Psychology
David G. Myers
Chapter 8
Learning
Learning
What is Learning?
Learning
What is Learning?
“A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to
experience.”
Myers, p 309
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which an organism comes
to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that
signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to
produce a response that anticipates and
prepares for the unconditioned stimulus.
Myers, p 312
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus—something that
naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus—something that
naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Unconditioned response—naturally occurring
response to the unconditioned stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
Conditioned stimulus—an originally irrelevant
stimulus that, after association with an
unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a
conditioned response.
Classical Conditioning
Conditioned stimulus—an originally irrelevant
stimulus that, after association with an
unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a
conditioned response.
Conditioned response—the learned response to
a previously neutral stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
A normally neutral stimulus is paired with a
naturally occurring stimulus response pair.
Classical Conditioning
A normally neutral stimulus is paired with a
naturally occurring stimulus response pair.
After a while, the normally neutral stimulus will
cause the response even when the normal
stimulus is not present!
Classical Conditioning
A normally neutral stimulus is paired with a
naturally occurring stimulus response pair.
After a while, the normally neutral stimulus will
cause the response even when the normal
stimulus is not present!
(How weird is that!)
Classical Conditioning
Other things to know:
Classical Conditioning
Other things to know:
Acquisition
Classical Conditioning
Other things to know:
Acquisition
Extinction
Classical Conditioning
Other things to know:
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Classical Conditioning
Generalization
Classical Conditioning
Generalization—the tendency for stimuli similar
to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar
responses.
Classical Conditioning
Discrimination
Classical Conditioning
Discrimination—the learned ability to distinguish
between a conditioned stimulus and other
stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned
stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
So what?
Break!
Hurry back! There’s lots more to come!
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or
diminished if followed by a punisher.
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or
diminished if followed by a punisher.
Pleasure/Pain Principle
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or
diminished if followed by a punisher.
Pleasure/Pain Principle
“Humans tend to do stuff that is pleasurable or
that results in a pleasurable outcome...
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or
diminished if followed by a punisher.
Pleasure/Pain Principle
“Humans tend to do stuff that is pleasurable or
that results in a pleasurable outcome, and they
avoid things that are painful or lead to painful
outcomes.”
Bill Snodgrass et. al
Operant Conditioning
Shaping—an operant conditioning procedure in
which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer
and closer approximations of a desired goal.
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcer—any event that strengthens the
behavior it follows.
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcer—any event that strengthens the
behavior it follows.
Operant Conditioning
Four tools of Operant Conditioning:
Operant Conditioning
Four tools of Operant Conditioning:
Positive reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
Four tools of Operant Conditioning:
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
Four tools of Operant Conditioning:
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Extinction
Operant Conditioning
Four tools of Operant Conditioning:
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Extinction
Punishment
Operant Conditioning
Four tools of Operant Conditioning:
Positive reinforcement
Application of a pleasurable consequence after the emission of a desirable behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Extinction
Punishment
Operant Conditioning
Four tools of Operant Conditioning:
Positive reinforcement
Application of a pleasurable consequence after the emission of a desirable behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Removal of a “painful” condition after the emission of a desirable behavior.
Extinction
Punishment
Operant Conditioning
Four tools of Operant Conditioning:
Positive reinforcement
Application of a pleasurable consequence after the emission of a desirable behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Removal of a “painful” condition after the emission of a desirable behavior.
Extinction
Withholding or removal of pleasurable consequences following an undesirable
behavior
Punishment
Operant Conditioning
Four tools of Operant Conditioning:
Positive reinforcement
Application of a pleasurable consequence after the emission of a desirable behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Removal of a “painful” condition after the emission of a desirable behavior.
Extinction
Withholding or removal of pleasurable consequences following an undesirable
behavior
Punishment
Application of a “painful” condition or consequence after the emission of an
undesirable behavior.
Also In The Mix
Also In The Mix
“It is fun to play ball in the house!”
Also In The Mix
“It is fun to play ball in the house!”
Since the very act is pleasurable, it reinforces
itself.
Also In The Mix
“It is fun to play ball in the house!”
Since the very act is pleasurable, it reinforces
itself.
Thus, it cannot be “extinguished” because the
reinforcers cannot be withheld.
Also In The Mix
“It is fun to play ball in the house!”
Since the very act is pleasurable, it reinforces
itself.
Thus, it cannot be “extinguished” because the
reinforcers cannot be withheld.
Compare Hi and Lois, p 324.
Also In The Mix
Intrinsic Motivation—a desire to perform a
behavior for its own sake.
Also In The Mix
Intrinsic Motivation—a desire to perform a
behavior for its own sake.
Extrinsic Motivation—a desire to perform a
behavior due to promised rewards or threats of
punishment.
Learning by Observation
Learning by Observation
Observational learning
Learning by Observation
Observational learning—learning by observing
others.
Learning by Observation
Observational learning—learning by observing
others.
(Really?)
Learning by Observation
Social Learning Theory
Learning by Observation
Social Learning Theory
http://tip.psychology.org/bandura.html
Modeling
Learning by Observation
Social Learning Theory
http://tip.psychology.org/bandura.html
Modeling—the process of observing and imitating a
specific behavior.
Learning by Observation
Social Learning Theory
http://tip.psychology.org/bandura.html
Modeling—the process of observing and imitating a
specific behavior.
c.f. Sociology (e.g. Socialization, enforcing norms,
etc.)
Learning by Observation
Social Learning Theory
http://tip.psychology.org/bandura.html
Modeling—the process of observing and imitating a
specific behavior.
c.f. Sociology (e.g. Socialization, enforcing norms,
etc.)
Prosocial behavior
Learning by Observation
Social Learning Theory
http://tip.psychology.org/bandura.html
Modeling—the process of observing and imitating a
specific behavior.
c.f. Sociology (e.g. Socialization, enforcing norms,
etc.)
Prosocial behavior / Antisocial behavior
For Next Class:
Read Chapter 9!
Be ready for quiz on chapter eight — main ideas,
terms, etc. in matching, T/F, and multiple choice
format.
Grab this PowerPoint from drop box or web site
later, too.