VITAMINS
Dr. Grosz 1 of 14
I – General Characteristics:
II – Grouping (Categorizing): a. Water Soluble C B1 (Thiamin) B2 (Riboflavin) B6 (Pyridoxine) B3 (Niacin) B12 (Cyanocobalamin) Folic Acid B 5 (Pantothenic acid) B9 (Biotin) Fat Soluble A D E K
b. Non-essential Body can produce D – in skin A – in intestinal wall Niacin – in liver K
Essential Body cannot produce all other vitamins
c. Require activation D – activated in liver and kidney Folic acid – activated In cells
Do not require activation All other vitamins
Dr. Grosz 2 of 14 III. – Pathways To Vitamin Deficiencies: General: a. b. c. d. inadequate intake malabsorption excess excretion unusually increased needs
IV – Review of Individual Vitamins: 1) Vit. C ( Ascorbic acid) - absorbed in small intestine - not readily stored unstable
Functions:
1. Aids in absorption of Fe & Ca 2. Aids in neurotransmitter production 3. Activates Folic acid 4. Aids in collagen production 5. Converts into Hyaluronic acid 6. Antioxidant 35 – 60 mg
RDA:
Deficiency:
Scurvey
Sources:
Citrus Tomatos Green, leafy vegetables (broccoli)
Adversities: -
Can become conditioned to mega dose C converted to oxalic acid may produce abnormally acidic urine in pregnancy may create to high a need in infant
Dr. Grosz 3 of 14 2) Vit B1 (Thiamine) - water soluble - unstable in air - absorbed in small intestine
Functions:
1. Useful in carbohydrate metabolism 2. Essential in Krebs 3. Aids in ribose conversion 0.5 – 1.5 mg (usually correlated to amount of carbohydrate)
RDA:
Deficiency: Beriberi (2 Types): Wet (edematous) Dry (wasting)
Frequently seen with alcoholics
Damaging to CVS, NS, DS
Depression
Sources:
Grains Pork Sunflower seeds Brown rice Liver Milk
Dr. Grosz 4 of 14
3) Vit. B2 (Riboflavin)
-
Water soluble stable in air & heat unstable in light absorbed in small intestine
Functions:
1. Krebs cycle 2. Activation of Folic acid 3. Beta-oxidation
4. Glycogenesis
RDA:
0.4 – 1.7 mg
Deficiency:
Cheilosis
Glossitis
Sources:
Colonic bacteria (some) Meats Milk Eggs Green leaf veggies Mushrooms
Dr. Grosz 5 of 14 4) Vit. B6 (Pyridoxine) - water soluble
- unstable in air & light
Functions:
1. Transamination 2. Production of Serotonin 3. Production of selected antibodies 4. Hb production
RDA:
0.3 – 2.2 mg
Deficiency:
Depression
Slight anemia Protein metabolism
Dry skin
Sources:
Banana Vegetables Meat
Dr. Grosz 6 of 14 5) Vit. B3 (Niacin) stable, water soluble easily absorbed body can synthesize
Functions:
1. Krebs cycle 2. Reduce serum Cholesterol & Triglycerides
RDA:
6 – 20 mg
Deficiency:
Pellagra
Skin lesions
Sources:
Most animal products Wheat Beans Peanuts
Dr. Grosz 7 of 14 6) Folic Acid (Folate) - heat labile - easily absorbed
Functions:
1. Synthesis of purines
2. RBC production
RDA:
30 – 400 ug
Deficiency:
Meglablastosis
Sources:
Green leaf veggies Wheat germ Fast/lightly cooked fresh fruits Beef Whole grain Nuts Beans
Dr. Grosz 8 of 14 7) Vit B 12 (Cyanocobalamin) water soluble IF required for absorption in Small Intestine
Functions:
1. RBC production
2. DNA production
RDA:
0.5 – 3.0 ug
Deficiency: Megaloblastic (Macrocytic) anemia
Pernicious anemia
Sources:
Chicken Pork Milk Eggs Shrimp
Dr. Grosz 9 of 14 8) Vit. B 5 (Pantothenic Acid) water soluble heat stable
Functions:
1. Krebs cycle
2. Hb 3. Acetylcholine production 4. Intestinal absorption of glucose 5. Production of selected antibodies
RDA:
5 – 10 mg
Deficiency:
Fatigue
Intestinal disturbances
Infection vulnerability
Sources:
Liver Fish Fresh veggies Wheat bran
Dr. Grosz 10 of 14 9) Biotin - Intestinally synthesized by bacteria
Functions:
1. Synthesis of fatty acids
2. Selected deamination
3. Phosphorylation
4. Tryptophan conversion to Niacin
5. Krebs cycle
RDA:
100 – 300 ug
Deficiency:
Loss of appetite and depression
Dermatitis Nausea
Sources:
Any source of B vitamins Liver Egg yolk Milk
Dr. Grosz 11 of 14 10) Vit A Fat soluble Sensitive of UV Destroyed by oxidation at high temperature
Animal Vit A – 3 forms = Retinol Retinal Retinoic acid
Plant Vit A - Carotenes (precursors or Provitamin A) Liver stores as much as 500,000 IU’s
Functions:
1. Rhodopsin 2. Cell membrane metabolism 3. Antioxidant (beta-carotene) 1300 – 3000 IU
RDA:
Deficiency:
Night blindness Xerophthalmia Keratosis
Sources:
Leafy veggies & fruits Carrots (yellow pigmented veggies) Liver Eggs Meat Enriched milk
Dr. Grosz 12 of 14 11) Vit D Fat soluble Very stable
Animal = Vit D3 – Cholecalciferol Plant = Vit D2 - Ergosterol
Functions:
1. Aids in calcium absorption 2. Aids in calcium deposition
RDA:
250 – 400IU (women over 35 now taking up to 1000)
Deficiency:
Rickets (in infants can also be caused by Ca deficiency)
Rickets (in adults usually referred to as Osteomalacia)
Osteoporosis (brittle bones)
Hypocalcemia
Sources:
Milk Eggs Cod liver oil
Dr. Grosz 13 of 14 12) Vit E (Tocopherol) Fat soluble stored in liver, adipose cells, some muscle absorbed best in presence of fats
Functions:
1. Aids in storage / functioning of Vit A 2. Antioxidant
3. Cell respiration 4. RBC membrane production
RDA:
8 – 10 mg
Deficiency:
Anemia (hemolysis – destruction of fragile RBC’s)
Influence Vit A function
Sources:
Vegetable oils (especially wheat germ) Reinforced cereals
Dr. Grosz 14 of 14 13) Vit. K Fat soluble Heat stable
Functions:
1. Promote blood clotting
RDA:
1 ug / kg weight
Deficiency:
Bleeding
Sources:
Colonic bacteria Green plants (especially alfalfa) Synthetic
Adversities: Hemolytic anemia Hyperbilirubinemia