppliers, rather than lerChrysler directly.
having to fund the entire project themselves.[14] MCC se- Smart now operates under the Mercedes-Benz Cars
cured contracts with suppliers to design and supply al- division of Daimler AG, offering the Fortwo as its only
most all parts of the car: seats by Faurecia, interiors by product.
VDO, chassis and door modules by Magna, door panels by
Dynamit Nobel, and suspension by Krupp.[15]
Despite offloading a substantial amount of the devel-
Models
opment on the suppliers MCC required more capital. Re- Apart from the original short Smart Fortwo, a sporty
capitalization by Daimler-Benz increased their share of Smart Roadster, a limited production of 2000 erstwhile
ownership in the company to 81%, leaving SMH with on- concept Smart Crossblade and a supermini Smart Forfour
ly the remaining 19%.[16] were also offered. These have now been discontinued.
The assembly plant opened October 27, 1997, with a There were also plans to introduce the French made
ceremonial ribbon-cutting by then-French President Jac- cross-over based on the body of the ForFour and the AWD
ques Chirac and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl.[17] In- hardware of the Mercedes C-class with the name of For-
troduction of the new Smart city-Coupé was planned for more but industrialization of this was cancelled at the
March, 1998, however dynamic instability of the proto- 11th hour (even as tooling was being installed in the as-
types prompted Daimler-Benz to announce postponing sembly plant) due to unfavourable exchange rate swings
the launch until October, 1998. Johann Tomforde was re- and spending cutbacks driven by losses elsewhere within
placed as chief engineer by Gerhard Fritz.[18] Fritz low- Smart.
ered the centre of gravity, widened the track, stiffened
the suspension, changed the steering, and added ballast Production models
weight to the front of the car in order to increase its sta-
bility in emergency avoidance manoeuvres (notably the Concept and unproduced models
Swedish "moose test").[19] • Crosstown
The car launched successfully in nine European coun- • Tridion 4
tries in October 1998, however the final design did not • Formore
fulfill Hayek’s expectations. Hayek pushed for a hybrid • ForSpeed
drivetrain but the final product used a relatively conven- • ForVision
tional gasoline engine. Shortly afterward Daimler-Benz
bought out SMH’s remaining stake in the company.[20]
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Smart (automobile)
Production Model Picture
1998–2000 Smart City-Coupé & City-Cabrio* (*from 2000)
2002 Smart Crossblade
2001–2007 Smart City-Coupé & City-Cabrio (renamed Fortwo in 2004)
2001–2004 Smart K (Japan only)
2003–2005 Smart Roadster
2004–2006 Smart Forfour
2008–present Smart Fortwo
2008–present (in limited trials[24]) Smart Fortwo ED (formerly known as EV)
Electric versions electric-battery driven vehicles from Mercedes-Benz will
come in use within the "e-mobility Berlin" project. RWE
is handling the development, installation and operation
Smart ED of the charging infrastructure". The new project is also
Main article: Smart ED benefiting from the experience gained by Daimler dur-
An electric, rechargeable version is being released in the ing the current pilot project involving electro-mobility
UK as a lease vehicle on a limited basis. At the Smart Car in London. Since last year, there has been a test fleet of
Brooklands event in July 2008, a Smart EV was on display first-generation Smart Fortwo ed cars . The start of seri-
within "MercedesWorld" and a representative stated that al production of battery-powered vehicles by Mercedes-
the car would be for sale in the UK in 2010. Daimler will Benz and Smart is in 2010.[27]
start the production of the electric Smart equipped with Smart ED is going to be sold in the European Union in
lithium-ion batteries in 2009 and production will ramp 2010-07-01.[citation needed][28]
up to mass production by 2012.[25] A Smart Forfour has
been converted into a plug-in hybrid by Lithium Tech- Competitors
nology Corporation and Zytek Systems. The lithium-ion • Toyota iQ.
battery can propel the vehicle up to 84 miles per hour • Volkswagen Chico. VW is fast-tracking development
(135 km/h) and last on its own for up to 20 miles (32 km). of an affordable new two-seat city car. VW can use in
The engine is a combination of a 68-horsepower (51 kW), the electric vehicle, battery technology from
1.5-liter (92 cu in), 3-cylinder turbo charged diesel engine Toshiba.[29]
and two high-efficiency permanent-magnet electric mo-
tors. It was awarded by the Energy Saving Trust for the Electric vehicle conversions
“Ultra Low Carbon Car Challenge” project.[26] Main article: Electric vehicle conversion
Daimler AG and RWE AG have launched the world’s eSmart is a Smart Fortwo electric conversion. It has a
largest joint project for environmentally friendly electric 40 km range with AGM batteries (100 km with Li-ion bat-
cars. Daimler will provide more than 100 electric cars teries)
from Mercedes-Benz and Smart as well as the vehicle ser-
vice.The new generation of Smart ED (electric drive) and
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Smart (automobile)
In Asia
Japan
Older Smart cars equipped with engine sizes smaller than
660 cubic centimetres (40 cu in) fit into the Kei car cate-
gory of cars in Japan, and are eligible for a range of low-
er taxes. However, recent models with a larger engine do
not meet the Kei qualifications. Because of high taxation
on older cars in Japan, many older used Smart cars are
exported to other countries with right-hand drive, like
Great Britain and South Africa. An official version of the
Smart Fortwo called the ’Smart K’ has been released to The Smart Fortwo
fit the Kei car category. English musician Steve Appleton
is featured in a Smart TV commercial, running in Japan However, the demand relaxed slightly in the second year
during 2010. on the market, and a very tight supply of remaining 2006
model 450 cdis made 2007 sales appear to be a relatively
China weak. However, sales rebounded strongly once the new
Smart was shown in April 2008 at the Beijing Auto Show 451 started arriving. Canadian smart cdis cannot be reg-
2008. Smart Fortwo started the pre-sales in October 2008 istered in some states in the US, though at least 20 are
and the Smart vending machine road show in 12 cities known to be there.
from October 2008 to February 2009. 10,239 smart fortwo cdis had been sold in Canada by
the first month of 2008. Just before the Type 450 ended
Hong Kong production (after which the production had equaled
770,256 cars) Mercedes-Benz Canada built-up stock of
Smart is available in Hong Kong with authorized dealer, cdis to tide dealers over until the successor model 451 ar-
Zung Fu Motors[30]. rived at the end of 2007.
The Canadian version of the Type 450 smart fortwo
Indonesia cdi sold to 915 customers over three months in 2004;
Since 29 November 2010, Smart Fortwo cars are available 4080 were sold in 2005; and 3023 in 2006. Virtually all
in Indonesia with PT. Mercedes-Benz Indonesia (MBI) as the deliveries in 2004 and many of the deliveries in 2005
the authorized dealer. Currently, MBI offers three mod- were to long-time smart fans who had been waiting for
els: Pure Coupe, Passion Coupe, and Passion Cabriolet, their car for years, which largely accounts for the higher
and can be purchased in Jakarta and Bali.[31] Indonesia is numbers. Through 2007, sales totalled about 2200, with
also the first country in Southeast Asia to have the Smart the last few cars being sold in the first month of 2008,
Electric Drive, which has been lent to the Government when the new Type 451 was already on sale. The smart’s
of DKI Jakarta for a one-year period and can be extend- strongest sales performance ever in Canada was in April
ed for further indefinite period by a signed agreement 2007, when more than 500 units were sold. Sales are
between PT. Mercedes-Benz Indonesia, PT. Siemens In- strongest (per capita) in Western Canada, with Vancou-
donesia, and the Government of DKI Jakarta. The Smart ver Island and Vancouver being especially hot markets
ED will then serve as a pilot project to prove the effectiv- for smart.
ity of zero-emission car usage that can utilize alternative The 2008-2011 (North America) smart fortwo Type
sources of energy.[32][33] 451 was totally redesigned, with a 70 HP naturally as-
pirated Mitsubishi-sourced gasoline engine of 999 cc for
In North America North America, up from the 799 cc cdi diesel, with the at-
tendant loss of fuel economy. smart decided not to im-
port the cdi version of the 451, now with 55 DIN HP, al-
Canada though this decision has led to criticism that the new
The smart fortwo was introduced in Canada in late 2004 smart does not get the fuel economy that many would ex-
and was sold through Mercedes-Benz dealers. Demand pect from such a small car. The 799 cc, far more fuel effi-
was initially heavy with up to 6-month waiting lists in cient diesel is sold in Europe and some other World mar-
major urban areas in the spring of 2005. The vehicle has kets.
been especially popular for commuters, small car fanat- The BRABUS Tailor-Made program is not well adver-
ics, people needing light delivery and service vehicles, tised in Canada, but no less than 15 Tailor-Made cars
with many carrying custom paint jobs or stick-on graph- have been produced to Canadian specification. These ve-
ics boldly advertising an associated business or service. hicles are sent to the BRABUS factory in Bottrop, Ger-
5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Smart (automobile)
many, where the standard ex-works cars are stripped to Canada, as the diesel powered Canadian Smarts did not
the shell and repainted/retrimmed to suit individual cus- meet American emissions regulations.
tomers’ tastes. The first four are the BRABUS Canada 1; In June 2006, DaimlerChrysler confirmed that Smart
three in bright red (including the tridion, two cabriolets would be officially launched in the United States in the
and one coupé) and one in all white (a cabriolet). Aside first quarter of 2008. The cars are offered through a deal-
from the special paint, all had every BRABUS part fitted ership holding company Penske Automotive Group,
to the body and interior, and the seats, door panels and which created a new U.S. dealership network for the
dashboards were trimmed in black Nappa leather and Al- brand under the name Smart USA.[34] Initially, an updat-
cantara. Three of these cars are in British Columbia and ed gasoline powered Fortwo was offered, starting around
#1-of-1, the Concept vehicle used at Canadian Interna- US$12,000.[35] The new model made its debut at Euro-
tional Auto Shows (a red cabrio with silver alloys), is now pean auto shows in November 2006.
in London, Ontario. The next BRABUS Tailor-Made Cana- "Hybrid Technologies" plans to sell an electric ver-
dian car was a one-off all orange 451 made for a cus- sion of the Smart vehicle in the U.S. starting at
tomer in Vancouver. The other ten were all ordered by US$35,000. It is being called a hybrid car even though the
Mercedes-Benz Canada as the special "edit10n" of the vehicle is all-electric. The electric Smart car will have a
Canadian BRABUS 451 (with only 70 HP), painted in range of 120 to 150 miles (190–240 km), a top speed of
metallic dark grey with an orange Nappe leather interior. 80 mph (130 km/h), and charge in 5 to 6 hours using a
In 2009 the Government of Canada acquired the Euro- standard 120 V AC outlet. An electric Smart is currently
pean Smart mhd (micro hybrid drive) through partner- undergoing testing in the UK and will only be offered
ship with Mercedes-Benz Canada. The project was ad- to commercial clients as a trial for the time being.[36][37]
ministered by the ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles(eTV) The electric model is scheduled for a U.S. release for the
program within Transport Canada. Goals were to identify 2012 model year with some test market cars surfacing in
the benefits of the start-stop system equipped on the ve- 4th quarter 2010.
hicle and how to accelerate the penetration of this tech- A Forbes article has been critical of the stated reasons
nology throughout Canada. See Smart mhd Test Results that Daimler-Chrysler gave for introducing the car in the
Report. United States.[38] The Smart fortwo is the most fuel-ef-
ficient gasoline-engined car for sale in the US; however,
United States according to the EPA, the Smart’s fuel efficiency is lower
than the fuel efficiency of some hybrids such as the Ford
Fusion, the Toyota Prius, the Honda Civic Hybrid, and the
2-seat Honda Insight (making it the fourth most fuel effi-
cient vehicle in the U.S.), which achieve 41/36, 51/48, 40/
43, and 40/43 respectively while the Smart achieves 33
city and 41 highway, though the Smart fortwo, which is
not a hybrid, costs about half as much as a hybrid in the
US.
The unique design of the Smart has received much
attention in the U.S. In its April 2008 issue, Men’s Vogue
raised the question, "in a nation where your supersized
car is your castle, is the Smart too mini for a man?".[39]
To obtain a Smart originally required obtaining a
Smart Fortwo (2nd generation) parked in downtown Washing-
"reservation" costing $99 through a dealer or over the
ton, D.C.
internet. The waiting time in January 2009 was approxi-
mately 12 months; however, as of July 2009 there was no
Before 2008, Smart cars were only available in the United
wait to obtain a vehicle and dealers have them in stock
States as "grey market" imports, such as ZAP. U.S. federal
for immediate delivery.
regulations allow certain grey market importing in large
On January 25, 2010, Smart USA began its first lease
quantities provided the vehicles are modified and tested
program in the US market for smart fortwo models.[40]
to conform to U.S. safety and emissions regulations.
The program was scheduled to last through February 28,
Smart cars were imported into the United States by "The
2010, but has been extended indefinitely despite lack of
Defiance Company LLC", modified by G&K Automotive
leasing sales.
Conversion in Santa Ana, California, and distributed and
Smart USA has appointed its first dealer in Puerto Ri-
sold by independent dealerships which were not affili-
co. The new dealer is located in San Juan, Puerto Rico and
ated with Mercedes. U.S. regulations did not permit the
is part of the Penske Automotive Group. It is also a part
purchase and import of used Smart CDi vehicles from
of Triangle Automotive Group, an automotive retailer in
Puerto Rico.[41]
6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Smart (automobile)
Penske Automotive Group announced plans February
14, 2011, to relinquish distribution of the smart fortwo
Smart in Europe
under smart USA, to Mercedes-Benz USA.[42] In 2011,
smart USA offers four versions of their fortwo model. Th- United Kingdom
ese models include the following: cabriolet, the high-cost Launched in the UK in 2000, smart has seen the number
convertible version; passion, the mid-cost moonroof ver- of dedicated fans and owners grow year after year. The
sion; pure, the low-cost basic version; and electric drive, current range features the smart fortwo cabrio and fort-
the electric version.[43] wo coupe. Most popular amongst those living in cities,
smart is available in the UK through Mercedes-Benz re-
Mexico tailers. smart car UK enjoys a loyal and passionate fan-
Smart offers the hardtop and convertible models of the base. As a result the UK is host to a number of annual
Fortwo coupé in Mexico.[44] smart car events, both official and unofficial, including
The Smart cars were first introduced to the country the largest one-day gathering of smart cars in the world,
in 2003, and were sold in department stores Sanborns smart festival. smart festival is held annually at
and Liverpool. Later Mercedes Benz dealers started to of- Mercedes-Benz World in Weybridge, near historic Brook-
fer the car, which although very attractive to the public lands - the world’s first purpose-built motor racing cir-
was considered very expensive and was seen as a toy car cuit. The smart fortwo electric drive is currently going
only for young people.[citation needed] through user trials in the UK and will go on general re-
Currently Smart cars are still offered in the country lease in 2012.
but with little acceptance, with only the Fortwo model
available. Safety
Smart cars have fierce competition with the Hyundai
Atos, Pontiac Matiz, and Chevrolet Chevy, which are
compacts with low gas consumption at less than half the
cost of a Smart Car but with more space for passengers.
In South America
Argentina
In South America Smart can be found in two countries:
Argentina [45] and Brazil. In Argentina Smart is for sale
since 2010 and models (Fortwo Cabrio and Fortwo Coupé)
can be bought in "Smart Centers" located in trendy spots
of Buenos Aires like Puerto Madero neighbourhood.
Although Smart cars can be good options in the crowded Cutaway showing structure of the Smart
streets and avenues of Buenos Aires city, the price is con-
sidered high (from u$s 24.000) in comparison to other
Smart vehicles use a very small front crumple zone. The
small cars which are made in Argentina. However, sales
new Smart Fortwo has been awarded 4 out of 5 stars in
are expected to be successful.
the Euro NCAP Adult Occupant Protection and 2 out of 4
stars in the Pedestrian protection test, but was not tested
Smart in Australia for Child Occupant Protection as it has no rear seats.[46]
The original Smart was awarded 3 out of 5 stars for Adult
Since 2003 Smart has been for sale in Australia. All Smart
Occupant Protection.[47] In American tests using a five
models that have been produced have been sold in Aus-
star rating, Smart cars received a four star safety rating
tralia. The Smart is currently sold through Mercedes-
for the driver from a front impact, and a five star safety
Benz Dealerships. Recently Smart has become popular
rating for the driver for a side impact.[48] It also received
among young people in urban areas of Australia, par-
"Good" ratings (top rating) for front and side crash pro-
ticularly in its largest cities. Mercedes-Benz Dealerships
tection in Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)
around Australia as of 2003 are only offering Smart ve-
tests.[49] However, in an April 2009 40 mph frontal offset
hicles in the "Pulse" mid-range trim, thus the "Passion",
crash test between a Fortwo and a Mercedes C class, "the
"Brabus Xclusive" and other trims are not available as
Smart went air- borne and turned around 450 degrees"
yet, until further notice or changes.
causing "extensive intrusion into the space around the
dummy from head to feet". The IIHS rated the Smart
Fortwo "Poor," noting that "Multiple injuries, including
7
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Smart (automobile)
to the head, would be likely for a real-world driver of a [21] "Smart Cars". Electrick Publications.
Smart in a similar collision."[50] http://www.speedace.info/smart_cars.htm.
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crumple zones of a colliding vehicle. This design creates a [23] "Smart’s three-year loss more than $5 billion,
"very strong safety cell" around the passengers, accord- report says | Car News Blog at Motor Trend".
ing to the manufacturer.[51] Blogs.motortrend.com.
http://blogs.motortrend.com/6209443/car-news/
Modification Smarts-three-year-loss-more-than-5-billion-
report-says/index.html. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
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resulting in Brabus production models. Other companies Autoblog.com. http://www.autoblog.com/2006/
modify the Smart to use motorcycle engines, such as the 07/13/Smart-Fortwo-ev-set-to-electrify-british-
Suzuki Hayabusa 1340 cc inline four-cylinder. These cars motor-show/. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
are known as Smartuki.[52] The most powerful models [25] "City-Flitzer mit Batterie: Daimler will mit Elektro-
can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 100 km/h) in less Smart in Serie gehen - SPIEGEL ONLINE -
than 3.5 seconds.[53] The original car was fitted with a Nachrichten - Auto". Spiegel.de.
mildly tuned engine and ran 0-60 mph in 4.5 seconds, http://www.spiegel.de/auto/aktuell/
1/4 mile standing start in 12.4 seconds and a top speed 0,1518,576074,00.html. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
of 132 mph (212 km/h). It is possible to push the GSXR [26] "A plug-in Hybrid that can go 84". Gadgetell.
engine further; nitrous Oxide will add another 50 bhp 2006-12-12. http://www.gadgetell.com/tech/
(37 kW; 51 PS) - 80 bhp (60 kW; 81 PS) and there is a tur- comment/a-plug-in-hybrid-that-can-go-84/.
bocharged option.[54] Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Some companies and individuals upgrade the original [27] Abuelsamid, Sam (2008-09-05). "Daimler announces
engine to Brabus spec, but these have been taken even deal with RWE, 500 Berlin charging points, lithium
further by some with many aftermarket upgrade options Smart". Autobloggreen.com.
available. http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/09/05/
Examples of individual user modifications and main- daimler-announces-deal-with-rwe-500-berlin-
tenance can be found here: http://www.fq101.co.uk charging-points-lit/. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
[28] "Catálogo Movele". Movele.ayesa.es.
Notes http://movele.ayesa.es/movele2/
muestraVehiculos.php. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
[1] "smart corporate home page". [29] "Exclusive: VW’s Smart". Autocar. 2008-11-25.
http://www.smart.com. http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/
[2] Lewin, pp 39–40 NewsArticle.aspx?AR=236168. Retrieved
[3] Lewin, pp 40-45 2009-03-12.
[4] Lewin, pp 55-59 [30] http://hk.smart.com/
[5] Lewin, p 77 [31] "Smart Fortwo resmi hadir di Indonesia (Smart
[6] Lewin, pp 79-80 Fortwo has been launched officially in Indonesia)".
[7] Lewin, pp 67-70 The Mercedes Lounge. 2010-11-29.
[8] Lewin, p 68 http://themercedeslounge.com/smart-fortwo-
[9] Lewin, p 69 resmi-hadir-di-indonesia/. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
[10] Lewin, p 75 [32] "Smart Electric Drive pertama di Asia Tenggara
[11] Lewin, pp 85-86 hadir di Balai Kota Jakarta (The first Smart ED in
[12] "SMART". Acronyms.thefreedictionary.com. Southeast Asia make its presence in City Hall of
http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/ Jakarta)". The Mercedes Lounge. 2010-11-24.
Swatch+Mercedes+Art+(Daimler- http://themercedeslounge.com/smart-electric-
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[13] Lewin, p 91 kota/. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
[14] Lewin, pp 88-90 [33] "Smart ED dan Pengisi Baterai untuk Pemda DKI
[15] Lewin, pp 107-108 Jakarta (Smart ED and battery charger for
[16] Lewin, pp 100 Government of DKI Jakarta)". Kompas Otomotif.
[17] Lewin, p 95 2010-11-24. http://otomotif.kompas.com/read/
[18] Lewin, pp 115-119 2010/11/24/20123311/
[19] Lewin, pp 119-120 Smart.ED.dan.Pengisi.Baterai.untuk.Pemda.DKI.Jakarta.
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8
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is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/WFS/mpc-mx-content- • Official website
Site/-/-/-/SVCPresentationPipeline- • smart magazine
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Site%2fSmart%2ecom%2fRootFolder%2fSmart%2fhome%2epage. • smart
Retrieved 2009-03-12.
[45] "Argentina homepage". http://www.smart.com.ar.
[46] "Smart Fortwo test results". Euro NCAP.
http://www.euroncap.com/tests/
Smart_Fortwo_2007/303.aspx. Retrieved
2008-04-26.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smart_(automobile)&oldid=473969334"
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Smart (automobile)
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