From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
Prime minister
This series is part of constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exer-
the Politics series cised without the approval of parliament.
As well as being head of government, a prime min-
• Executive branch ister may have other roles or titles—the Prime Minister
• Head of state of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of
• Dictator the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service.[1] Prime
• Monarch
ministers may take other ministerial posts—for example
• President
• Government during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was al-
• Head of government so Minister of Defence (although there was then no Min-
• Chancellor istry of Defence).
• Chief Executive
• Chief Minister
• First Minister Etymology
• Premier
• Prime Minister
• Cabinet
• Ministry
• Minister
• Presidential system
• Semi-presidential system
• Cohabitation
• Parliamentary System
• Westminster System
• National leaders
• National governments
• Governor
• Mayor
Politics Portal
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet The prime ministers of five members of the Commonwealth of
in the executive branch of government in a parliamen- Nations at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers’ Confer-
tary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects ence.
and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allo-
cates posts to members within the government. In most The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier
systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he
chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, no- was named to head the royal council as prime minister of
tably in semi-presidential systems of government, a France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempt-
prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage ed to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers. The
the civil service and execute the directives of the head of term prime minister in the sense that we know it origi-
state. nated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom.[citation
needed]
In parliamentary systems fashioned after the West-
minster system, the prime minister is the presiding and
actual head of the government and head of the executive History
branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head
of state’s official representative (i.e. the monarch, pres- Since medieval times monarchs of England and the Unit-
ident, or governor-general) usually holds a largely cere- ed Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special
monial position, although often with reserve powers. trust and who were regarded as the head of the gov-
The prime minister is often, but not always, a mem- ernment. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry
ber of parliament and is expected with other ministers VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I;
to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen
some monarchies the monarch may also exercise execu- Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but
tive powers (known as the royal prerogative) which are were commonly known as "the minister", the "chief min-
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
ister", the "first minister" and finally the "prime minis- expense of government meant that a minister who could
ter". command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly
The power of these ministers depended entirely on necessary. The long tenure of the wartime Prime Min-
the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing ister Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the
the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the
high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary ma- post.
jority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it The prestige of British institutions in the 19th centu-
was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch ry and the growth of the British Empire saw the British
usually presided over its meetings. model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minis-
When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he ter, widely copied, both in other European countries and
or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was ex- in British colonial territories as they developed self-gov-
ecuted and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost ernment. In some places alternative titles such as "pre-
favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between mier", "chief minister", "first minister of state", "presi-
two or more ministers to prevent one minister from be- dent of the council" or "chancellor" were adopted, but
coming too powerful. Late in Anne’s reign, for example, the essentials of the office were the same.
the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. By the late 20th century the majority of the world’s
countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister,
Post-English Civil War (1642–1651) holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or
In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War and a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this sys-
the Protectorate, Parliament had strengthened its posi- tem have been the United States and the presidential re-
tion and it emerged even more powerful after the Glori- publics in Latin America, modelled on the U.S. system, in
ous Revolution of 1688. The monarch could not establish which the president directly exercises executive author-
any law or impose any tax without its permission. Thus it ity.
has been said that the House of Commons became a part Bahrain’s Prime Minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman
of the government and it has been only a further step Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1971, making him
of this development that a new kind of prime minister the longest serving non-elected Prime Minister.
should emerge.
This turning point in the evolution of the prime min-
istership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the Prime ministers in republics Ju-
lia
accession of George I. George spoke no English, spent
much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither
and in monarchies Gil-
lard,
knowledge of nor interest in the details of English gov- The post of prime minister may be encountered the
ernment. In these circumstances it was inevitable that both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, cur-
the king’s first minister would become the de facto head Denmark, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, rent
of the government. Morocco, Spain,[2] Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Aus- Prime
From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Wal- tralia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and Min-
pole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole in parliamentary republics in which the head of is-
state is an elected official (such as Finland, France, ter
chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other min-
isters, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Italy, Ireland, Pak- of
istan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Ro- Aus-
House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, tralia
the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole re- mania, Serbia and Turkey).
quired that no minister other than himself have private This contrasts with the presidential system, in
dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet which the president (or equivalent) is both the head
Boyko
had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in of state and the head of the government. See also
Borisov,
public or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Mel- "First Minister", "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chan- the
bourne, said: "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so cellor", "Taoiseach" and "Secretary of State": alter- cur-
long as we all say the same thing." native titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or rent
Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", translated as, "prime minister". The head of govern- Prime
and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and ment of the People’s Republic of China is referred to Min-
legal scholars continued to deny that any such position as the Premier. is-
was known to the Constitution. The title was first re- In some presidential or semi-presidential sys- ter
ferred to on government documents during the adminis- tems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, of
tration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the for- the prime minister is an official generally appointed Bul-
mal British Order of precedence until 1905. George II and by the president but usually approved by the legisla- gar-
ia
George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal ture and responsible for carrying out the directives
power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and of the president and managing the civil service. (The
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
Stephen Harper, the current Prime Minister of Canada
Helle Thorning-Schmidt, the current Prime Minister of Den-
mark
Zoran Milanović, the current Prime Minister of Croatia
premier of the Republic of China is also appointed by
the president, but requires no approval by the legis- Angela Merkel, the current Chancellor of Germany
lature.
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
Jyrki Katainen, the current Prime minister of Finland
Donald Tusk, the current Prime Minister of Poland
However as the government will have to
outline its legislative programme to
Appointment of the prime minister of France re-
parliament in, for example, the Speech from
quires no approval by the parliament either, but the
the Throne, the speech is sometimes used to
parliament may force the resignation of the govern-
test parliamentary support. A defeat of the
ment.) In these systems, it is possible for the presi-
Speech is taken to mean a loss of confidence
dent and the prime minister to be from different po-
and so requires either a new draft, resignation,
litical parties if the legislature is controlled by a par-
or a request for a dissolution of parliament.
ty different from that of the president. When it aris-
Until the early 20th century governments
es, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (po-
when defeated in a general election remained
litical) cohabitation.
in power until their Speech from the Throne
was defeated and then resigned. No
Entry into Office government has done so for one hundred
years, though Edward Heath in 1974 did delay
In parliamentary systems a prime minister may en-
his resignation while he explored whether he
ter into office by several means.
could form a government with Liberal party
• : While in practice most prime ministers under
support.
the Westminster system (including Australia,
Canada, New Zealand, Malaysia, India and the In such systems unwritten (and unenforceable)
United Kingdom) are the leaders of the largest constitutional conventions often outline the
party in parliament, technically the appointment order in which people are asked to form a
of the prime minister is a royal prerogative government. If the prime minister resigns after
exercised by the monarch or the governor- a general election, the monarch usually asks
general. In India, the Prime Ministerial candidate the leader of the opposition to form a
must be a member of parliament either Lok government. Where however a resignation
Sabha (Lower House) or Rajya Sabha (Upper occurs during a parliament session (unless the
House). No parliamentary vote takes place on government has itself collapsed) the monarch
who is forming a government.
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
Yoshihiko Noda, the current Prime Minister of Japan
2003 in Canada when Paul Martin was elected
Manmohan Singh, the current Prime Minister of India leader of the Liberal Party of Canada while Jean
Chrétien was still prime minister.
will ask another member of the government to
form a government. While previously the • Example: The Republic of Ireland where the
monarch had some leeway in whom to ask, all President of Ireland appoints the Taoiseach on
British political parties now elect their leaders the nomination of the Dáil Éireann.
(until 1965 the Conservatives chose their • Example: Spain, where the King sends a
leader by informal consultation). The last time nomination to parliament for approval. Also
the monarch had a choice over the Germany where under the German Basic Law
appointment occurred in 1963 when the Earl of (constitution) the Bundestag votes on a
Home was asked to become Prime Minister candidate nominated by the federal president. In
ahead of Rab Butler. these cases, parliament can choose another
candidate who then would be appointed by the
During the period between the time it is clear head of state.
that the incumbent government has been • (Example: Italy, Romania, Thailand)
defeated at a general election, and the actual • (Example: Greece)
swearing-in of the new prime minister by the • (Example: Japan, Papua New Guinea, Pakistan.)
monarch or governor-general, that person is • (Example: Israel, 1996–2001, where the prime
variously referred to as the "prime minister- minister was elected in a general election, with
elect", "...-designate" etc. Neither term is no regard to political affiliation.)
strictly correct from a constitutional point of • (Example: Under the modern Swedish
view, but they have wide acceptance. In a Instrument of Government, the power to appoint
situation in which a ruling party elects or someone to form a government has been moved
appoints a new leader, the incoming leader will from the monarch to the Speaker of Parliament
usually be referred as "prime minister-in- and the parliament itself. The speaker nominates
waiting". An example or this situation was in a candidate, who is then elected to prime
minister (statsminister) by the parliament if an
5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
Mark Rutte, the current Prime Minister of the Netherlands
Raila Odinga, the current Prime Minister of Kenya
Yousaf Raza Gillani, the current Prime Minister of Pakistan
absolute majority of the members of parliament
does not vote no (i.e. he can be elected even if
Najib Tun Razak, the current Prime Minister of Malaysia more MP:s vote no than yes).
6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
Emil Boc, the current Prime Minister of Romania
Iveta Radičová, the current Prime Minister of Slovakia
Mirko Cvetković, the current Prime Minister of Serbia
Prime ministers and consti-
tutions
The position, power and status of prime ministers
differ depending on the age of the constitution.
Australia’s constitution makes no mention of a
Prime Minister of Australia.
Bangladesh’s constitution clearly outlines the
functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also Yingluck Shinawatra, the current Prime Minister of Thailand
details the process of his/her appointment and dis-
missal. PRC. While the president deals with international
The People’s Republic of China constitution set a problems, the premier deals with national problems.
premier just one place below the president of the
7
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
Malaysia’s constitution (1957) lists the powers,
functions and duties of the Prime Minister of
Malaysia.
Pakistan’s constitution (1973) lists the powers,
functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Pakis-
tan.
Spain’s constitution (1978) regulates the ap-
pointment, dismissal, powers, functions and duties
of the President of the Government.
Thailand’s constitution (1932) lists the powers,
functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Thai-
land.
The United Kingdom’s constitution, being un-
codified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of
a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for
centuries, its first mention in official state docu-
ments did not occur until the first decade of the
twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not
to exist", indeed there are several instances of par-
liament declaring this to be the case. The prime min-
ister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying
another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (of-
fice in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the
David Cameron, the current Prime Minister of the United King- Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905).
dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
For example, the earth quake in 2008, the premier
Exit from office
will be the first to arrive, then the president arrived Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are
after to just examine the situation. Premier read as not appointed for a specific term in office and in ef-
(Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese. fect may remain in power through a number of elec-
Canada’s constitution, being a ’mixed’ or hybrid tions and parliaments. For example, Margaret
constitution (a constitution that is partly formally Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on
codified and partly uncodified) originally did not one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in
make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, power until 1990, though she used the assembly of
with her or his specific duties and method of ap- each House of Commons after a general election to
pointment instead dictated by "convention". In the reshuffle her cabinet.
Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Some states, however, do have a term of office of
Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the prime minister linked to the period in office of
the composition of conferences of federal and the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formal-
provincial first ministers. ly ’renominated’ after every general election. (Some
Germany’s Basic Law (1949) lists the powers, constitutional experts have questioned whether this
functions and duties of the federal chancellor. process is actually in keeping with the provisions of
Greece’s constitution (1975) lists the powers, the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a
functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Greece. taoiseach should remain in office, without the re-
India’s constitution (1950) lists the powers, func- quirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly
tions and duties of the Prime Minister of India. lost the general election.) The position of prime
Ireland’s constitution (1937), provides for the of- minister is normally chosen from the political party
fice of Taoiseach in detail, listing powers, functions that commands majority of seats in the lower house
and duties. of parliament.
Italy’s constitution (1948) lists the powers, func- In parliamentary systems, governments are gen-
tions and duties of the Prime Minister of Italy. erally required to have the confidence of the lower
Japan’s constitution (1946) lists the powers, func- house of parliament (though a small minority of par-
tions and duties of the Prime Minister of Japan. liaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper
Malta’s constitution (1964) lists the powers, houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to
functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Malta. both houses, though in reality upper houses, even
8
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
when they have the power, rarely exercise it). dom the prime minister and former prime ministers
Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, how-
no confidence passed against them, or where they lose ever this is not due to their position as head of gov-
supply, most constitutional systems require either: ernment but as a privilege of being current members
a) a letter of resignation or of Her Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council.[3]
b) a request for parliamentary dissolution. In the UK where devolved government is in
The latter in effect allows the government to ap- place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and
peal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In In-
However in many jurisdictions a head of state may dia, The Prime Minister is referred to as "Pradhan
refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the minister".
Mantri", meaning "prime minister" In Pakistan, the
resignation of the prime minister and his or her gov- prime minister is referred to as "Wazir-e-Azam",
ernment. In most modern parliamentary systems, Vizier".
meaning "Grand Vizier"
the prime minister is the person who decides when
to request a parliamentary dissolution.
Older constitutions often vest this power in the
Description of the role
cabinet. (In the United Kingdom, for example, the Wilfried Martens, who served as Prime Minister of
tradition whereby it is the prime minister who re- Belgium, described his role as follows:
quests a dissolution of parliament dates back to First of all [the Prime Minister] must listen a
1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that lot, and when deep disagreements occur, he
made the request. Similarly, though the modern must suggest a solution to the matter. This can
1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the be done in different ways. Sometimes during
right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free the discussion, I note the elements of the
State Constitution vested the power in the Executive problem and think of a proposal I can
Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet). formulate to the Council (cabinet), the
Secretary taking notes. The Ministers then
insist on changing game ages. The Prime
Titles Minister can also make a proposal which leaves
Different terms are used to describe prime minis- enough room for amendments in order to keep
ters. In Germany and Austria the prime minister is the current discussion on the right tracks.
actually titled Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler). In When a solution must be found in order to
the Russian constitution the prime minister is actu- reach a consensus, he can force one or two
ally titled Chairman of the government while the Ir- Ministers to join or resign.[citation needed]
ish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is
rendered into English as prime minister), and in Is-
rael he is ’Rosh HaMemshalah’ meaning head of gov-
Lists of prime ministers
ernment. In many cases, though commonly used, The following table groups the list of past and pre-
"prime minister" is not the official title of the office- sent prime ministers and details information avail-
holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President able in those lists.
of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno).
Other common forms include president of the
council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente
See also
del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive • Chancellor
Council, or Minister-President. In the Scandinavian • Chief Minister
countries the prime minister is called statsminister in • Governor-General
the native languages (i.e. minister of state). In feder- • Head of state
ations, the head of government of subnational enti- • Monarch
ties such as provinces is most commonly known as • President
the premier, chief minister, governor or minister- Lists:
president. • List of current heads of state and government
In non-Commonwealth countries the prime min- • List of democracy and election-related topics
ister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a
president. In some Commonwealth countries prime
ministers and former prime ministers are styled
Footnotes
Right Honourable due to their position, for example [1] Contrary to popular perception, the two posts are
in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United King- separate and need not be held by the one person.
The last prime minister not to be First Lord of the
9
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
Government List starts Parties Term given by Incumbent
shown years or dates
Abkhazia 1995 - dates Leonid Lakerbaia
Afghanistan 1927 - years (Post abolished)
Albania (List) 1912 - years Sali Berisha
Algeria 1962 yes years Ahmed Ouyahia
Andorra 1982 - years Antoni Martí
Angola 1975 - dates (Post abolished)
Anguilla 1976 yes dates Hubert Hughes
Antigua and Barbuda 1981 - years Baldwin Spencer
Armenia 1918 yes dates Tigran Sargsyan
Aruba 1986 - dates Mike Eman
Australia (List) 1901 yes dates Julia Gillard
Austria 1918 yes years Werner Faymann
Azerbaijan 1918 yes dates Artur Rasizade
Bahamas 1967 - dates Hubert Ingraham
Bahrain 1970 - years Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah
Bangladesh 1971 yes dates Sheikh Hasina
Barbados 1954 yes dates Freundel Stuart
Belarus 1919 - dates Mikhail Myasnikovich
Belgium 1831 yes dates Yves Leterme
Belize 1973 yes years Dean Barrow
Benin 1957 yes dates Pascal Koupaki
Bermuda 1968 yes dates Paula Cox
Bhutan 1952 - dates Jigme Thinley
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1943 - dates Nikola Špirić
Botswana 1965 yes dates (Post abolished)
Brazil 1847 yes dates (Post abolished)
British Virgin Islands 1967 yes dates Ralph T. O’Neal
Bulgaria 1879 yes dates Boyko Borisov
Burkina Faso 1971 - dates Luc-Adolphe Tiao
Burundi 1961 yes dates (Post abolished)
Cambodia 1945 - years Hun Sen
Cameroon 1960 - dates Philémon Yang
Canada (List) 1867 yes dates Stephen Harper
Cape Verde 1975 - dates José Maria Neves
Cayman Islands 1992 yes dates McKeeva Bush
Central African Republic 1958 - dates Faustin-Archange Touadéra
Chad 1978 - dates Emmanuel Nadingar
People’s Republic of China (List) 1949 - dates Wen Jiabao
Comoros 1957 yes dates (Post abolished)
10
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
Congo (Brazzaville) 1957 yes dates (Post abolished)
Congo (Kinshasa) (List) 1960 yes dates Adolphe Muzito
Cook Islands 1965 yes dates Henry Puna
Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 1957 yes dates Guillaume Soro
Croatia 1939 - dates Zoran Milanović
Cuba 1940 - dates Raúl Castro
Curaçao 2010 - dates Gerrit Schotte
Northern Cyprus 1983 yes dates İrsen Küçük
Czech Republic 1993 - years Petr Nečas
Denmark (List) 1848 - years Helle Thorning-Schmidt
Djibouti 1977 - dates Dileita Mohamed Dileita
Dominica 1960 - dates Roosevelt Skerrit
East Timor 2002 - dates Xanana Gusmão
Egypt (List) 1878 - years Kamal Ganzouri
Equatorial Guinea 1963 - dates Ignacio Milam Tang
Estonia 1918 - dates Andrus Ansip
Ethiopia 1942 yes dates Meles Zenawi
Faroe Islands 1946 - years Kaj Leo Johannesen
Fiji 1966 - dates Frank Bainimarama (interim)
Finland 1917 yes years Jyrki Katainen
France (List) 1589 - years François Fillon
Gabon 1957 yes dates Paul Biyoghé Mba
The Gambia 1961 - dates (Post abolished)
Ghana 1957 - dates (Post abolished)
Georgia 1918 yes dates Nikoloz Gilauri
Germany (List) 1871/1949 yes dates Angela Merkel
Gibraltar 1964 yes dates Peter Caruana
Greece (List) 1833 - dates Lucas Papademos
Greenland 1979 - years Kuupik Kleist
Grenada 1954 - years Tillman Thomas
Guernsey 2007 - dates Lyndon Trott
Guinea 1972 - dates Mohamed Said Fofana
Guinea-Bissau 1973 - dates Carlos Gomes Júnior
Guyana 1953 - dates Sam Hinds
Haiti 1988 - dates Garry Conille
Hungary (List) 1848 - dates Viktor Orbán
Iceland 1904 - dates Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir
India (List) 1947 yes dates Manmohan Singh
Indonesia 1945 yes dates (Post abolished)
Iran (List) 1824 - years (Post abolished)
11
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
Iraq 1920 - years Nouri al-Maliki
Ireland 1937 yes dates Enda Kenny
Israel (List) 1948 - years Benjamin Netanyahu
Italy (List) 1861 - years Mario Monti
Jamaica 1959 - years Andrew Holness
Japan (List) 1885 - dates Yoshihiko Noda
Jersey 2005 - dates Terry Le Sueur
Jordan 1944 - dates Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh
Kazakhstan 1920 - years Karim Massimov
Kenya 1963 - dates Raila Odinga
North Korea 1948 - years Choe Yong-rim
South Korea (List) 1948 - years Kim Hwang-sik
Kosovo 1945 yes dates Hashim Thaçi
Kuwait 1962 yes dates Sheikh Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah
Kyrgyzstan 1924 - dates Almazbek Atambayev
Laos 1941 - years Thongsing Thammavong
Latvia 1918 yes dates Valdis Dombrovskis
Lebanon 1926 - dates Najib Mikati
Lesotho 1965 yes dates Pakalitha Mosisili
Libya 1951 - dates Mahmoud Jibril
Liechtenstein 1921 yes dates Klaus Tschütscher
Lithuania 1918 yes dates Andrius Kubilius
Luxembourg 1959 - years Jean-Claude Juncker
Macedonia 1943 yes dates Nikola Gruevski
Madagascar 1833 - dates Omer Beriziky
Malawi 1963 yes dates (Post abolished)
Malaysia 1957 yes years Najib Razak
Mali 1957 yes dates Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé
Malta 1921 yes years Lawrence Gonzi
Isle of Man 1986 - years Allan Bell
Mauritania 1957 yes dates Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf
Mauritius 1961 yes dates Navin Ramgoolam
Moldova 1990 - dates Vlad Filat
Monaco 1911 n/a dates Michel Roger
Mongolia 1912 yes dates Sükhbaataryn Batbold
Montenegro 1879 yes dates Igor Lukšić
Montserrat 1960 yes dates Reuben Meade
Morocco 1955 yes years Abbas El Fassi
Mozambique 1974 yes dates Aires Ali
Myanmar (Burma) 1948 yes dates (Post abolished)
12
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
Nagorno-Karabakh 1992 no dates Arayik Harutyunyan
Namibia 1990 yes dates Nahas Angula
Nepal 1953 - dates Baburam Bhattarai
Netherlands (List) 1848 yes dates Mark Rutte
New Zealand (List) 1856 yes dates John Key
Newfoundland 1855 yes dates (Post abolished)
Niger 1958 yes dates Brigi Rafini
Nigeria 1960 yes dates (Post abolished)
Niue 1974 - dates Toke Talagi
Norfolk Island 1896 - dates David Buffett
Norway 1814 yes years Jens Stoltenberg
Pakistan (List) 1947 - dates Yousaf Raza Gillani
Palestinian National Authority 2003 yes dates Salam Fayyad
Papua New Guinea 1975 yes years Peter O’Neill
Peru 1975 yes dates Oscar Valdés
Philippines 1899 yes dates (Post abolished)
Poland (List) 1917 - dates Donald Tusk
Portugal (List) 1834 yes dates Pedro Passos Coelho
Qatar 1970 - dates Hamad ibn Jassim ibn Jabr Al Thani
Romania 1862 - years Emil Boc
Russia (List) 1864/1905 yes dates Vladimir Putin
Rwanda 1960 yes dates Pierre Habumuremyi
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1960 - dates Denzil Douglas
Saint Lucia 1960 - dates Stephenson King
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1956 - dates Ralph Gonsalves
Samoa 1875 yes dates Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi
São Tomé and Principe 1974 yes dates Patrice Trovoada
Saudi Arabia 1953 no dates King Abdullah
Senegal 1957 yes dates Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye
Serbia 1805 yes years Mirko Cvetković
Seychelles 1970 yes years (Post abolished)
Sierra Leone 1954 yes dates (Post abolished)
Singapore 1959 - dates Lee Hsien Loong
Sint Maarten 2010 - dates Sarah Wescot-Williams
Slovakia 1993 - dates Iveta Radičová
Slovenia 1943 yes years Borut Pahor
Solomon Islands 1949 yes dates Danny Philip
Somalia 1949 yes dates Abdiweli Mohamed Ali
South Africa 1910 - dates (Post abolished)
South Ossetia 1991 - dates Vadim Brovtsev
13
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime minister
Spain (List) 1705 yes years Mariano Rajoy
Sri Lanka (List) 1948 - dates D. M. Jayaratne
Sudan 1952 yes dates (Post abolished)
Suriname 1949 yes dates (Post abolished)
Swaziland 1967 - years Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini
Sweden (List) 1876 yes years Fredrik Reinfeldt
Syria 1920 - dates Adel Safar
Taiwan (Republic of China) (List) 1911 - dates Wu Den-yih
Tajikistan 1924 - dates Okil Okilov
Tanzania 1960 yes dates Mizengo Pinda
Thailand (List) 1932 yes dates Yingluck Shinawatra
Togo 1956 yes dates Gilbert Houngbo
Tokelau 1992 - dates Foua Toloa
Tonga 1876 - years Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō
Trinidad and Tobago 1956 - dates Kamla Persad-Bissessar
Tunisia 1969 - dates Beji Caid el Sebsi
Turkmenistan 1924 - dates (Post abolished)
Turkey 1920 yes dates Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Turks and Caicos Islands 1976 yes dates vacant
Tuvalu 1975 n/a dates Willy Telavi
Uganda 1961 yes dates Amama Mbabazi
Ukraine (List) 1917 - dates Mykola Azarov
United Arab Emirates 1971 - years Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
United Kingdom (List) 1721 yes dates David Cameron
Uzbekistan 1924 - dates Shavkat Mirziyoyev
Vanuatu 1980 yes dates Sato Kilman
Vatican 1644 - years Tarcisio Bertone
Vietnam 1976 yes dates Nguyễn Tấn Dũng
Yemen 1990 yes years Ali Muhammad Mujawar
Western Sahara 1976 no years Abdelkader Taleb Oumar
Zambia 1964 yes dates (Post abolished)
Zimbabwe 1923 - dates Morgan Tsvangirai
Treasury was Lord Salisbury at the turn of the 20th [3] "Privy Council Members". The Privy Council Office.
century. 10 Downing Street is actually the First http://www.privy-council.org.uk/output/
Lord’s residence, not the Prime Minister’s. As Page25.asp. Retrieved 19-Sep-2009.
Salisbury was not First Lord, he had to live
[2]
elsewhere as prime minister.
Although the roles of the Spanish head of
External links
government coincide with the definition of a • Website of the Prime Minister of Albania
’prime minister’, in Spain the position is in fact • Website of the Prime Minister of Australia
referred to as ’the Presidency of the Government’ • Website of the Prime Minister of Barbados
• Website of the Prime Minister of Belgium
• Website of the Prime Minister of Bosnia &
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