Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and
Their Niches
Section 4-2
Cape May Warbler
Feeds at the tips of branches
near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Feeds in the middle
part of the tree
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Spruce tree Feeds in the lower part of the tree and
at the bases of the middle branches
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Obj. #9
Symbiosis
SYMBIOSIS – a close relationship between 2
dissimilar organisms.
• Commensalism +/o - one organism benefits and
the other is not harmed. EX. Shrimp in sea anemone;
remora and shark; barnacles on marine organisms
• Mutualism+/+ – both organisms benefit. EX.
Clownfish in sea anemone; lichens (blue green bacteria
and fungi); shark and remora fish
• Parasitism +/- – one organism lives at the expense
of another organism. EX. Tapeworm in digestive
system; ticks; lice; fleas
• Predation+/- – one organism preying on another
organism. EX. Leopard hunting a bush pig; wolf hunting
a deer or gazelle.
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Obj. #2
SUCCESSION
Succession – ecosystems change in response
to natural or human disturbances, series of
predictable changes.
Most commonly found in ponds, lakes and
forest.
Reasons: Any change that may disturb a
community.
Examples…volcanic activity, fires, winds,
landslide, hurricane, earthquake, clearing of
land (logging), building of dams, changing the
course of a river, etc…
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Stages of Succession…
1st stage
Pioneer plants-grasses and open field
plants (lichens/mosses on bare rock)
colonize the area.
These grow rapidly and have a high
tolerance for newly exposed habitat.
These plants hold the soil and prevent
erosion and prepare the area for later
species; facilitation.
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2nd Stage
Meadow (elms,
cottonwoods, and shrubs)
sprout and grow
Roots deep in the soil
absorb water and minerals
Shade from these trees
may inhibit grass growth
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