CO2 Capture Status
- Post-combustion - Pre-combustion (IGCC) - Oxy-combustion
Westar Spring Business Meeting Incline, NV April 7, 2009
George Offen
Sr. Technical Executive Emissions & Combustion Products
for
Richard Rhudy
Technical Executive CO2 Capture and Storage
Pulverized Coal With CO2 Capture – Integration Issues
Fresh Water
CO2 to use or Sequestration
Coal Air
PC Boiler
SCR
ESP
FGD
CO2 Removal e.g., MEA
Flue Gas to Stack
Output Penalty: Up to 30% Today
CO2 to Cleanup and Compression
Steam Turbine
Fly Ash
Gypsum/Waste
Cleaned Flue Gas to Atmosphere
• CO2 capture needs • Ultra-low SO2, NO2, PM • Much energy for stripper • Big space • Maximizing MW, efficiency requires optimal thermal integration
CO2 Stripper
Absorber Tower
Flue Gas from Plant CO2 Stripper Reboiler
• Three U.S. small plants in operation today • Largest = 300 t CO2/d recovered on 35 MW plant
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Oxy-Combustion Capture Status
Source: Vattenfall
No Commercial Power Plants use OxyCombustion today, but:
• Several pilot scale (~1 MW) test units operating • Vattenfall 30 MW th pilot plant operating
• B&W 30 MWth test facility in Ohio
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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IGCC With and Without CO2 Removal
IGCC no CO2 capture
Sulfur Coal CC Power Block
• IGCC and CO2 removal offered commercially:
– Have not operated in an integrated manner
POWER
Air
ASU O2
Gasifier
Gas Clean Up
Slag
• Three U.S. non-power facilities capture CO2
– – – Coffeyville Eastman Great Plains
IGCC with CO2 capture
Coal
Sulfur
CO2
• Many coal gasification plants in China recover CO2
CC Power Block
Air
ASU O2
Gasifier
Shift
Gas Clean Up
POWER
• Great Plains recovered CO2 used for EOR:
– – 2.7 million tons CO2 per year ~340 MWe if it were an IGCC
Slag
H2
CO2 Capture = $, Space, Shift, H2 Firing, CO2 Removal, Energy
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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CO2 Capture May Be Doable Today, But…. • Would increase cost of electricity (COE) significantly
– 60-80% increase versus SCPC with no capture • Cost increase for IGCC less than SCPC, but IGCC base cost higher
• Would be risky – lack of experience
• Concerted RD&D effort expected to decrease cost, energy impacts dramatically
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Unarticulated Limits on Some CO2 Capture Concepts
• Second Law Violators
– CO2 fuels needs energy source – more than get back – Sometimes do not account for overall total CO2 footprint
• Real Estate Moguls
– Biological processes use solar energy for CO2 conversion, but need 45 miles2 for 500 MW plant – Solar energy likely better used to make electricity directly instead of converting CO2 in non-biological processes
• Massive Material Mismatch (once-through capture)
– Limited global supply of chemicals to capture CO2 or make saleable products – Limited use of CO2 directly
• Gold mine CO2 solution
– Successful economic propositions may not make dent in power CO 2
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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EPRI Finding Many Processes Being Developed for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture
~ 30 processes found 2/07 (Report #1012796) > 50 processes now (Report #1016995)
Carbon Capture Technology Groups
Absorption
• Amines (many)
• Carbonates • Ammonia
Adsorption
• Metal Organics
• Zeolites
Membranes
• Fibers
• Microporous
Biological
• Algae
• Micro-algae • Cyanobacteria
Other
• Mineralization
• Cold Separation
• Hydroxide
• Limestone
• No breakthrough technologies (~10% energy penalty)
• Potentially interesting concepts surfaced recently
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Need Multiple:
2007 2005
Pilots
Capture Demos – Risk Management, Competition Storage Demos – Understanding thru Different Geologies
2015
2015 2020
1.7 MW
2010 2010
2025 2020
We Energies Chilled Ammonia Pilot Other Pilots (Post-Combustion and Oxy-Combustion)
20 MW chilled ammonia scale-up with storage Ion Transport Membrane O2 Scale-up 25 MW advanced AEP Mountaineer amine with storage Southern/SSEB Ph. III Other Demonstrations
Demonstration
125-200 MW follow-ons? Partial integration, EOR &/or storage
Integration IGCC + CCS Projects
UltraGen, others
Oxy-Combustion
Goals – Affordable, Energy Efficient, Accepted
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1.7 MWe Alstom Chilled Ammonia Pilot at We Energies: Critical Step To Demonstrate New Technology
• Commissioning tests underway • > 3500 h of operation • Parametric/longterm tests start in 2Q09
Courtesy of Alstom
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Demos – Post-Combustion CCS
AEP Chilled Ammonia CCS
• ~20-MW capture module at Mountaineer plant; design will build on 1.7-MW Pleasant Prairie pilot results • Injection ~100,000 TPY into two on-site wells
Southern Co. Advanced Amine CCS
• ~25-MW capture module at Southern Company plant • Injection (~150,000 TPY) and storage test funded/ conducted by DOE “SECARB” regional partnership
Other announced projects
• Powerspan ECO2, ~125 MW, mostly EOR • Basin Electric Antelope Valley
• NRG WA Parish
• • • •
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chilled Ammonia at TransAlta, ~125 MW HTC Purenergy – Canadian site TBA Siemens amino acid salt – Site TBA 10-12 being “discussed” in Europe; others in Australia, Canada, China, Japan
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IGCC with CCS – Three-project Program
Demonstrate technical and economic viability of advanced coal power plants with CCS • Project 1
– 300,000 TPY CO2 – Slipstream at existing site – Single-stage water-gas shift
• Project 2
– 1 MTPY CO2/yr @ planned site – CO2 capture from unshifted syngas ( “skimming”)
• Project 3
– ~3.5 MTPY @ new site – Fully-shifted syngas-based CO2 capture (“full capture”)
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Advanced Boiler Initiatives
• UltraGen – competitive advanced pulverized coal with CCS
– Commercial project with demonstration elements • Possible = E.ON-UK 300-MW CO2 capture
– New 800-MW ultra-supercritical (620oC) – Expected online 2012
– High efficiency to reduce CO2 > 20% – Near-zero emissions – Integrated CO2 capture at 90%
• Oxy-combustion – Jamestown BPU
– – – – – 43-MWe CFB with CCS 98% CO2 capture Near-zero emissions of criteria pollutants Commercially-dispatched unit in service by 2013 Scalable to 600 MW
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© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Summary
• Types of capture systems
– Boilers: >50 concepts, ~ 6 physical/chemical process types – IGCC: 2 commercially used in non-power applications – Oxy-firing: water separation, need to remove O 2, SO2, NOx?
• Timelines
– Potential for commercial availability by 2020
• Hurdles to overcome
– Energy, cost penalty – Lack of experience at scale, with coal, in power systems
• Projects in operation, planned
– Operation -- 1.7 MW at We Energies – Under construction – 20 MW at AEP – Planned – ~20 in North America, Europe, Asia
• Lessons learned – No breakthru’s, • Next steps (ongoing) – incremental developments & breakthru search
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Questions
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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CO2 Capture in Coal Power Systems
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Most Developed Technologies on Coal >1 MW
(size, location) • Amine – Fluor MEA (None) – MHI Amine (1 MW, Japan) – Aker Amine (None) – HTC Amine (None) – Cansolv Amine (None) – Emerging – Alstom/Dow, Siemens • Ammonia – Alstom Chilled Ammonia (1.7 MW, USA) – Powerspan ECO2 (1 MW, USA)
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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